inorganic .pdf

MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED TOPIC OUTLINE EXAMPLE 1 History →Li, Na, K - same in chemical 2 Elements Group I-VIII...

MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED TOPIC OUTLINE EXAMPLE 1 History →Li, Na, K - same in chemical 2 Elements Group I-VIII properties because when 3 Chemical Reaction added to OH the tri became a caustic bases (causes burns or tissue corrosion to the PERIODIC TABLE skin) → also known as the periodic table of elements, is →Rb, Cs, Tr – causes a tabular display of the chemical elements, mushroom like explosion which ARE ARRANGED by atomic number, when added to water electron configuration, and recurring chemical →Ca, Ba, Sr properties. The structure of the table shows →S, Sc, Tc periodic trends. LEOPOLD → 1843 → Organized by Dmitri Mendeleev GMELIN → worked on Johanns’ system → Modern Periodic Table designed by Henry → saw and identified 10 triads [3 Moseley groups by 4 and 1 group by 5 (saw → Atomic Number = Number of Proton = Electron 10 na tig 3 na elements and → Neutron + Proton = Atomic Weight grouped)] → ⬆Weight = ⬆Radius/Diameter JEAN- →published in 1857 BAPTISTE →relationships between various DUMAS groups of metal HISTORY →Distinct Characteristics of Metals: ANTOINE → Father of Modern Chemistry o Malleability LAVOISIER →first true periodic table (33 o Ductile chemical elements) o Luster *Ore – source of element from a o Conductivity rock ERNEST →Neutron *Alchemist – synthesizer/formulator RUTHERFORD → Proton + Neutron = Atomic Weight *Hydrogen – fake metal found in Proton (Positive) = Electron (negative Group 1A charge) → Atomic Number BASE ON CLASSES: * Bohr’s Model – nucleus, proton GASES Oxygen, and electron are in the model Nitrogen, Chlorine METALS Fe, Co, Cu MINERALS Chalk, Silica JOHANN →1829 WOLFGANG → proposed the Law of “TRIADS” DOBEREINER based on physical & chemical *Quantum Model – newest model properties of elements. that we are adapting → the three elements have the same physical/chemical properties →Many elements can be grouped into triads P.C.G. 1 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED AUGUST →1858 THINGS TO REMEMBER KEKULE → introduced bonds that may exist in a carbon → observed carbon has a tendency to bond with other elements at a ratio of 1:4 (Concept of Benzene) →Founder of theory of chemical structure * McMurry – wrote the latest rule in naming a structure; McMurry Rule JOHN →1864 and 1865 published a series NEWLANDS of papers →when listed in order of increasing atomic weight with a similar →Periods & Groups physical and chemical properties o The periodic table has a total of 7 periods recurred at intervals of 8 and 18 groups. → electron in the outermost shell →Groups A are referred to as representative (maximum total of 8 electron to elements (s and p block) have stable atomic cloud›) →Groups B are transition elements (d and p →introduce the law of octaves block) DMITRI →Germany, 1869 →Inner transition elements include Actinides IVANOVICH → published the first Periodic Law and lanthanides series (f block) MENDELEEV →“The Physical & Chemical → Valence Electron – number of electrons in the & JULIUS Properties are periodic functions of outermost shell LOTHER their atomic weight” →Oxidation State – ilan ang kulang or sobra sa MEYER → Sanskrit Numeral – used to those outermost shell elements with no name →Linus Pauling – developed the electronegativity 1 – eka →Chlorine – highest electronegativity 2 – div →Francium – least electronegative element 3 – tri →N, O, F, Cl – high electronegativity based on Linus HENRY → England, 1887-1915 Pauling MOSELY → made the modern periodic table →elements are arranged based on atomic numbers THINGS TO REMEMBER →increasing atomic number → Periods – left to right; horizontal (7) →Groups/Family – top to bottom; vertical (10) P.C.G. 2 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Electronegativity Examples: → Alkalinity  with atomic number o Since like repels like in electronegativity, Na o Alkali-Metals – when combined with will combine with Cl because Na has an hydroxides it will become strong alkali oxidation state of +1 while Cl has -1 → Degree of solvation  with atomic number o Same with Ca that has an oxidation state of → Li, Na, K, Rb, Fr – all metals have silvery color or +2, it will combine to O with --2 oxidation when oxidized color gray/ash state instead of Cl. Dalawang Cl pa ang didikit kay Ca kaya less consuming if O ang didikit. HYDROGEN (H) → Ionization Energy – is the energy required to → By Henry Cavendish (1766) remove the outermost shell. When the o his experiment is about boiling of water and outermost shell is stable it usually become he assumed that the gas produced is a removable or disregarded burnt water or hydrogen → Electron Affinity – pagdikit → Atoine Lavoiser – he coined the term hydrogen → Atomic Radius – based on the size of nucleus (hyrdo means water and gen means genesis) o Francium – heaviest element based on → Aka: “inflammable air” atomic weight → Lightest and Most abundant element → Cation: monovalent or hydronium; Anion: hydride AUFBAU PRINCIPLE → Preparation: LANE PROCESS & MESSERSCHMIDT → also known as The Atomic Build-up PROCESS: 99% PURE HYDROGEN →MADELUNG ENERGY ORDERING RULE → Isotopes: (number of the proton and neutron) o 1s1 o 1H most abundant; PROTIUM (P=1 ; N=0 ; AT o 2s2, 2p6 WT=1) o 3s2, 3p6, 3d10 o 4s2, 4p6, 4d10, 4f14…… THINGS TO REMEMBER → Group IA: Alkali Metals → Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals → Group VIA: Chalcogens → Group VIIA: Halogens → Group VIIIA: Noble Gases (Sometimes Group O) o 2H heavy hydrogen; DEUTERIUM (P=1 ; N=1 ; → Group IB: Coinage elements AT WT=2) → IIB: Volatile elements GROUP 1A: AKALI METALS → MOST REACTIVE GROUP → Deliquescent characteristic → Stored in inert solvent: kerosene coated and paraffin → Don’t occur free in nature ▪ Not radioactive → Salt soluble ▪ Used in spectrophotometry or UV/VIS → Valence electron: 1 ▪ Used as bomb → Activity  with atomic number P.C.G. 3 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED ▪ LiD (Lithium Deuterium) – used in o Lithane hydrogen bombs o Eskalith o 3H radioactive: TRITIUM (P=1 ; N=2 ; AT WT= o Indication: Bipolar 3) disorder → Lithia Water – has lithium carbonate and lithium chloride LITHIUM → LiF FLUORIDE → Manufacture of ceramics → dusty form or ceramics LITHIUM → LiO2C(CH2)16CH3 STEARATE → Cosmetics, in plastics, and ▪ Very radioactive as a lubricant in powder ▪ Very unstable metallurgy LITHIUM → LiCl CHLORIDE → Manufacture of mineral LITHIUM (Li) water, esp. Lithia water → Greek word, “lithos” means stone. “Earth LITHIUM → LiAlH4 Stone” ALUMINUM → Reducing agent, esp. In → Discoverer: J.A. Arfvedson HYDROXIDE pharmaceutical and → Lightest metal and solid metal on Earth perfume manufacturing → Heat exchanger in air condition → Reducing agent -AKA → corrodes when in contact with water antioxidant, promotes → Component of Lithia water oxidation, prevent oxidizing → Mineral oil – inert solvent used in the proper agents storage of lithium o LEORA – loss of electron CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF LITHIUM o GEROA – gain of → causes alteration in the amount of Sodium in electron our muscles wherein it facilitates the LITHIUM → LiOH neurotransmitter. It will affect the HYDROXIDE → Absorb carbon dioxide, neurochemical process in our brain, meaning esp. In Spacesuits there will be a shift in a person’s mood causes → Used in aircon negative effect. LITHIUM CITRATE → Li3C6H5O7 → LiBr -antidepressant, also used for → Bicarbonate drinks schizophrenia, bipolar, and PTSD LITHIUM → LiAlSi04 → LiD (Deuterium) -used in Hydrogen bombs ALUMINUM → AKA Petalite → Diuretic SILICATE → is the source of Lithium and → Relationship with Na? silicon can be extracted o Acts the same with Sodium, kung nasan ang from it tubig nandun din ang Lithium COMPOUND IMPORTANT NOTES LITHIUM OXIDE → Li2O SODIUM (Na) → Flux in ceramic glazes → 6th most abundant element in Earth’s crust. LITHIUM → Li2CO3 (Lithane ®) -DOC for → 5th most abundant metal CARBONATE Bipolar Disorder → Previously known as SALARIUM o Quilonium R P.C.G. 4 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Isolated by Humphrey Davy, he also discovered *Hard water – composed of magnesium and potassium calcium → Sources of Sodium: * Na2CO3 + Mg/Ca → MgCo3/CaCo3 o Sodalite FORMS OF SODIUM CARBONATE o Rock salt (e.g. Himalayan salt) → Decahydrate is washing soda, sal soda, soda o Feldspar crystal → Major contributor in osmotic pressure → Sesquihydrate is trona, urao (movement of highly concentrated solution to → Anhydrous is soda ash, calcined soda low concentrated) SODIUM DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE → 2.3g of sodium required in our body → Fleet enema (Rectal) → the cation of choice to optimize the → Cathartic pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments → Source of P or phosphate (therapeutic action due to anion, except NaCl) → Urinary acidifier → Most abundant extracellular fluid cation → Saline laxative SODIUM ACETATE → Hydroxyapatite – composition of our bones → Urinary and systemic alkalizer SODIUM METABISULFITE → Diuretic → Na2S2O5 → Antacid → Sodium pyrosulfite → Sodium uranyl acetate – used as → Water soluble anti-oxidant (REDUCING AGENT) electromicroscope staining, para magkakulay → Came from NaOh + S20 yung tinitignan sa microscope → Causes loss of electron, usually used in TESTS FOR SODIUM ACETATE production of epinephrine → Zinc uranyl acetate (ZnUO2(CH3COO)4) → Used in micro pack (silica gel) o AKA sodium reagent SODIUM CHLORIDE → Mg uranyl acetate (MgUO2(CH3COO)4) → rock salt, halite, table salt, Soler salt → Cobalt uranyl acetate USES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM BICARBONATE → Electrolyte replenisher (NSS, Lactated Ringer’s → Baking soda soln.) → Systemic antacid → Tonicity adjuster → Carbonating agent → Used in eyedrops compounding → HCO3 – 2nd major extracellular anion → Aids the evaporation of water (e.g. paggawa ng * When a person is hungry, the stomach pH is 2 or 3 daing) but after eating skyflakes it will become 8 → Condiments → Found mostly in the lungs → Preservative SIDE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE → Antidote for Silver Poisoning → Systemic alkalosis SODIUM CITRATE → Rebound hyperacidity → Alkalizer → Edema → Buffer SODIUM CARBONATE o Nagpapataas ng pH → primary standard for acid base titrations o Resists the change in pH → manufacture of “soda lime glass” → diuretic → Preparation: SOLVAY PROCESS → Antgacid o Came from bicarbonate → solvay process → Expectorant → anhydrous soda ash/calcined soda → Sequestering agent (Benedict’s rgt) → Efflorescence: loss of water of crystallization → Benedict Reagents – used for the test of reducing sugars P.C.G. 5 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Anticoagulant in vitro (Sodium citrate is the SODIUM LACTATE ANTICOAGULANT OF CHOICE for most routine → Antacid (management of acidosis) coagulation studies (Harr,2007) → Diuretic (because of the sodium) → Nasa bag of blood during blood donation SODIUM NITRITE → Pro coagulant in vivo → Salitre (in Philippine Market) → Used to prevent greasiness of the cheese o Used in tocino SODIUM FLUORIDE → Vasodilator → FIRST fluoride compound used in water → Preservative fluoridation → Treatment of cyanide Poisoning → Anticariogenic (2% solution) o Cyanide – prevents the attachment of o 2% sodium fluoride can be found in our oxygen and heme in the hemoglobin toothpaste → CN higher affinity than Heme to Hgb → Fluoroapatite – composition of teeth → NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain tumors, and → Stimulator of bone formation digestive tract cancer (Pszezola , 1998) due to * Fluorosis – having dental caries, marupok na nitrosamine production ngipin and madilaw *Nitrosamine – oxidizing agent SODIUM HYDROXIDE *ROS – reactive oxygen species that causes the → caustic soda; sosa; Lye; Saponifying agent (All formation of cancer hydroxide is caustic) *Heme – present in our hemoglobin → Titrant for acids CLINICAL CORRELATION OF SODIUM NITRITE → Component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2; NaOH, KOH) → CN Poisoning CO2 absorber → NaNO2 → Very deliquescent substance → Amyl nitrite → Readily attack glass → Sodium thiosulfate o Component of glasses → Others: o Water attack test – babad muna sa acid o Methylene blue before this test o Hydroxocobalamin SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM NITRATE → DaIkin’s solution; Chlorox (5% NaClO) → Chile Saltpeter → Daikin’s Solution: Modified Dakin’s Solution is → Fertilizer (believed to be the oldest known Diluted NaClO solution, NF inorganic fertilizer) o Used as irrigant → Manufacture of explosive → Labarraque’s Solution: oxidizing and bleaching → Guggenheim process  extraction process from agent ore o Disinfectant → Fixes the color of meat (pinkiness or redness) o Bleaching agent → Found in dynamite → Used in the production of shampoo or body TESTS FOR SODIUM NITRATE soap → Lunge test ––(+) blue color at interface of 2 → Used as irrigant to prevent the growth of liquids microorganism → Giess Ilosvay––(+) red color SODIUM IODIDE SODIUM SULFATE → Solubilizer of iodine → Glauber’ssalt → Expectorant → Sal mirabile → Antifungal → Saline cathartic → Treatment of goiter → Production of detergents and paper pulping → Iodized salt P.C.G. 6 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED o Used in paper recycling, removes inks or → Also isolated by Humphrey Davy impurities from the paper → Isolated from burnt plants from the ground o Pampabula sa detergent → Potassium IN Sodium OUT SODIUM TARTRATE GLASS MODIFICATION OF POTASSIUM → primary standard of KFR for water content → Potassium gives glass brown and light resistant determination → MnO2: masks blue green color o KFR – composed of pyridine, iodine, → Boron/ Borates: decreases the coefficient of anhydrous methanol and sulfur dioxide expansion → Potassium Sodium Tartrate  AKA Rochelle salt → Boron Silicate – pyrex kitchenwares SODIUM THIOCYANATE → Pb: increase refractive index → Hypotensive agent - happens after the o Refractive index – there is a bending of light treatment of cyanide poisoning PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION OF POTASSIUM SODIUM THIOSULFATE → Diuretic; muscle contraction → photographer’s hypo; prismatic rice POTASSIUM DIHYROGEN PHOSPHATE o One of the necessary ingredients in film → Under the category of saline laxative/catharthic developing. It sticks or maintains the picture POTASSIUM CHLORIDE in the film → Kalium durules ® → Chemical Antidote in cyanide Poisoning → Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV) → Management of iodine Toxicity (converts iodine → Used in electrolyte imbalance to harmless iodide)  Treatment of iodinism: → Source of potassium NaCl → IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give by rapid IV push OTHERS SODIUM DERIVATIVES DARROW’S SOLUTION → Ion exchangers → Oral glucose and electrolyte solution o Cellulose sodium phosphate: binds with o KCl (1.5 calcium o NaCl (2 mg) o Sodium polystyrene sulfonate: tx of o Na citrate (2.5 mg) hyperkalemia due to acute kidney infection o Glucose (25mg) o Sodium polystyrene sulfonate – available sa o Water for injection mga nagdadialysis POTASSIUM CITRATE o Sodium starch glycolate → Diuretic o Saccharin sodium → Expectorant o Sodium cyclamate → Urinary alkalinizer o SLS- surfactant → Diaphoretic - pampapawis o Sodium stearate- lubricant POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE o Sodium alginate → caustic potash, lye potash o MSG → Saponifying agent “Saponification” o Sodium nitroprusside (infuse slowly) - DOC → Hard soap was made using soda; soft soap with for hypertensive crisis potash. → More corrosive than NaOH POTASSIUM BROMIDE POTASSIUM (K) → Depressant → AKA: kalium, potash (plant ash) → Additives in bread → Most abundant and predominant → Levering agent in making bread which causes INTRACELLULAR CATION cancer before in Japan → Deficiency: Hypokalemia paralysis POTASSIUM IODIDE → Toxicity: Hyperkalemia cardiac arrest → Same as sodium iodide P.C.G. 7 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Expectorant → KMnO4  valence of Manganese? → Potassium iodide – AKA povidone iodine → Used in confirmatory test of alkaloid → Component of many reagents → WAGNER’ S = Iodine -Potassium Iodide → MAYER’S /VALSER’S REAGENT= Potassium Mercuric Iodide → DRAGENDORFF’S/ KRAUTS RGT = Potassium POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE Iodide + Bismuth Nitrate → Rochelle salt SULFURATED POTASH (K2Sx.K2S20O3) → Sal signette → liver of sulfur → cathartic → Heparis sulfur → sequestering agent → Preparation of white lotion → Citrate vs Tartrate: Denige’s reagent → Use to treat acne and parasitic infections POTASSIUM THIOCYNATE → Has antifungal or antiparasitic effect because of → Hypotensive sulfur POTASSIUM BITARTRATE → With zinc sulfate  anti-psoriasis → THE ONLY INSOLUBLE POTASSIUM SALT IN o Sulfur Soap – sulfurated potash WATER o Sulfur causes drying of skin → Cream of tartar o Psoriasis – to much dryness of the skin → Used in wine making process, preservative o Zinc sulfate - making the flakiness of → Creamor psoriasis less painful → Cathartic POTASSIUM CHLORATE → Oxidizing agent → Use in fireworks AMMONIUM → Component of gargle and mouthwashes → ONLY HYPOTHETICAL alkali metal POTASSIUM NITRATE → white crystalline powder → salt peter, salitre, sal prunelle → Preparation: Haber Process → Diuretic PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION OF AMMONIUM → Meat preservative → Diuretic POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE → Buffer → AKA Candyl’s Crystal → Expectorant → Violet in color → Anti-cariogenic → Very harmful oxidizing agent, should not be AMMONIUM ACETATE combined with reducing agent it can cause → Spirit of Minderesus explosion → Styptic → Causes brown discoloration → Irritating in the mucosa → Permanganometry – REDOX reaction titrating AMMONIUM CHLORIDE process → Muriate of Hartshorn → Potassium Permanganate is a self-indicating → Urinary acidifier solution, used as indicator in permanganometry → Diuretic → Valance of Manganese in KMnO4 = +7 → Expectorant → Mineral chameleon → Undergoes solvay process producing → Oxidizing agent ammonium → Antiseptic (1:5000) → Raw material for the Haber Process → VS in permanganometry AMMONIUM CARBONATE P.C.G. 8 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Sal volatile COPPER → Hartshorn → Syn: Cuprum (initially called as Cyprium) → Preston salt → Only reddish metal → baker’s ammonia → 3rd most malleable metal *mabaho → 2nd best conductor USES OF AMMONIUM CARBONATE → HARDER compared to gold and silver → Expectorant (ammonium) → Verdigris – rust equivalent of copper → Antacid (carbonate) → Component of HEMOCYANIN (respiratory → Respiratory stimulant pigment) and cytochrome oxidase AMMONIATED MERCURY → 2 important of alloys: → HgNH2Cl → Brass: Cu +Zn → WHITE PRECIPITATE → Bronze: Cu + Sn → Topical anti-infective CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF COPPER → Used for scabies treatment → Protein precipitant AMMONIUM IODIDE → Enhances physiological utilization of iron → Source of iodine → Toxicity: Wilson’s disease → Expectorant o Causes Alzheimer’s disease → Antifungal (because of the iodide) → Antidote: penicillamine 16 DEGREES AMMONIA → Copper carbonate – green layer rust-like → Degree Baume → Utilizes iron in our blood → 10% NH3 CESIUM → Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material → First element discovered using spectroscope → Yellow color → Spectral line: o Cesium: blue o Rubidum : red → Cesium and Rubidium both used in spectroscope PROPERTIES OF CESIUM CUPRIC SULFATE → Can occur in free metal state → CuSO4.5H2O → Complexes / chelates → blue vitriol, blue stone, Roman vitriol, Salzburg → Very malleable vitriol → Easy to recover from ore USES OF CUPRIC SULFATE → Component of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s and Fehling’s ingredient → Antidote for Phosphorous Poisoning → Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS o Bordeaux Mixture – rodenticide solution ROENTGENIUM COPPER ACETOARESENATE → exhibits metallic property, no biological use since → Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O)2 it is radioactive, used as diagnostic radioactive → Paris Green (Insecticide- Schoenberg Green) agent P.C.G. 9 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Used to paint walls (19-25% CUPROUS CITRATE antiseptic) → Hatchett’s brown STRONG → Germicide for ear → Astringent (8%) SILVER and throat → Used as a dietary supplement that help PROTEINATE → may use for the activates the enzymes (cytochrome enzyme) (7.5-8.5% Protargol treatment of for the energy metabolism purposes germicidal) streptococcal → Used for iron utilization infection in the CUPRIC HYDROGEN ARSENITE throat → “Scheele’s green” COLLOIDAL → General → When combined with copper acetoarsenate it SILVER germicide will cause “bawang” like odor and it can cause PROTEINATE → used for the Collargol poisoning (e.g. Napoleon’s hide house) (18-22% gen. treatment of germicidal) vaginitis, ear and throat infection SILVER (Ag) COLLOIDAL → diluent or → Aka: argentum, shining, bright SILVER stabilizer → Oligodynamic property (germicidal action) CHLORIDE Lunosol → silver protein → causes precipitation of different microorganism stabilizer: → Protein ppt Disodium EDTA → Best conductor of electricity → 2nd malleable metal (1st malleable is gold, 3rd malleable is copper) GOLD (Au) → Used as antibiotic before → Aka: Aurum, shining dawn, KING OF ALL → Toxicity: argyria (Form of heavy metal causes METALS argyria) → Most malleable and ductile → Antidote: NSS → Most expensive among the coinage group SILVER NITRATE → More stable than copper → Lapiz infernulariz , lunar caustic, indelible ink, → 3rd best conductor of electricity caustic pencil → Dissolved by: o Indelible Ink – ink used during voting o Aqua regia (Royal Water) → Causes skin discoloration and corrosion o Selenic acid (H2SeO4) > the only SINGLE acid Treatment of warts that can dissolve gold → Eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother CHRYSOTHERAPY/ AUROTHERAPY with gonorrhea →During 1900s, the initial gold used is the GOLD → Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at 0.5% CYANIDE AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE →Gold Cyanide – used for the treatment of → Ag(NH3)2NO3 tuberculosis before → Howe’s solution →Chrysotherapy usually lasts 3 to 6 months → Dental protective (Blocks dental nerves) → Chrysiasis – side effect of gold preparations or → Desensitizing agent treatment → Tollen’s rgt - used to determine whether a sugar AUROTHIO- Solganal® →Treatment of is an aldose or ketose sugar GLUCOSE gout and R.A SILVER PROTEINATES (IM) →Felty's syndrome MILD SILVER → Eye antiseptic, for (RA + neutropenia Agyrol + splenomegaly) PROTEINATE vaginitis P.C.G. 10 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED GOLD NA Myochrysine® →Treatment of → Source minerals: Beryl & Bertrandite THIOMALATE gout and R.A CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF BERRYLIUM (IM) → Never employed in medicine because it is the AURANOFIN Ridaura® →Given orally for most toxic metal RA → Can cause lung carcinoma and chronic → patient’s taking granuloma this medication → Can produce pneumonia should not be MAGNESIUM (Mg) exposed to → Lightest of all structurally important metals sunlight, causes → 9th most abundant in the universe skin discoloration → metal (purple dark gray → 2nd most abundant intercellular cation color) → Present in chlorophyll (Significance: Photosynthesis) → Other Use: Flares GROUP IIA ALKALINE EARTH METALS → Present in Grignard’s reagent → All of group 2 metals have 2 valence electrons o Grignard’s reagent - represented as RMgX; → As outer e- get farther they are easily removed R is the alkyl/aryl/allyl group; Mg is the → less reactive compared to grp 1 Magnesium; X is halide (Cl, Br, I) → React with water to form metal hydroxide o A typical Grignard’s reagent- CH3CH2MgX; (except Beryllium) A key step in the industrial production of → React with halogens to form metal halides Tamoxifen → Chemical activities increases as the atomic CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF MAGNESIUM radius increases → Laxative → “Bearded Muggers Came Straight Back → Depressant Rapidly” → Natural Ca-channel blocker → Strong reducing agents; definite metallic → cofactor of Phosphate transferring enzymes properties also a constituent of bones & teeth → Antidote for Magnesium Poisoning: Ca gluconate (BEST) NATURAL SOURCES OF MAGNESIUM → As silicates: (talc, asbestos) → As CO3 (magnesite, dolomite) → As SO4 (kieserite) IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR MAGNESIUM → P-nitrobenzene resorcinol (Magneson I) in alkaline solution  blue lake o Magneson I (p-nitrobenzene resorsinol) - dyestuff to detect magnesium ion forming a blue lake → Oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline) reagent  yellow BERYLLIUM (Be) precipitate → least metallic → Diphenyl carbazide  violet red → Fluorescent lamp → Quinalizarin reagent  blue precipitate (or → Can be alloyed with copper - can be used in Corn flower blue) high-speed aircrafts (missiles, spacecrafts) P.C.G. 11 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED o Magnesium vs Beryllium both produces blue → Type of bottle for dispensing milk of magnesia: precipitate with quinalizarin reagent; BLUE BOTTLE addition of bromine water differentiates the HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE two. → AKA talc, soapstone, French chalk MAGNESIUM CARBONATE → “softest mineral” known → MgCO3 USES OF HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE → AKA Magnesia AKA Dolomite → Filtering agent → Antacid, laxative → Clarifying agent MAGNESIUM OXIDE → Dusting powder → AKA CALCINED MAGNESIA MAGNESIUM CITRATE → Antacid, laxative → Mg3(C6H5O7)2 → COMPONENT OF UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE → Lemonada purganti -purgative lemon o (1 part) MgO MAGNESIUM STEARATE o (2 parts) Activated charcoal → Lubricant o (1 part) tannic acid MAGNESIUM NITRATE REAGENT MAGNESIUM SULFATE → solution containing Mg(NO3)2, NH4Cl, & a little → AKA Epsom salt ammonia → Cathartic (PO) MAGNESIA MIXTURE → Anticonvulsant (IM) → MgCl2 + NH4Cl + Ammonia → Pre-eclampsia triad → is used to test Arsenic o HPN, proteinuria, edema → Arsenate will form White Ppt w/ magnesium → Eclampsia Mixture o triad + seizure (Pre-eclampsia + seizure) → compared w/ arsenate, arsenite do not form o new onset of seizures or trauma white precipitate w/ Magnesia Mixture. Thus, experienced by a pregnant woman that has this is used as a differentiating test between pre-eclampsia Arsenate & Arsenite o Begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in FLASH LIGHT POWDERS women whose blood pressure had been → mixtures of Potassium Chlorate or Barium normal Peroxide & Powdered Magnesium o Tx: MgSO4 → Antidote for Ba Toxicity, barbiturates Poisoning → Toxicity: Abnormalities on deep tendon reflex CALCIUM (Ca) MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE → 2nd most abundant cation in EXTRACELLULAR → Mg(OH)2 fluid → AKA milk of magnesia, magnesia magma → cause permanent hardness of water → Propofol → Vitamin D is needed for its maximum o Milk of Amnesia absorption of calcium in the bones o milk-like appearance of the IV preparation PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION OF CALCIUM o tendency to suppress the memory recall → Blood coagulation factor o Propofol is anesthesia in Vet medicine → Important muscle contraction → same as magnesium carbonate → Important release of neurotransmitter → Component of Maalox (MgOH2 + AlOH3 + → Cation of Hydroxyapatite (Primary element of Simethicone) bones and teeth -98 99% o Side effect: diarrhea  add aluminum SOURCES OF CALCIUM hydroxide → Dolomite → Gypsum P.C.G. 12 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Phosphate rock → prevention of milk curdling  promoting → Apatite digestability of the milk (used in infant’s milk DEFICIENCY STATES OF CALCIUM formula) → Osteoporosis: most common bone disorder; CALCIUM OXIDE defective bone resorption; decrease bone → CaO density → AKA Lime, Quicklime, Calx → Osteomalacia: defective bone mineralization in USES OF CALCIUM OXIDE ADULT → Component of Bordeaux mixture → Rickets: defective bone mineralization in → Insecticide CHILDREN CALCIUM PHOSPHATE → Hypocalcemia: tetany -tonic spasm of muscles → AKA Bone ash, Phosphate Rock CALCIUM BROMIDE → Antacid → CaBr2 CALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOBASIC → Sedative depressant → CaHPO42H20 CALCIUM CHLORIDE → source of Ca & PO4 → CaCl2 CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE → “muriate of lime” → chlorinated lime → Ca replenisher (through IV but very irritating) → chloride of lime (Electrolyte Replenisher) USES OF CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE CALCIUM CARBONATE → Disinfectant → CaCO3 → bleaching agent → aka “Precipitated Chalk”, “Prepared Chalk” CALCIUM SULFATE → made by the process called Elutriation → Usually ½ H2O → Sedative depressant → CaSO4. ½ H2O or 2H2O → Primary standard for EDTA o plaster of paris (hemihydrate form) USES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE → gypsum (dihydrate) → Antacid o terra alba → Carbonating agent USES OF CALCIUM SULFATE → Ingredient of toothpaste, dentifrice → Rodenticide CALCIUM GLUCONATE → prep of surgical casts and dental impressions → Ca supplement and replenisher (this is used instead of CaCl) DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE → Antidote for Mg2+ Poisoning → CaHPO4 CALCIUM LACTATE → Recommended calcium salt as electrolyte → Ca(C3H5O3)2 replenisher because it provides an optimum → Ca supplement (this is used instead of CaCl) ratio of 1:1 Calcium to Phosphorus. o does not cause irritation that’s why it’s used as supplement/replenished STRONTIUM (Sr) CALCIUM BIPHOSPHATE → Use: manufacture of flares (red fireworks) → source of Ca and PO4 → Radioactive strontium is used as bone scanner CALCIUM HYDROXIDE → Strontium has an affinity for bones and useful in → AKA slaked lime, milk of lime, calcium hydrate studying bone lesions USES OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE STRONTIUM CHLORIDE → Antacid → Sensodyne ™ → saponifying agent → temperature desensitizing agent P.C.G. 13 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → ADR: Darkens the teeth o Sphalerite - Zinc blende - Zinc sulphide mineral CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF ZINC BARIUM (Ba) → Present in brain, muscle, kidney, liver → Aka: heavy → Present in insulin → Toxicity: Baritosis → Deficiency: Parakeratosis → Antidote: Epsom salt o Parakeratosis - seen in people with psoriasis → Use as green flares & dandruff BARIUM SULFATE → Toxicity: Metal Fume Fever → “barium meal” → Antidote: NaHCO3 → Radiopaque subs used for GIT imaging → High concentration in prostate o Doesn’t dissociate in the GIT → Semen is rich in zinc - key factor in prostate → CO2 absorber gland function and reproductive organ growth BARRIUM HYDROXIDE → Enzyme that contains Zinc: → CO2 absorber → Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme: Catalyzes the reversible hydration of Carbon Dioxide; maintains the acid base balance in blood and RADIUM (Ra) tissues → Discovered by Marie Curie TEST FOR ZINC → Measurement: Becquerel → TEST: Dithizone ––(+) red color extract o SI derived unit for radioactivity ZINC CHLORIDE o 1 Becquerel = in which one nucleus destroyed → Burnett’s disinfectant fluid per second → Component of Lucas reagent → Board Question: What Is the FIRST radioactive → Astring-o-sol (original formula) element discovered by curie? POLONIUM. USES OF ZINC CHLORIDE RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT USE FOR: → Disinfectant/antiseptic → Cancer radiotherapy → dentin desensitizer → Diagnostic purpose o Dentin - yellowish tissue that makes up the bulk of your teeth; harder than bone, softer GROUP IIB VOLATILE METALS than enamel → AKA TERMINAL ELEMENTS → corrosive → Property: ZINC OXIDE o Exhibit auto complexation (forms into a → Zinc white complex ion) → Lassar’s paste, Flowers of Zinc o Only zinc is amphoteric (able to react both → Component of calamine lotion calamine lotion as a base and an acid) o Zinc carbonate 15% → Exist in divalent ion except for Mercury o Zinc oxide 5% → React with halogen, oxygen, nitric acid, and o Glycerin 5% other common oxidizing agents o Water 75% → Filled set of d-orbitals; o Ferric oxide 0.5% o Principal use: Preparation of alloys USES OF ZINC OXIDE ZINC (Zn) → antiseptic, astringent, topical protectant → Soft metal together with Cd ZINC SULFIDE → Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme → white lotion ingredient → Used to coat iron to make galvanized iron → Zinc sulfate + Sulfurated potash → Most common zinc ore = SPHALERITE → Only “white sulfide” P.C.G. 14 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Lithopone: 30% ZnS, 70% BaS USES OF ZINC SULFIDE → Parasiticide MERCURY (Hg) → topical protectant → Aka: QUICKSILVER, messenger of gods → Antiseptic → Hg - Hydrargerum ZINC SULFATE → Industrial use: cement, thermometer, amalgams (dental cement) → ZnSO4. 7H2O → white vitriol CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF MERCURY USES OF ZINC SULFIDE → Disease: Minamata disease, Pink Disease and Erethism → Pharmaceutical necessity for white lotion o Minamata Dx - Mercury poisoning; → Emetic Symptoms are neurological caused by the → Ophthalmic astringent (only FDA approved OTC consumption of large qty of fish and shellfish ophthalmic astringent)  relief of minor eye heavily contaminated by mercury. irritation o Pink Disease - Infantile Acrodymia; HYDRATED ZINC SULFATE Prevalent in the 1st half of 19th century; Seen → heptahydrate (7 moles of water) on teething powders contaminated with → natural calamine mercury; 1 out of 500 children are exposed → Use: topical protectant o Erethism - Behavioral changes: Irritability, ZINC EUGENOL CEMENT Apathy, Low self-confidence, Prolonged → dental protective exposure to mercury vapors: Delirium and change of personality and memory loss; CADMIUM Often have difficulty in social interactions → Other use: manufacture of stink bomb → Antidote: EDTA → → Emergency cases antidote: 1 egg white for each CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF CADMIUM 250mg of Mercury to induce emesis (Egg Albumin) → Induces the synthesis of metallothionein → Acute Mercury poisoning tx: Sodium o Metallothionein -acts to protect the testes Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate → Poisoning: “Itai Itai Disease” o drinking water contaminated by Cadmium MERCURY(Hg) BOARD QUESTIONS: o Characterized by osteomalacia and severe → All mercury salts are poisonous. bone pain associated with renal tubular → The best Antidote is SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE disfunction SULFOXYLATE. o Antidote: BAL (Dimercaprol) → Question: How to remove mercury that falls into o Management: Palliative therapy, EDTA cracks? Cover with sulfur immediately given after exposure MERCURY SULFIDE ▪ EDTA can form complex to any metals - → is used in medicine to lessen the concentration nonselective chelating agent of mercury → astringent MERCUROUS CHLORIDE CADMIUM CHLORIDE → HgClor or Hg2Cl2 → emetic → Calomel → also for the tx of tinea infections → Use: cathartic CADMIUM SULFIDE → Black lotion: calomel + lime water → Anti-seborrheic MERCURIC CHLORIDE → Only “yellow sulfide” → Corrosive sublimate → AKA Capsebon (brand) → Disinfectant P.C.G. 15 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED MERCURY IODIDE → Bacteria that produces boron MERCUROUS IODIDE SODIUM TETRABORATE → Treatment of syphilis → Na2B4O7. 10H2O MERCURIC IODIDE → Borax → Stimulant of indolent → Dobell’s solution → ulcers USES OF SODIUM TETRABORATE MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE → Antiseptic → Mayer’s reagent → Eye wash (Used as irrigant during eye surgery) → Nessler’s reagent → Wet dressing for wounds (Cold Cream) MERCURIC OXIDE → Ophthalmic antiseptic ALUMINUM (Al) → “yellow precipitate” → Most abundant metal AMMONIATED MERCURY → 3rd most abundant element → “white precipitate” → Toxicity: Shaver’s Disease (bauxide → Water soluble mercury pneumoconiosis) → mercury (10 20%) o the patient is having a pneumonia-like → cetylalcohol (70%) feeling kasi malaki ang particle size ni → SLS, dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate, glycerin and aluminum, babara sa alveoli water PHARMACOLOGIC USES OF ALUMINUM → Astringent GROUP IIIA BORON GROUP → Burns (aluminum foil) BORON (B) → Used as antiperspirant → Industrial use: in vulcanizing rubber ALUMINUM CHLORIDE → In glass  decreases coefficient of expansion → Astringent → Takes participation in our bones → Antiseptic → Used for the treatment of osteoarthritis → Antiperspirant / deodorant → Helps improve thinking skills ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE → Used for muscle coordination → ampojel, cremalingel BORIC ACID → Antacid / protectant → Group H3BO3 o Protectant in our stomach to prevent → Sal sativum ulceration/pagsusugat ng stomach → Toxicity: lobster appearance *Katulad sa commercial ng Kremil-S yung o When in contact with our skin, it can cause bumbero, ganun ang ginagawa ng inflammation and blister, lobster-like alumunim, kinocoveran nya ng gel lining appearance para kapag nadaanan ng acid hindi USES OF BORIC ACID mahapdi or parang nasusunog → Buffer (ophthalmic soln 2%) → Disadvantages: constipation and phosphate → 0.1% antiseptic deficiency → Tonicity adjusting agent ALUM → M+2M+32(SO4).24H2O BOROMYCIN o M+ is monovalent (Na, K, NH4) → FIRST NATURAL PRODUCT W/ BORON o M+3 is trivalent (Al, Tl, Cr or Fe) → Isolated from S. antibioticus → [AlNH4(SO4)2. 12H2O] -NH4 salt → Anti-HIV in vitro → [AlK(SO4)2. s12H2O] -K salt → Candidate for a new generation of antibiotic P.C.G. 16 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED USES OF ALUM GALLIUM (Ga) → Astringent → Non pharma: substitute for mercury in → Antiperspirant / deodorant (tawas) manufacture of arc lamps ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE PHARMACOLOGICAL USE OF GALLIUM → Phosphagel → treatment of cancer related hypercalcemia by → Advantage: do not interfere with PO4 absorption binding with transfer → ↓PO4 = systemic imbalance in our body → Cancer-related hypercalcemia – involves USES OF ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE platelets, bones, and teeth → Antacid → It will starts to bind to the area where the → Astringent calcium binds so that instead of having → Demulcent hypercalcemia, there will be a lowering of ALUMINUM CARBONATE calcium content → treatment of phosphatic calculi o Phosphatic Calculi – inside the necrons, may mga calculi nagkakaroon ng inflammation THALLIUM (Tl) kaya dapat uminom ng carbonate to → Green twigs – physically green and maninipis substitute the phosphate like web USES OF THALLIUM → ant poison, insecticide (Tutunawin and ibubuhos ALUMINUM OXIDE sa nuno ng punso, causes paralysis sa mga → Astringent langgam) → Burns (aluminum foil) → It traps the silicones, a carcinogenic that causes irritation in our bronchi resulting to aiding GROUP IVA CARBON GROUP CARBON (C) silicosis → The only element that can form bond with itself ALUMINUM SILICATE (catenation) KAOLIN → Have 4 binding site, sa gitna pwede magkaron → AKA: china clay, native hydrated aluminum ng heterogenous or homogenous mixture silicate → Use: adsorbent in diarrhea (Adsorbent meaning FORMS sa surface lang kumakapit) CRYSTALLINE BENTONITE → Graphite- less pressurized carbon → Aka: soap clay, mineral soap, native colloidal → Diamond - high pressurized carbon (purest hydrated aluminum silicate, WILHINITE native form of uncombined carbon) → Bentonite magma – suspending agent AMORPHOUS → Suspending agent – nilalason ang interfacial → bituminous (soft coal) tension → anthracite (hard coal) → Interfacial tension – kapag mababa ang → coke - very common kind of carbon (impure nangyayari sa electricity in every particle form of carbon) parang nababalutan ng magnet sa paligid so → Mapowder that they can bind to each other reason why → Soft coal – itim itim na bato they keep on repelling. This scenario prevents → Hard coal – need na itike caking CARBON DIOXIDE → Important in plants in order to perform photosynthesis P.C.G. 17 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → It regulates our systemic pH, kung walang CO2 SILICON (Si) sinok tayo nang sinok → 2nd most abundant element → Anaerobic Respiration – kaya CO2 can kill → Toxicity: Silicosis (condition resembling TB in bacteria symptoms  develops after long exposure) → treatment of acne, warts, corns, calluses, → Yung pinanglilinis sa screen kapag ikakabit ang eczema (Super init, dinadry and parang cellphone, nililinisan yun ng hexane, then sinusunog) pagkakabit kabitin nila ang parts using silicone. → Solid CO2  dry ice Kaya maeexpose sila sa silicone causing CARBON TRIOXIDE silicosis disease upon long exposure → Antacid → pharmaceutical for effervescent tablet SILICON DIOXIDE Common diluent added in effervescent → Used as glidant in some machines in a tablets, causes bubbles when in contact pharmaceutical manuf with water (Magiging carbon dioxide kapag TYPE GENERAL DESCRIPTION USES hinalo sa tubig) I Highly resistant borosilicate Parenterals CARBON MONOXIDE glass → Toxicity  210x greater affinity to hemoglobin II Treated soda lime glass Parenterals than oxygen leading to asphyxia then death III Soda lime glass Parenterals o High affinity in hemoglobin, mas malakas sa NP General purpose soda lime NP oxygen kaya mas didikit sa blood cells glass causes asphyxia (low to no oxygen level of → Highly resistant borosilicate glass – very the body) common type of glass in parenterals → Hyperbaric oxygen – high pressurized oxygen, o No leaching naglalagay ng pressure sa taong sumisinghot o Magandang klase ng pangbake na ng oxygen para mas magdilate lahat ng vessels lagayan especially for lasagna and at mas makadaan ang oxygen. Fast exposure baked mac because it can cause vessel explosion → Treated soda lime glass – treated with sodium → Treatment: hydroxide, 2nd good type of glass o 100% oxygen → Soda lime glass – powder for injection is the only o Artificial air (80% He + 20% O2) parenteral used o Hyperbaric oxygen o Liquids are prone to leaching, kaya powder ang madalas na gamit fot this type of glass GERMANIUM (Ge) → General purpose soda lime glass – NP/general → possesses s immune system enhancing and purpose of glass, common glass used sa mga antitumor effect gamut → Eka silicon Germanium o E.g. glasses sa suspension na gamot → Eka aluminum Gallium KAOLIN → Eka boron Scandium → Bolus alba → Eka manganese technetium → China clay → Germanium dioxide → Kaolinite → increases RBC production- important for → Porcelain clay carrying antioxidants, nutrient, and oxygen in → Native Hydrated aluminum silicate our body → Use: Adsorbent SILICEUOS EARTH → Kind of silica came from the Earth’s surface P.C.G. 18 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Fuller’s earth ALLOYS OF TIN → Diatomaceous earth BABBIT 80% Tin 20% Antimony → Kieselguhr GUN METAL 10% Tin 90% Copper → Celite PEWTER 80% Tin 20% Lead BENTONITE ROSE METAL 50% → Naturally occurring aluminum silicate 25% Tin 25% Lead Bismuth → most abundant of all clays SOLDER 50% Tin 50% Lead → suspending agent PLUMBER’S → consistently 600°C in order to be strong 33% Tin 67& Lead SOLDER TALC STANNOUS FLUORIDE → Hydrated magnesium silicate → SnF2 → clarifying agent, dusting agent → Anti-cariogenic -anti-tooth decay (8%) → oldest form of lubricant → carcinogenic ATTAPULGITE STANNIC OXIDE → Hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate → SnO2 → polymagma, diatabs, quintess → Germicide * dating laman ng Diatabs (now its different) → slight oligodynamic property * Diarrhea - advisedly ‘let go’ due to the need to LEAD (Pb) release toxins → Aka: plumbum SIMETHICONE → Poisoning: PLUMBISM → polymeric dimethyl siloxane o MOST COMMON AGE GROUP → Anti-flatulent= anti-kabag EXPERIENCING PLUMBISM: Children; DIMETHICONE, NF Exposed to lead containing products → a polymer; forms weblike bandage; used on the (children chew on items) skin (okay pang cover) o Lead poisoning = mental retardation; slow → Dimethyl siloxanepolymer development → Protective and emollient → Antidote: → Simeco o EDTA SILICA GEL FUME o Ca Versenate → condensation of silica vapor SOURCE OF POISONING OF LEAD → GAS → Lead pipes SILICA GEL → Paints → hydrolysis of orthosilicates → Batteries → SOLID → Cosmetics can also contain lead → Silica absorbs moisture PHARMACOLOGICAL USE OF LEAD o To recycle: heat silica gel → Astringent → protein precipitant * Astringent + Protein = Precipitation TIN (Sn) LEAD (II) ACETATE → Aka: stannum → sugar of lead, component of burrow’s solution → Use: preparation of tin cans (before: tin + gold; (+aluminum sulfate) not much used in laboratory) → Burrow’s solution = Aluminum acetate solution; → Stannous Chloride + Metallic gold (in weakly antiseptic and disinfectant acidic solution) → Plumbous acetate o PURPLE OF CASSIUS LEAD SUBACETATE → Goulard’s extract P.C.G. 19 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED o (lead (II) acetate + PbO → Container: Black → Indication: Skin inflammation * High levels of oxygen - Increased temperature; LEAD (II) OXIDE more flammable surroundings → Litharge® NITROGEN OXIDE → Astringent → “Laughing gas” -induces sleep LEAD SULFIDE → Dinitrogen monoxide → Black sulfide (black color) USES OF NITROGEN OXIDE → AKA Galena (most common ore) → Inhalational anesthetic  weakest but probably the safest inhalational anesthetic → S/E: diffusion hypoxia GROUP IVB CARBON GROUP → Container: Blue TITANIUM (Ti) NITROGEN DIOXIDE → Aka: Titan (Son of the earth) → Air pollutant → Use: powerful reducing agent → (vs) Nitrite  Vasodilator; For cyanide TITANIUM (IV) OXIDE Poisoning TITANIUM DIOXIDE NITROGEN TRIOXIDE → Opaquant (Ocusert ®) → Oxidizing agent → UV Ray protectant → (vs) Nitrate  preservative ZIRCONIUM (Zr) → Former Official Compounds: o Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) & Zirconium AROMATIC SPIRIT OF AMMONIA Carbonate (C2O6Zr)  Both used as → spirit of hartshorn, spirit of sal volatile antiperspirant and for athlete’s foot → respiratory stimulant o Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) = specifically antifungal effect USES OF ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHORUS → same with Aluminum but banned due to → Aka: light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire granuloma formation * red part in match → 2 forms: o White: poisonous GROUP VA NITROGEN GROUP ▪ White phosphorus + Oxygen = flame NITROGEN (N) (used in robbery) → Aka: Mephitic air, azote, without life o Red: non poisonous → Most abundant gas in air: 71% N2, 29%O2 → PO4: Antacid; Cathartic → N≡N (very stable) inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable substances (very stable because of 3 covalent bonds) ARSENIC → prepared primarily by the fractional distillation → Aka: Lewisite metal of liquid air → Copper + arsenic = smells like garlic but is → cause fatal bend in deep sea divers due to poison accumulation in the blood → Insecticide: Copper Aceto Arsenate → provide an atmosphere to retard oxidation of → Toxicity: Aldrich Mee’s Line cod liver oil, olive oil & multiple vitamin → Antidote: BAL preparation. → White line in nails = positive arsenic poisoning → most stable diatomic molecule TEST IN ARSENIC DETECTION → Refrigerant (Liquid N2) →Marsh Test (Modified form of this test is GUTZEIT TEST) = Bubbles indicate presence of arsenic P.C.G. 20 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Fleitmann’sTest → H. pylori infection ARSENIC (III) TRIOXIDE → As2O3 → Insecticide GROUP VB → Anti-leukemia TANTALUM ARSENIC (III) IODIDE → Not affected by anybody fluid, therefore inert in → AsI3 our body → Primary standard in the preparation of ceric → Sheet form use in repair of bones, nerve and sulfate tissue ARSENICALS → used in artificial bones because it is unreactive DONOVAN SOLUTION → Technically a compound GROUP VIA CHALCOGENS GROUP → AsI3 + MERCURIC IODIDE OXYGEN (O) ARSPHENAMINE → Other names: → Fowler’s solution (potassium arsenite solution) o EMPYREAL AIR (Scheele) o DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR (Priestly) ▪ Phlogisticated Air - Hydrogen ANTIMONY o -YNE → Stibium o ACID FORMER (Lavoisier) → Antiseptic ▪ SHydrogen - most acid forming element → internal protective for ulcer o Oxys = sour and genes = born used for H. pylori ulcer problem; induces → Most abundant element prostaglandin that produces mucus that protects USES OF OXYGEN stomach (+ Metronidazole) → treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia → Container: green BISMUTH → Board Ques: What is the concentration of SULFUR (S) Bismuth as ointment? → SULFUR AKA “Sufra”  Arabic term which → Bismuth takers= Dark stool; blue black gums means yellow → Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol → Brimstone BISMUTH SALTS → Shulbari  enemy of copper → Bismuth subcarbonate → Sulfur + Copper = Copper rusts → Bi Subgallate SOURCES OF SULFUR → Bi subnitrate → crude furnace USES OF BISMUTH SALTS → Calcarone : Synthesized via Frasch Process → Antacid USES OF SULFUR → Astringent → In preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic → Antiseptic ointment or lotion MILK BISMUTH → stimulant cathartic (hypermotility) → Bismuth cream → depilatory agent (“pampatindig-balahibo”) → (Bismuth subnitrate+ Bismuth hydroxide) → fumigant USES OF MILK BISMUTH → anti-dandruff → Antacid SULFUR VARITIES → Internal protective especially for gastric patient AMORPHOUS SULFUR → Liquid sulfur P.C.G. 21 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED o heating sulfur at 160 - 180°C → Molybdenum Oxide → Plastic sulfur at room temperature → + FeSO4 use: hematinic o resembles rubber → takes place in protein synthesis; helps in → Plastic sulfur is same color with liquid sulfur = increasing absorption of iron transparent → Brand name: MOL-IRON → Precipitated sulfur / lac sulfur/ milk sulfur URANIUM (U) o Milk sulfur - Sulfur + Calcium carbonate → Discovered by Becquerel SUBLIMED SULFUR → Radioactive element used for manufacturer of → Sublimed sulfur  component of Vlemincksx’ atomic bombs solution → used in WW1 after Einstein’s discovery of theory → *Lime/Calcium Oxide + Sublimed sulfur - of relativity inspired becquerel to make (boiling)  Vleminckx’s solution (test/stain in powdered guns microbiology) → No pharmaceutical use ALLOTROPES RHOMBIC / ALPHA SULFUR → Crytalline GROUP VIIA HALOGENS GROUP → Most common; most stable; S8 FLUORINE (F) → Eg : milk of sulfur, flower of sulfur → Strongest oxidizing agent MONOCLINIC / BETA SULFUR → Super halogen (Linus Pauling) → Dried spikes → Poisoning: Fluorosis → Less dense than alpha sulfur o Principal manifestation: → Prepared by cooling melted sulfur ⎯ mottled enamel GAMMA SULFUR ⎯ abnormal bone growth → Amorphous / powder → Hydroxyapatite = Fluoroapatite → Plastic sulfur, mother of pearl sulfur o Fluoroapatite = causes abnormal → Heating rhombic sulfur above its melting point development of bones → Eg: amorphous sulfur SODIUM FLUORIDE SELENIUM DISULFIDE → NaF → SeS2  Selsun Blue® (2.5%) → Use: anti cariogenic at 2% soln → Anti-dandruff STANNOUS FLUORIDE → SnF2 → Use: anti-cariogenic at 8% soln GROUP VIB SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE CHROMIUM (Cr) → Na2FPO3 → Essential trace element → Use: also anti-cariogenic → Glucose tolerance factor FREON → Deficiency: hyperglycemia (polyphagia, → CCl2F2 polydipsia, polyuria, pruritus) (diabetes-like → Use: refrigerant, aerosol propel signs) * CFC - solubilizes ozone layer; increased amount → K2Cr2O7 of oxygen entering USES OF CHROMIUM → powerful oxidizing agent (potassium dichromate - most popular chromium) CHLORINE MOLYBDENUM (Mo) → Aka: dephlogisticated muriatic acid → Essential trace element “Chloros”  greenish yellow → Co factor enzyme → Most abundant extracellular anion P.C.G. 22 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED → Used as water disinfectant o Antibacterial (1:5000 or 0.02%) (greater → Chlorides are precipitated with Silver Nitrate antibacterial activity versus Chlorine o Silver nitrate + Sodium Chloride = Forms and Bromine of the same strength); silver chloride and sodium nitrate and forms same strength as KMnO4 precipitate *DO NOT USE IODINE DIRECTLY IN HYPOCHLORITE (NA, K) WOUND → HCl- Yellowish to colorless → Iodine isotopes have wide use in diagnosis and → Synonym: Muriatic acid (35% w/w) therapy USES OF HYPOCHLORITE → Deficiency: Goiter → Bleaching agent → Toxicity: Iodism → Treatment of achlorhydria IODINE PREPARATIONS o Achlorhydria - deficiency of chlorine → Iodine solution 2% I2 in H2O → Strong iodine solnaka : Lugol’s soln (5% iodine in water with Kl) BROMINE o KI + water = potassium iodide solution is → Dark reddish-brown fuming liquid with used in wounds suffocating odor (exposure= decomposition) o KI dissolves Iodine completely → Quickly attacks the skin to cause burn that is → Iodine tincture slow to heal (ammonia water prevents its → disinfectant (2% Iodine solution; 50% alcohol action) with KI) o Ammonium chloride is used in case of direct → Phenolated Iodine Solution contact with bromine → Boulton’s solution  antibacterial and irritant CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF BROMINE o *Boulton’s COUNTERirritant → PCOL action: sedative/depressant → Povidone-iodine -BETADINE → Poisoning: bromism (dilated blood vessels) * Asin Law - all salt in the country should be iodized → Principal manifestation: (for patients with goiter) o Skin eruption o Psychosis o Weakness ASTATINE o Headache → Only metallic and synthetic halogen resembling → Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl iodine BROMINE COMPOUNDS → Only radioactive halogen → Bromine 10th N solution → Koppeschaar’s solution MANGANESE → Three Bromide Elixirs (Na, K, NH4): neutralizes → Manganese takes place in HMG-Coa reductase the effects of bromine → Co factor in: o Protein synthesis IODINE o Phosphorylation → Most metallic halogen o Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF IODINE → Poisoning: Parkinson like → Uses: o Parkinson-like - doorknob flexing o EXPECTORANT (irritates bronchi causing mannerism you to expel mucus) POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE o Anti-fungal → KMnO4 → mineral chameleon P.C.G. 23 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED USES OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE GROUP VIIIB TRIADS → Oxidizing agent → First triad: Fe, Co, Ni → antiseptic → Second Triad: Rh, Ru, Pd MANGANESE DIOXIDE → Third Triad: Os , Ir , Pt → MnO2 IRON → mask blue green color of the glass → Present in proteins: o Hemoglobin o Tranferrin TECHNETIUM o Ferritin → 1st element produced artificially (“technetos”  o Cytochrome oxidase enzyme artificial) o Enhance absorption of → Used in preparation of radiopharmaceutical o Vitamin C → Most commonly used radiopharmaceutical o Copper → From decay of Mo 99 → Iron is best absorbed in the duodenum. → used in nuclear reactors o Most iron supplements are released in the intestine (if stomach - stomach irritation) → Mucosal block postulation by Hahn is the best- GROUP VIIIA NOBLE GASES known hypothesis of iron absorption HELIUM → Most important element in engineering → 2nd most lightest gas CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF IRON → Toxicity (inhalation): “Donald duck like sound” → Use: hematinic USES OF HELIUM → Iron takers - Black stool → Carrier/diluents of medically important gases → Toxicity → component of artificial gas o GIT distress → diluent for oxygen gas o cardiac collapse NEON o hemochromatosis → For advertising → Antidote: Deferoxamine ARGON IRON FORMS → Most abundant noble gas → Cast iron or pig iron → Substitute for N2 in providing inert atmosphere ⎯ from blast furnace (92 94% iron) → used in terrariums as substitute for nitrogen gas → Cementite or white cast iron in atmosphere ⎯ solid solution of hard, brittle iron carbide XENON → Gray cast iron → Investigational with inhalatory anesthetic ⎯ aka graphite scales; liquid iron is run into activity sand molds and allowed to cool → Least abundant of all noble gas → Wrought iron → used in xenon lamps in spectrophotometry ⎯ removal of impurities of cast irons (99.9% KRYPTON iron) → Have inhalational anesthetic activity → Iron pyrite aka “fool’s gold” is a native iron → Ramsay and Travers isolated krypton in liquid sulfide - used to pirate fake money residues from argon → Chalybeate water RADON ⎯ Iron in solution with ferrogenous taste → Aka: NITON (made in Japan) → Mischmetal → Synthetic noble gas ⎯ 70% Cerium + 30% Iron → Used for treatment of CA (cervical CA) FERROUS SULFATE → green vitriol P.C.G. 24 MODULE 1: INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PSMA / WEEK 3 / PPT AND LAURETTE REVIEWER-BASED USES OF FERROUS SULFATE → rich in the bone marrow → Hematinic for IDA; Up to 30 days only → Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia → Most economical and most satisfactory form of → was harvested in a natural meteoritic rock iron preparation COBALTOUS CHLORIDE → Ferrous sulfate administration is BEFORE MEALS → CoCl2 → S/E: constipation → Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic ink IRON COM