Formation In Joining Groups PDF

**FORMATION** **Group 2** -------------------- **JOINING GROUPS** -------------------- Claude Monet - Joined another artist, the Impressionist - Benefited from collaboration and s h a r e d id e a s. Vincent Van Gogh - Preferred solitude and worded independently. - Found inspir...

**FORMATION** **Group 2** -------------------- **JOINING GROUPS** -------------------- Claude Monet - Joined another artist, the Impressionist - Benefited from collaboration and s h a r e d id e a s. Vincent Van Gogh - Preferred solitude and worded independently. - Found inspiration in personal experiences and self-reflection. ------------------------ **PERSONALITY TRAITS** ------------------------ - Enduring characteristics that describe an individual\'s behavior, thoughts, and emotions across different situations and over time. - A conceptual model of the primary dimensions that structure individual differences in personality. The five dimensions are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Also known as the Big Five theory. **Personality Group Fit** - Enduring characteristics that describe an individual\'s behavior, thoughts, and emotions across different situations and over time. **Benefits of Personality--Group Fit:** - Increased group cohesion and harmony. - Enhanced individual satisfaction and sense of belonging. - Improved group performance and productivity. - Better conflict resolution and communication within the group. **Challenges of Poor Fit:** - Mismatch between personality and group can lead to dissatisfaction and disengagement. - Increased likelihood of conflict and reduced cooperation. - Potential decrease in group performance and goal achievement. ---------------------------- **ANXIETY AND ATTACHMENT** ---------------------------- **SHYNESS** - Causes discomfort in social interactions, leading to less enjoyment and participation in group activities. - Shy individuals often avoid groups and social interactions. - Early signs of shyness appear in children as young as two. - Shy people find comfort in activity-focused groups and may use friends as social surrogates in new groups. **SOCIAL ANXIETY** - Escalates from shyness, causing physiological and emotional distress during social interactions, resulting in minimal active participation. - Characterized by fear of negative evaluation in social situations. - Symptoms include physical signs of stress, such as increased heart rate and trembling. - Socially anxious individuals may exhibit \"innocuous sociability\" by blending into the background. **SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER** - (or social phobia) A persistent and pervasive pattern of overwhelming anxiety and self-consciousness experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people. - Affects approximately 5% of adults. - Leads to avoidance of social situations like public speaking and social events. - Women often seek pharmacological treatment, while men may use substances to cope. **ATTACHMENT STYLE** - One's characteristic approach to relationships with other people; the basic styles include secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing, as defined by the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance. - **Secure Attachment:** Comfort with relationships, active group participation. - **Anxious Attachment:** Worries about acceptance, reduced involvement. - **Avoidant Attachment:** Disinterest in closeness, minimal involvement. **Group-Level Attachment Styles** - **Anxious group attachment:** Concerns about acceptance, leading to less engagement and satisfaction. - **Avoidant group attachment:** Disinterest in group dependence, planning to leave the group. - **Secure group attachment:** Balanced participation in instrumental and relationship activities. ----------------------- **SOCIAL MOTIVATION** ----------------------- **Social Motives** - Social motives influence people's choices and goals, driving them to seek out and join groups. **Need for Affiliation** - Individuals with a high need for affiliation prefer being around others and feel happier in social situations. - They join groups more often but may experience anxiety about rejection, which can deter them from group participation in certain contexts. **Need for Intimacy** - Those with a high need for intimacy focus on close, warm relationships and mutual support rather than fearing rejection. - Research shows they engage more frequently with others and report positive moods when in social settings. **Need for Power** - Individuals with a high need for power seek to influence and lead others, preferring group settings that allow for authority and decision-making. - They tend to participate more in larger groups and assume leadership roles. **Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) Theory** - A theory of group formation and development that emphasizes compatibility among three basic social motives: inclusion, control, and affection (developed by William Schutz). - **Inclusion**: Desire to join and be accepted by others. - **Affection:** Desire to like and be liked. - **Control:** Desire to dominate or allow others to dominate. **Application of FIRO Theory** - Individuals join and remain in groups to satisfy their needs for inclusion, affection, and control. Example: Monet\'s need for inclusion and connection led him to maintain relationships with other Impressionists, while Sisley sought inclusion but was less motivated to include others. --------------------------- **MEN, WOMEN AND GROUPS** --------------------------- **Gender Differences in Group Membership** - Men and women show some differences in their tendencies to join groups, but these differences are not significant. - Women tend to be more extraverted and agreeable, particularly in developed nations. **Relational Orientation** - Women are generally higher in relationality, valuing and maintaining connections in their social networks. - They recall details about relationships more accurately and expect reciprocity and loyalty in friendships. **Agentic Behavior in Men** - Men are more agentic, often joining groups to achieve tasks and goals, typically in competitive environments to gain status. **Interpersonal Definitions** - Women often define themselves through their relationships and group memberships, while men focus more on power and influence. **Types of Groups Joined** - Men are likely to join competitive, goal-oriented groups; women tend to join small, supportive groups seeking intimacy and safety. **Role Differences and Cultural Stereotypes** - Gender roles influence group involvement opportunities; women may join informal, localized groups due to domestic responsibilities. - Societal changes and declining sexism have led to diminishing differences in social participation. **Historical Context** - Historical sexism has excluded women from certain groups; for example, women were excluded from juries until 1975 in the U.S. and faced barriers in the art world during the Impressionist era. ---------------------------------------------- **ATTITUDES, EXPERIENCES, AND EXPECTATIONS** ---------------------------------------------- **Reluctance to Join Groups** - Not everyone is eager to join groups; personal attitudes and experiences can lead to reluctance. - Some may prefer individual effort over teamwork, impacting their decision to participate. **Beliefs About Groups** - Individuals with negative beliefs about group effectiveness are less likely to join. - The Beliefs about Groups (BAG) scale measures preferences, expectations, and perceived impacts of group participation. **Influence of Previous Experiences** - Past experiences, whether positive or negative, significantly influence future interest in group participation. - Positive experiences in high school groups encourage college students to seek similar groups. **Impact of Socialization** - Vicarious experiences, such as observing parents\' positive group participation, can lead to similar behaviors in adulthood. **Expectations in College** - Students with enjoyable high school group experiences actively seek out groups in college. - They recognize potential costs associated with group participation but remain optimistic about rewards. **Collective Action and Social Movements** - The Impressionists exemplified a mix of collaboration and social movement, challenging the traditional art establishment. - A sense of injustice and strong emotions, like anger and contempt, motivate individuals to join social movements and take collective action. ----------------- **AFFILIATION** ----------------- - The gathering together of individuals (typically members of the same species) in one location; also, a formalized relationship, as when an individual is said to be affiliated with a group or organization. ----------------------- **Social Comparison** ----------------------- - The process of contrasting one's personal qualities and outcomes, including beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, and experiences to those of other people. **Misery Loves Company**: Schachter\'s (1959) \"misery loves company\" study illustrated this concept. He found that people in a stressful situation (anticipating electric shocks) were more likely to choose to wait with others than those in a less stressful situation. **Misery Loves Miserable Company:** Schachter also found that people prefer to affiliate with those who are facing a similar threat and can provide useful information about the situation. **Embarrassed Misery Avoids Company:** Morris et al. (1976) showed that people may avoid joining others when they are embarrassed, even if they need information about the situation. --------------------------- **STESS AND AFFILIATION** ---------------------------  **Social Support** - A sense of belonging, emotional support, advice, guidance, tangible assistance, and perspective pro- vided by groups when members experience stress, daily hassles, and more significant life crises. **Types of Social Support** - Belonging - Emotional Support - Information Support - Instrumental Support - Meaning ------------------------------------ **Social Comparison and the Self** ------------------------------------ **Downward Social Comparison** - Selecting people who are less well off as targets for social comparison (rather than individuals who are similar or superior to oneself or one's outcomes). **Upward Social Comparison** - Selecting people who are superior to oneself or whose outcomes surpass one's own as targets for social comparison. **Self-Evaluation Maintenance** - When our own accomplishments pale in comparison to those of a friend or fellow group member, social comparison often leaves us feeling more dejected than elated. But not always. **SEM Model** - This model suggests that we\'re more likely to celebrate the success of others when their success is in an area that\'s not important to our own self-worth. However, if their success is in an area that\'s important to our self-worth, we may feel threatened and try to downplay their success or even sabotage them. **Social Comparison Orientation** The dispositional tendency to compare oneself to others. ---------------- **ATTRACTION** ---------------- - Affiliation sets the stage for a group to form, but attraction transforms acquaintances into friends. - People are more likely to be attracted to certain people Those who are nearby Those who express similar attitudes and values Those who respond positively to them \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **The Proximity Principle** - Suggests that in some cases people join groups that just happen to be close by. - Proximity increases interaction between people, and interaction cultivates attraction - Groups emerge gradually over time as individuals find themselves interacting with the same subset of other individuals with greater and greater frequency - If repeated exposure reveals that those nearby others have contemptible qualities, then proximity can also lead to disliking rather than liking. ***Familiarity principle or "mere exposure effect"*** ***-*** when people continually encounter other people because their offices, homes, desks, or rooms are located adjacent to theirs, familiarity increases. ***-*** suggests that people show a preference for the familiar rather than the unknown. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **THE ELABORATION PRINCIPLE** **-** Groups, as self-organizing, dynamic systems, tend to increase in complexity over time. --------------------------- **Elaboration Principle** --------------------------- **-** The tendency for groups to expand as members form dyadic associations with someone who is not in the group and thereby draw the nonmember into the group **-** Groups form when otherwise unrelated individuals are drawn to a single individual who becomes the hub for gradually developing bonds among the various members. ------------------------------ **THE SIMILARITY PRINCIPLE** ------------------------------ - People are attracted to those who are similar to them in some way. -People who adopt the same values and attitudes that we do reassure us that our beliefs are accurate. -We assume that future group interactions will be more cooperative and conflict-free members are all similar to one another. - Often based on agreements in attitudes, values, and beliefs. -Also based on demographic characteristics such as race, ethnicity, sex, and age. \- If a group decreases in size, the first individual who is dropped from membership will likely be the one who the least similar to the other members. **Homophily** - "Love of the same" - The tendency for the members of groups and other collectives to be similar to one another in some way, such as demographic background, attitudes, and values. - Generally expressed informally as "birds of a feather flock together." **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **THE COMPLIMENTARY PRINCIPLE** The tendency for group members to like people who are dissimilar to them in ways that complement their personal qualities - People generally respond to dominant behaviors by acting submissively and vice versa. - Leaders seek out followers - Strong seek out the weak **Small and large groups** - Similarity is much more common than complementarity in dyads - Members of close-knit larger groups tend to possess compatible but somewhat dissimilar needs - Complementarity usually occurs with others who match one's general level of friendliness, warmth, and positivity **Interchange Compatibility** - Compatibility between group members based on their similar needs for inclusion, control, and affection (defined by William ) **Originator Compatibility** - Compatibility between group members that occurs when individuals who wish to express inclusion, control, or affection within the group are matched with individuals who wish to receive inclusion, control, or affection from others (defined by William Schutz) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **THE RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE** The tendency for liking to be met with liking in return - If A likes B then B will tend to be like A when a person expresses liking for us, it implies that the admirer will treat us with respect, compassion, and benevolence on future occasions. Negative reciprocity also occurs in groups - We dislike those who seem to reject us **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **THE MINIMAX PRINCIPLE** The tendency to prefer relationships that provide the maximum number of valued rewards and incur the fewest number of possible costs. - Assumes that the people strive to minimize their troubles, their worries, and their losses and maximize their positive outcomes, their happiness, and their rewards Potential rewards for engaging in group activities - Meeting people, making new friends, developing new interests, or enhancing selfesteem Potential costs. - Losing time and money --------------------------------- **THE ECONOMICS OF MEMBERSHIP** --------------------------------- **Comparison Level** - The standard by which the individual evaluates the quality of any social relationship. In most cases, individuals whose prior relationships yielded positive rewards with few costs will have higher CLs than those who experienced fewer rewards and more costs in prior relationships **Comparison Level for Alternatives** - The standard by which individuals evaluate the quality of other groups that the