group dyn.pdf

GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM ❖ Lewin (1948) suggested that common fate is critical: people are a group to the extent that WHAT IS A G...

GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM ❖ Lewin (1948) suggested that common fate is critical: people are a group to the extent that WHAT IS A GROUP? they experience similar outcomes. a group is a collection of two or more individuals who ❖ Sherif and Sherif (1969) proposed that some meet face to face or virtually in an interactive, form of social structure (status or role interdependent way, with the awareness that each differentiation, leadership role) is essential, belongs to the group and for the purpose of achieving because otherwise the ‘group’ would just be a mutually agreed-on goals. loose collection of individuals. from family councils to town meetings, groups are an WHY DO PEOPLE FORM GROUPS? important component of everyday life. groups are contextually unique, are complex in regard to their multiple transactions and are open systems as well 1. SOCIO-BIOLOGICAL (Conyne & Bemak, 2004). ➔ forming groups enables humans (and other social animals) to deal more effectively with a group may be defined as “an entity comprised of enemies or predators, and allows cooperation in individuals who come together for a common purpose such areas as raising children, farming, or and whose behaviors in the group are guided by a set of hunting. shared values and norms” (Haynes, 1998). ➔ this refers to the adaptive value of forming groups (based on Darwin’s Theory of Evolution). COMMON PURPOSE ➔ it creates a need for humans to form and ➔ Group members have similar groups. maintain stable, strong and positive ➔ The motivation of the members is in their desire relationships with others is called the need to to have a common outcome. belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). ➔ The shared outcome became the source of ➔ the need to belong is a fundamental and innate motivation of the members. human motivation to form positive, strong and SHARED VALUES stable bonds with others. ➔ Group members shared certain core beliefs. ➔ the socio-biological purpose is SURVIVAL. ➔ Their beliefs about the structure and essence of the group. 2. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ➔ The members want to maintain the integrity of ➔ groups allow us to understand our world. the group. SHARED NORMS Social Comparison Theory ➔ Shared norms means that the members of the - this theory was first proposed in 1954 by group agree on certain overarching principles. psychologist Leon Festinger and suggested that ➔ Overarching principles direct or influence the people have an innate drive to evaluate manner in which the group members behave themselves, often in comparison to others. and interact with one another in the context of Self-categorization Theory the group. - Self-categorization theory (SCT) was proposed by Turner (1999) and differentiates between social and personal identity. Social identity depends on an individual's group memberships. IBON GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM In contrast, personal identity is more or less ❖ Group socialization refers to the effort of the independent of group memberships. group to assimilate new members to existing ➔ Self-categorization theory posits that, groups, norms and practices. depending on the relative salience or ❖ Role transition pertains to a change of importance of a certain situation for social or relationship of the group member and group. personal identity, an individual's behavior is ❖ Commitment is the degree to which a group driven in either social or personal identity member identifies with the group and its goals processes. Behaviors of individuals or groups and wishes to maintain group membership. can be triggered by both or interplay of both. 3. UTILITARIAN PERSPECTIVE ➔ this perspective argues that people derive benefits from groups. Generally, this perspective is geared to pursue rewards and avoid punishment. ➔ Social Exchange Theory - groups exist because they facilitate mutually social exchange such as material goods and psychological goods (reciprocated emotional exchange). ➔ Social exchange theory is based on the DEFINITION OF GROUP PROCESS /DYNAMICS cost-benefits analysis dynamics of groups. ➔ Social exchange theory was pioneered by the 1. It refers to two or more people working together on American psychologist George Homans (1958), some need or problem to achieve a common goal. in his book (Social Behavior as Exchange) where he combined behavior and economics. 2. Gibson - continuous, on-going movement of the group towards achievement of its goals. It represents the starting flow of the group from the start to ENTITATIVITY OF GROUPS termination. the degree to which a collection of persons is perceived as being bonded together in a coherent Hence, group process/dynamics refers to the manner in unit (Campbell, 1958). which how groups interact with each other. THE PIONEER OF GROUP PROCESS/DYNAMICS Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) ➔ German-American psychologist ➔ is the father of social psychology. He believed that individual characteristics and social context in which a group operates influences behavior. This further supports his claims that the development of the individual is the IBON GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM interaction between inborn disposition (nature) ❖ Life space consists of everything that affects the and life-experiences (nurture). behavior of the individual at a particular time. ❖ It included the physical environment which consists of perceived objects and events. WHAT IS A GROUP DYNAMICS? interpersonal processes that occur within and between groups; also, the scientific study of those processes. Kurt Lewin treated the Field Theory of Learning as a process of gaining and changing insights, outlooks, expectations, and thought patterns. Therefore, in order BEFORE 1900’s to change behavior, an individual must be helped to ❖ 1700-1900 - Industrial Revolution (groups are change their understanding of themselves and their formed for functional and pragmatic reasons) situation. ❖ Education as social reform. ❖ People began working in large factories, rather than Unfreezing – Preparing people for change by disrupting homes and small workshops, to produce goods. the status quo. Industrialization made possible a great increase in Changing – Transitioning to a new way of doing things. the production of manufactured goods. Refreezing – Solidifying the new changes as the ❖ Europeans conquering African colonies. standard. ❖ People moving from rural areas to urban areas. ❖ The development of machineries creates a clamor LIFE SPACE for unjust distribution in labor and an ill taxation system. ❖ Field or life space is a psychological ❖ The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 — representation of the individual's environment. September 3, 1783), Continental Army, led by General George Washington, defeated the British. IBON GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM Muzaffer Sherif (1906-1988) ➔ studied the effect of “social norms" among 1900-1909 group members and groups. Each group member may create an autokinetic movement Joseph Hershey Pratt (1872-1956) in establishing norms. He proposed the realistic ➔ is an early proponent of cognitive behavior conflict theory that "if there are groups trying to therapy in America who worked and studied a get the same finite resources, there will be group of tuberculosis patients. He proposed the conflict." therapeutic power of groups that occur within the group called as “source of inspiration and ❖ The in-group is the group of people with whom you motivation." relate. In realistic conflict theory, it is the group that Frank Parson (1854-1908) you are fighting with for the resources. ➔ the father of career counseling (founder of ❖ The out-group is the group of people with whom vocational guidance movement), father of you don't relate. In realistic conflict theory, you are guidance, pioneered the vocational guidance fighting against the out-group for resources. bureau. He introduced the idea that the best ❖ In Realistic Conflict Theory, the prejudices between career choices are those where there's a match the in-group and out-group creates prejudices, between the individual's traits (e.g., abilities, biases and stereotyping and leads to conflict. interests, personal characteristics) and the requirements and conditions of the job. His Case Example experience as a lawyer, math teacher and railroad engineer helped him to developed "the In the Olympic games, sports teams from different trait and factor theory" countries compete against each other. The goal here is to win the gold medal. Supporters of sports teams 1914-1918 can often make claims against each other or even feel anger and aggression toward the supporters of the Intelligence tests such as alpha army test (literates) competing team because the other team's victory and beta army test (illiterates) were used to screen would be their loss the suitability of potential soldiers. Psycho-educational groups were used for fatigued ❖ Carl Roger's Encounter Groups (Personal Growth soldiers. Group) - the goal of the facilitator is to promote and maintain the group's integrity through empathy, Jacob L. Moreno (1889-1974) genuineness, and acceptance. ➔ Romanian, American psychiatrist, the founder of ❖ Irving Janis (1971) - coined the term GROUPTHINK. psychodrama and pioneer of group This refers to the dangerous power of the group to psychotherapy. Psychodrama operates on negatively influence the individual to conform. In spontaneity and creativity. effect, it has an adverse result to the personal Alfred Adler (1870-1937) growth of the individual and the decision-making of ➔ pioneered a group guidance commonly known the group. as "collective counseling.” He applied this ❖ Associations for specialists in group work was method to children, prisoners and late on formed in 1973, initiated by George Gazda and Jack evolved into "family counseling" Dancan. IBON GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM ❖ 1980-1989 (George Gazda as the first president of ➔ a system of knowledge available to group the American Group Psychotherapy Association) members with shared awareness of each used the developmental group counseling with other's expertise, strengths and weaknesses. multiple populations for teaching life skills. ➔ Naruto MULTICULTURALISM IN GROUPS AND GROUP BASIC TERMINOLOGIES FOR GROUP DYNAMICS DYNAMICS Thomas Theorem ➔ this refers to the theoretical premise, put forward by W. I. Thomas, who maintains that people's conception of a social situation, even if incorrect, will determine their reactions in the situation; "if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” Essentialism ➔ the belief that all things, including individuals and groups, have a basic nature that makes them what they are and distinguishes them from other things; a thing's essence is usually inferred rather than directly observed and is generally assumed to be relatively unchanging. Group norms ➔ they pertain to (unwritten) rules shared by the members of a group, which prescribe the attitudes, behavior and beliefs that are, and are not, appropriate in the context of the group. Group cohesion (or 'cohesiveness') ➔ is the force that binds members to the group and induces them to stay with the group (Festinger, 1950). ◆ (1) Task cohesion refers to the commitment and attraction of the group member to the group task. ◆ (2) Interpersonal cohesion refers to the attraction of the group members to the group. Transactive memory Ethics in the Context of Counseling, Psychology and Group Dynamic IBON GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM Ethical issues Philosophical Ethics ➔ standards that govern the conduct of ➔ refers to the study of ethics through the lens of a professional members found in the ethics code theoretical perspective. (e.g. Empiricism) of professional organizations. Principle Ethics Legal issues ➔ contains principle-based decision making enters ➔ the minimum standards society will tolerate on one's behavior and choices as they relate to which are enforced by the rule of law. socially acceptable practices. (e.g. moral Clinical issues principles according to Christian tradition e.g. ➔ using professional judgment to act in homosexual acts versus homosexual accordance with ethical and legal mandates. tendencies). Cultural issues Mandatory Ethics ➔ are factors such as a person's ethnic ➔ ethics are those minimum standards by which all background, gender, sexual orientation, counselors should practice according to the rule religious affiliation, values, or other differences of the law is bounded (e.g. code of professional that affect the way we understand and ethics that needs to be observed by the intervene with clients' problems. Cultural issues counselor e.g. privileged information needs to must be managed in clinically relevant ways. be held as confidential except in impending established self-harm of client and its tendency Factor Legal Ethical to harm others). Ethos Regards ethics as Defines ethics as a Ethics in the Context of Counseling a set of limits set of principles to and something guide choices. Aspirational Ethics that has to be ➔ the highest form of ethics in counseling. done. ➔ counselors evaluate their motivations, behaviors, ethical codes in order to exceed the Objectives Geared toward Geared toward minimum standards prescribed by the preventing achieving professional code of ethics. unlawful conduct. responsible ➔ refers to best practices in counseling because conduct. counselors understand and act on the spirit and letter of the ethical codes. Method Emphasizes rules Treats ethics as and uses infused in business ➔ rather than simply following rules to avoid increased practice negative consequences, aspirational ethics (leadership, core involve actively seeking out ways to contribute monitoring and systems, positively to others and the community. It penalties to decision-making encourages people to think about how they can enforce these processes, make a difference beyond what is required. rules. etc). Behavioral Rooted in Rooted in Ethics in Group Dynamics Assumptions deterrence individual and theory (how to communal values IBON GROUP DYNAMICS GROUP DYNAMICS | 4PSYCH1 | PRELIM chooses her own wig and outfit, patients get to choose prevent people (both material and what happens to their bodies. Clinicians need to provide from doing bad spiritual) all the tea (information) and respect whatever choice things by the patient makes. manipulating the costs of 2. Beneficence misconduct) This is about doing good—always working in the best interest of the patient. A clinician must strive to promote The Necessity of Ethical Code in Counseling health, well-being, and positive outcomes. Think of it like a drag mother always looking out for her children, They guide professionals toward certain types of making sure they thrive and slay their lives, darling! behaviors that reflect the underlying values Every action taken by the healthcare provider should considered to be desirable in the profession. have the patient’s benefit in mind. 3. Non-Maleficence COMPETENCE This one’s the classic “do no harm” rule, honey! It’s like ➔ This skill of counselor is required in order to avoiding a wig disaster—always preventing harm from avoid harm. happening. Healthcare professionals are responsible for ➔ A competent counselor possessed knowledge, ensuring their actions, treatments, or decisions do not skills, diligence. hurt the patient. If something might cause harm, the ➔ Knowledge - updated theories of counseling clinician must reconsider and choose a safer, healthier ➔ Skills - (Clinical/interviewing), Technical Skill alternative. (Effective use of interventions) ➔ Diligence - gives deliberate care to appropriate 4. Justice assessment and intervention for a client's in clinical ethics, it means treating all patients equally, problem and maintains that care until services regardless of their background, identity, or social status. are completed. Healthcare resources should be distributed fairly, and no one should be denied care based on biases. This pillar (Maximum rendering of potential beneficial counseling ensures that everyone gets the same chance to feel services until the counselor reached an honest fabulous and live their healthiest life. self-evaluation to refer the client to a more suitable other mental health professional for better services e.g. 5. Fidelity (Loyalty) psychologist, psychiatrist). Fidelity means maintaining trust and keeping promises. It’s about being honest with patients, following through on what’s been agreed upon, and maintaining confidentiality. Like a queen staying loyal to her fans, clinicians must build trust with their patients and never break that sacred bond. 1. Autonomy Autonomy means respecting a patient's right to make decisions about their own healthcare. Just like a queen IBON