Group IA Alkali Metals PDF

GROUP IA 1 VALENCE electron ALKALI METALS +1 oxidation state Basic hydroxides PREPARED BY:GISELLE TAPAY NACORDA- REFORMINA,RPH  Hydrogen (H) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Rubidium (...

GROUP IA 1 VALENCE electron ALKALI METALS +1 oxidation state Basic hydroxides PREPARED BY:GISELLE TAPAY NACORDA- REFORMINA,RPH  Hydrogen (H) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Rubidium ( Rb) Cesium (Cs) Francium (Fr)  HYDROGEN (H) At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula H 2. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter. “Inflammable Air” Messerschmitt process for the “Lightest Element” production of hydrogen ISOTOPES PROTIUM- most common and What are Isotopes? stable isotopes Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of DEUTERIUM-heavy isotopes neutrons are called isotopes. They share almost the same (D2O Deuterium chemical properties, but differ in mass and therefore in physical oxide/”heavy water” is used properties. as solvent in NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy TRITIUM-radioactive isotope Tritium has been produced in large quantities by the nuclear military program. It is also used to make luminous dials and as a source of light for sarety signs. Tritium is used as a tracer for biochemical research, animal metabolism studies and ground water transport measurements. Industrial Uses: WATER (H2O) ✓HABER process- production of ammonia Omnipresent; universal solvent ✓HYDROGENATIO Maximum density at 4 deg C and N OF OILS- chemically stable compound principle for Readily act as ligand, acid or production of base, or an oxidizing or reducing margarine agent ✓INFLATING Room temperature: 25 deg C BALLOONS- not used anymore (0.994 density)  TYPE OF WATER 1. Water of crystallization-water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution 2. Water of Hydration- water associated with cations and/or anions of a salt in solution or crystal *common in solid solvent ex. CuSO4 5H20 blue gray 3. Zeolytic water-physically held water 4. Lattice water- water coordinated in a cationic complex or held in definite lattice structure of the crystals 5. Natural or Mineral waters- contain dissolved minerals or materials indigenous to the region, varying amounts of suspended matter, dissolved atmospheric gases and metabolic decomposition products. 6. Alkaline Waters- Na2So4 and MgSo4 with NaHCO3 (makes it alkaline) 7. Carbonated Waters- charged while in the earth with CO2 8.Chalybeate waters- contains Fe in solution or suspension (brownish with ferrogenous taste) 9. Lithia Waters- do not contain appreciable quantities of Li, either as carbonate or chloride 10. Saline waters- purgative waters; high amount og MgSO4, Na2SO4 & NaCl 11. Sulfur Waters- Contain H2S and deposit S upon exposure to atmosphere (yellow) 12. Siliceous waters-soluble alkali silicates  OTHER IMPORTANT WATERS WATER HARDNESS ❖Temporary Hardness ✓ Potable Water Fit to drink; free from coliform; water treated to : contains mainly dissolved Ca remove insoluble matter an Mg bicarbonate ✓ Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP : can be removed by boiling Sterile water for injection with one or more (ppted as carbonates) antimicrobial agents have been added; not for IV BENZYL ALCOHOL as bacteriostatic agent ❖Permanent Hardness : contains mainly dissolved Ca causes gasping syndrome in neonates and Mg sulfate and chloride in ✓ Water for Injection, USP pyrogen free; solvent for parenteral products; large- water scale ,manufacturing : can be removed by ion ✓ Sterile Water for Injection exchange resin For extemporaneous compounding HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AGUA OXIGENADA, AGUA OXENADA,OXYGENIZED ACID, OXYGENIZED WATER Use: treatment for Vincent’s Stomatitis ( severe form of gingivitis), as mouthwash, antiseptic (popular use), bleaching agent in hair (cosmetic use) Commercial availability : 10- volume and 20-volume solution Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution,USP: 10 volume solution (3%) stabilizer: ACETANILIDE  LITHIUM ❖Lightest of all metals Lithium Carbonate (Li2 CO3) ❖Highly reactive ▪ Widely used in the prophylaxis and ❖Depressants to nerve treatment of bipolar disorders; last line centers of therapy for mania ❖Stored under oil or coated ▪ Preperations with petrolatum ▪ Li2CO3 capsules - Eskalith® ❖EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY ▪ Li2CO3 tablets – Lithane® teratogenic ▪ Li2CO3 extended-release tablets Quilonium® effect to the tricuspid valve of the heart  SODIUM ▪ Major extracellular cation ▪ Stored under kerosene ▪ Cation used to optimized pharmaceutical ▪ Promotes water retention and should be used in caution to patients with heart and kidney condition ▪ ALDOSTERONE-hormone for Na+ regulation  SODIUM PREPARATIONS SODIUM ACETATE (CH3COONa) Diuretic, urinary and systemic alkalizer, IV therapy for metabolic acidosis and hyponatremia SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3) BAKING SODA 2nd major extracellular anion Uses: urinary and systemic alkalizer, carbonating agent, important physiologic buffer * Bicarbonates and carbonates =carbonating agent  SODIUM BROMIDE (NaBr) Treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder and mania (bromides) MONOBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE (NaH2PO4) Source of phosphorous in hypophosphatemia, used in hypercalcemia; urinary acidifier Necessary for activation of METHENAMINE urinary antiseptic effective when urine is acidified DIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE (Na2HPO4) FLEET ENEMA, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, PHOSPHATE OF SODA Most palatable saline laxative available as FLEET® Dibasic phosphate ion: primary anion in intracellular fluid TRIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE (Na3PO4) Aqueous solution is very alkaline; used to clean glass apparatus CELLULOSE SODIUM PHOSPHATE Cation exchange resin that preferentially blinds Ca and other divalent ions Treatment for hypercalcemia SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE (NaKC4H4O6) ROCHELLE’S SALT,SAL SEIGNETTE, SEIGNETTE SALT Used as cathartic agent; component of FEHLING’S B ( A-CuSO4) SODIUM BORATE ( Na3BO3) BORAX (sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7 10 H2) Use: alkalinizing agent; eyewash; buffer and water softener SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3) Anhydrous : SODA ASH Decahydrate : SAL SODA, WASHING SODA, SODA CRYSTALS Carbonating agent SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl) TABLE SALT,ROCK SALT, SEA SALT, SOLAR SALT, BRINE Chloride: major extracellular anion Component of Ringer’s solution and Lactated Ringer’s solution Ringer’s Solution : “solution of 3 chlorides”( NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) Lactated Ringer’s Solution: :Hartmann’s Solution” ( NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, Na lactate) SODIUM CITRATE (Na3C6H5O7) Uses: in vitro – anticoagulant in vivo – systemic and urinary alkalizer, expectorant and laxative SODIUM SULFATE (Na2SO4) GLAUBER’S SALT ( Na2SO4 10H2O) Use: drying organic for organic solvent SODIUM FLUORIDE ( NaF ) Fluoride ion: very corrosive, used in glass etching, causes painful and slow healing burns, very toxic Uses: anticariogenic agent, topical application is used to desensitize teeth SODIUM GLUCONATE (NaC6H11O7) Use: electrolytes replenisher (gluconate salt is less irritating vs. chloride salts) SODIUM NITRATE (NaNO3) CHILE SALTPETER Use: meat preservative SODA LIME ( CaHNaO2) CALYX SODICA (CaO + NaOH) Good CO2 absorber for anesthesia machines, O2 therapy and metabolic tests SODIUM NITRITE (NaNO3 ) Use : antidote for cyanide poisoning SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH) CAUSTIC SODA, SOSA, LYE, SODA LYE, LIQUID SOSA Deliquescent (absorb moisture and liquefy) *Hygroscopic : absorb moisture from atmosphere but not liquefy *Efflorescent: gives off water to the environment Strong Base Uses: saponifying agent for hard soap; necessity in preparing Glycerin suppositories SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (NaClO) DAKIN’S SOLUTION (5%) , BLEACH Chlorox® Uses: disinfectant, bleaching agent Labarraque’s solution (2.5%) Diluted Sodium Hypochlorite Solution /Modified Dakin’s Solution 450-500 mg NaClO in 100 ml used as antiseptic, irrigation for wounds and foot bath (0.45-0.5%) SODIUM IODIDE ( NaI ) Iodide ions: has expectorant action Uses: solubilizer of iodine in iodine preparations SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE ( Na2PO3F ) Use: anticariogenic SODIUM NITOPRUSSIDE Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Nitropress® hypotensive agent Protect from light (photooxidation= CN) SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Na2S2O3 ) HYPOCHLOR, “PHOTOGRAPHER’S HYPO” Good reducing agent,antioxidant Use: cathartic and antidoteb for cyanide poisoning SODIUM POLYSTERENE SULFONATE Kayesalate® Preferentially binds K+; treatment for hyperkalemia Cation exchange resin administered orally or rectally SODIUM SULFIDE (Na2S) used for removal of pain and discomfort of ingrown toenails SODIUM SACCHARIN (C 7H 4NNaO 3S 2H 20 ) Artificial sweetener SODIUM ASCORBATE (C 6H 7NaO 6 ) Good reducing agent, antioxidant SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE Use: best antidote for mercury poisoning particularly for bichloride salt SODIUM METABISULFITE (Na2S2O5 ) SODIUM SULFITE Na2SO3 Good reducing agents, antioxidants SODIUM TARTRATE Use: laxative, diuretic Dihydrate: used as primary reagent for KARL FISCHER REAGENT SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE Use: tablet disintegrant SODIUM PERBORATE NaBO3 Use: mild disinfectant and deodorant Readily releases oxygen upon contract with easily oxidizable materials MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE C5H8NO4Na Use: Flavor enhancer (MSG/Betsin)  POTASSIUM ✓Major intracellular cation SULFURATED POTASH K2SO4 POTASH : soluble K+ salts LIVER OF SULFUR, HEPAR SULFUR, POTASSIA SULFURATE Mixture of POTASSIUM SULFIDE Roles: protein synthesis, and THIOSULFATE containing with 12% sulfur impulse transmission,acid- Necessity in White Lotion, USP – base balance, activator of Lotio Alba (Sulfurated Potash + several enzymes, diuretic, ZnSO4) contraction of muscles Use : astringent, protective, treatment of parasitic diseases of the skin POTASSIUM ACETATE (CH3COOK) Use: systemic and urinary alkalizer POTASSIUM BICARBONATE KHCO3 Use: carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution (MCOS) POTASSIUM BITARTRATE KC4H5O6 CREAM OF TARTAR, ARGOL,ACID POTASSIUM TARTRATE Use: ingredient of baking powder to raise dough POTASSIUM CARBONATE K2CO3 POTASH, PEARL ASH, SALT OF TARTAR, SALT OF WORMWOOD POTASSIUM CHLORIDE KCl ✓ Use: potassium replinesher for hypokalemia states ✓ Preferrfed salt for the correction of hypokalemia ✓ Component of Ringer’s and Lactated Ringer’s solutions ✓ Component of Darrow’s solution KCl, NaC l, Na lactate ✓ Component of Lethal in jection (IV push) ✓ Available as KCl extended release tablets- Kalium Durules® POTASSIUM CITRATE K3C6H5O7 Use: systemic alkalizer, expectorant, diaphoretic, osmotic diuretic Potassium Citrate ER Tablets Acalka® POTASSIUM GLUCONATE KC6H11O7 Use: electrolyte replenisher POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOH CAUSTIC POTASH, POTASH LYE Deliquescent, strong base (same with NaOH) Use: saponifying agent for Medicated Soft Soap, USP Soft soap: KOH Hard soap: NaOH POTASSIUM IODIDE KI source of iodide in tabe salt for prevention of goiter : 1 part of KI to 100,000 parts of salt Treatment of hyperthyroidism; preparation for thyroid surgery Solubilizer for iodine DOC: cutaneous lymphatic sporotrichosis (Rose Gardener’s Disease) Causative agent: Sporothrix scheckii Necessity of Lugol’s Solution I2 in KI POTASSIUM NITRATE KNO3 SALTPETER Use: tooth-desensitizing agent POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE KClO4 Strong oxidizing property Use (old): antithyroid agent for the treatment of hyperthyroididsm POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE KMnO4 MINERAL CHAMELEON Deep purple color, strong oxidixing agent Used in bromhidrosis (body odor), myocytic infections and poison ivy dermatitis Solutions used for cleansing wounds, ulcers, abscesses, wet dressings, baths in eczematous conditions POTASSIUM METABISULFITE K2S2O5 good reducing agent ; antioxidant POTASSIUM METAPHOSPHATE KPO3 USE: buffering agent MONOBASIC POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, KH2PO4 DIBASIC POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE K2HPO4 SORENSEN’S POTASSIUMPHOSPHATE; used in conjunction for treatment of hypercalcemia POTASSIUM SORBATE USE: preservative and antimicrobial  RUBIDIUM & CESIUM very similar in beahvior to potassium ion (K+) RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE RbCl Rubidium Chloride Injection,USP Cardiogen® cardiac imaging (PET/ Positron Emission Tomography Scan) for patients with suspected myocardial infection CELSIUM CHLORIDE CsCl Used in density, gradient configuration  AMMONIUM ✓ PSEUDO- alkali metal ion, similar properties to Group IA ✓ Often preferred to alkali bases ✓ AQUEOUS AMMONIA : MILD ALKALIZER ✓ HOUSEHOLD AMMONIA: 10% NH3 known as 16 (degrees Baume) AMMONIA AMMONIUM CARBONATE (NH4)2 CO3 AMMONIA CRYSTAL, SAL VOLATILE, AMMONIA SESQUICARBONATE, PRESTON SALT, HARTSHORN Pharmaceutical necessity for Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, USP AMMONIUM CHLORIDE NH4Cl SAL AMMONIAC, SALMIAC, MURIATE OF AMMONIA USE: osmotic diuretic, systemic acidifier, expectorant, urinary acidifier AMMONIUM ALUM & POTASSIUM ALUM TAWAS: astringent and antiperspirant STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION STRONGER AMMONIA WATER, STRONGER AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION, SPIRIT OF HARTSHORN USE: for chemical and pharmaceutical purposes mainly use by making ammonia water by dilution Ingredient in making Aromatic Ammonia Spirit AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (NH4)3PO4 USE: diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT respiratory stimulant in case of hysterical syncope THANK YOU FOR LISTENING