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2023 Reference Textbook: A Short Course in Medical Terminology: Enhanced Reprint, 4th Edition , 2019 Lippincott Williams Link To Download: https://www.mediafire.com/file/pf0uj6j02j1ruxc 1  Course Objectives: Discuss the purposes of medical terminology. Apply basic Principles of medical word buildin...

2023 Reference Textbook: A Short Course in Medical Terminology: Enhanced Reprint, 4th Edition , 2019 Lippincott Williams Link To Download: https://www.mediafire.com/file/pf0uj6j02j1ruxc 1  Course Objectives: Discuss the purposes of medical terminology. Apply basic Principles of medical word building Correctly pronounce medical terms Define common medical terms Relates common medical terms to human anatomy & physiology; common disease states, pharmacology categories and diagnostic tests.  Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports.  Analyze the terminology related to drugs.       Introduction:  Medical terminology is a specialized language used by health care practitioners for effective and accurate communication.  It’s used to accurately describe the human body and the associated components conditions, and processes affecting it, and medical procedures, diseases, disorders, and treatments in a science-based manner.  Medical terminology began to become standardized by Hippocrates the ‘father of medicine’ (460–377 B.C.), and Claudius Galen, one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire.  Thus, most medical terms are derived from Latin and Greek languages. Body part Greek root in English with example Latin root in English with example  Lungs Pneumon- Pneumonia Pulmo- Pulmonary System  Kidney Nephr(O)- Nephritis Ren(O)- Renal Failure  Nose Rhin(O)- Rhinoplasty Nas- Nasal Cavity  Skin Derm- Dermal Cut-, Subcutaneous  Nerve Neur(O)- Neuron Nerv- Nervous System Most medical terms can be divided into component parts: roots, prefixes, and suffixes that maintain the same meaning whenever they appear. By learning these meanings, you can analyze and remember many words. 2 There are two major categories of medical terms: 1- Descriptive: describing shape, color, size, function, etc., and 2- Eponyms, literally "putting a name upon". Eponym has been used to honor those who first discovered or described an anatomical structure or diagnosed a disease or first developed a medical instrument or procedure. Some examples of eponyms are Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes - Gabriello Fallopio) Eustachian tubes (auditory tubes - Bartolommeo Eustachii) Parkinson's disease (neurodegenerative disorder - James Parkinson) Alzheimer's disease (loss of memory -Alois Alzheimer) Pasteurization (heating of milk - Louis Pasteur) The problem with eponyms is that they give no useful information about what is or where to find the item name Basic Elements of a Medical Word (word Parts): Many medical terms are formed from two or more-word parts. It may also contain one or more prefixes and one or more suffixes. The four types of word parts used to create medical terms are:  1- Word Root The word root is the fundamental unit of each medical word. It establishes the main part or the basic meaning of the word and is the part to which modifying word (prefixes and suffixes) are added. All words have at least one word root A word root may be used alone or combined with other elements to form a complete word. The word root usually refers to a body part. Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language. 3 Word Root Examples o “Therm” means o “Dent” means o “Dermat” means o “Cardi” means o “Gastr” means o “Hepat” means o “Arthr” means o “Hem” means o “Crani” means heat tooth skin heart stomach liver joint blood skull  2- Combining forms When a suffix or another root beginning with a consonant is added to a root, a vowel is inserted between the root and the next word part to aid in pronunciation. The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others “e or i”may be used. eg: Gastr / o Word root pronounced Gastro. Combining vowel  When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other. oste/ o / arthr/ itis Word root Word root Combining vowel  3- Suffixes A suffix is a word ending. It’s added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning and to create a noun or adjective with a different meaning of that word root. 4 suffix For example, the suffix - oid, meaning “like or resembling,” helps to form the word fibroid, meaning “made of fibrous tissue.” o Suffix usually derived from Greek or Latin o Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, or disease o A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins with a consonant (not a vowel) to make pronunciation easier.  Arthr joint /o -centesis puncture Arthrocentesis puncture of a joint  Throac chest /o -tomy incision Thoracotomy incision of the chest  Gastr stomach /o -megaly enlargement Gastromegaly enlargement of the stomach  Scler hardening /o -derma skin Scleroderma hardening of the skin  4- Prefixes A prefix is word element that placed at the beginning of a word that modify or changes the meaning of the word or create a new word. Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation. For example, the prefix peri -, meaning “around, near, surrounding,” helps to form the word pericardium, meaning “around or surrounding the heart.” Examples of Prefix o Hyper- (excessive) o Intra- (in) o Poly- (many) Hyperexcessive Intrain Polymany therm heat muscul muscle cythem red cells  Defining Medical Words Three steps for defining medical words -ia condition -ar relating to -ia condition Step 1. Define the suffix, or last part of the word Step 2. Define the first part of the word (which may be a word root, combining form, or prefix). Step 3. Define the middle parts of the word. 5 Hypo insulin emia Leuko cyto penia Root Root White suffix Decrease Cell Bone Root Joint Root Low Insulin suffix Blood Hyper glyc emia osteo arthr itis Root Prefix suffix Inflammation Prefix Root suffix High Glucose Blood  Word Roots Examples on word roots / combining form for organs: WORD ROOT MEANING Arabic  Dent/o teeth ‫أﺳﻨﺎن‬ Dentist  Glosso/ Lingu tongue ‫ﻟﺴﺎن‬ Glossitis, Sublingual  Gingiv/o gums ‫اﻟﻠﺜﺔ‬ Gingivitis  Encephal/o brain ‫اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬ Encephalitis  Gastr/o stomach ‫ﻣﻌﺪة‬ Gastritis  Enter/o intestine ‫اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬  Hepato liver ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ Hepatitis, Hepatomegaly  Nephro/ Rene kidney ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬ Nephrosis, Renal artery  Hyster/o / Metr/o uterus ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ Hysterectomy, endometritis  Derm/o skin ‫ﺑﺸﺮة‬ Dermatitis  Masto/ Mammo breast ‫اﻟﺜﺪي‬ Mammography, Mastectomy  Oste/o bones ‫ﻋﻈﺎم‬ Osteoporosis  Cardi/o heart ‫ﻗﻠﺐ‬ Electrocardiogram (ECG)  Cyst/o bladder ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻧﺔ‬ Cystitis  Rhin/o nose ‫أﻧﻒ‬ Rhinitis (runny nose!)  Pneum/o / Pulm/o lung ‫رﺋﺔ‬ Pneumonitis, Pulmonologist 6 EXAMPLE Gastroenteritis Word Roots and Combining Forms Indicating Color: WORD ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE  cyan/o blue  erythr/o red Cyanosis is blue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood Eerythrocyte is a mature red blood cell  leuk/o white leukocyte is a white blood cell  melan/o black  poli/o gray Melanosis is any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues or organs Poliomyelitis is a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord  xanth(o) yellow Xanthoderma is yellowish skin  Categories of Prefixes There are six logical divisions: 1-Time or Speed 2- Direction 3- Position 4- Number and Measurement 5- Size and Comparison 6- Negation 1- Prefixes Of Time Or Speed Prefixes anteprePro- Meaning before before, in front of before, in front of Example antepartum premature prodrome post- after, behind postnatal brady- abnormally slow rate bradycardia tachy- rapid, high rate tachypnea ‫ ﺗﺴﺎرع اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬rapid breathing neo- new neonate ‫ ﺣﺪﯾﺚ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬a newborn child 2- Prefixes Of Direction Prefixes abadconcontracircumdiapertrans- Meaning away from, outside of, toward, near to with against around through through through Meaning ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬before birth ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اواﻧﮫ‬occurring before the proper time ‫ ﺑﺎدرة‬symptom that precedes a disease ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬after birth ‫ ﺑﻂء اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬slow heart beat rate Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning abnormal ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬not normal adjective congenital contraindication circumrenal diarrhea percutaneous transected 7 ‫ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬toward a noun ‫ وﻻدي‬with (or at) birth ‫ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺒﺎب‬withhold medical treatment ‫ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬around the kidney ‫ إﺳﮭﺎل‬frequent discharge of fluid stool ‫ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬through the skin ‫ ﻣﻘﻄﻮع‬cut (sectioned) through or across 3- Prefixes Of Position - Prefixes of position are commonly used during diagnostic and treatment procedures. Prefixes Meaning Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning epi- above, upon epigastric peri- around pericarditis hypo- below hypodermic sub- under, below sublingual infra- inside or below infrarenal ‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬below the kidneys ultra- excess, beyond ultrasonic ‫ ﻓﻮق ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬sound of high frequency inter- between intercostal ‫ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻻﺿﻠﻊ‬between the ribs intra- inside intramuscular ‫ ﺣﻘﻦ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬Within the muscle juxta- near, beside juxtaarticular ‫ ﻣﺠﺎور اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‬a location near a joint ecto- outside, outward ectopic ‫ ﺧﺎرج‬in an abnormal place or position ex- outside, outward exhale ‫ اﻟﺰﻓﯿﺮ‬breathe out. exo- outside, outward exogenous extra- beyond extraocular endo- within endocrine meso- middle mesoderm sym- with symptoms syn- with, together synapse pan- everywhere panarthritis para- alongside, like paranasal ‫ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻻﻧﻒ‬beside the nose retro- backward, behind retroperitoneal ‫ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺼﻔﺎق‬situated or occurring behind peritoneum super- above, excess superior supra- above suprarenal ‫ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻜﻠﻮي‬above the kidney dextro- right side dextropedal ‫ ﯾﻤﯿﻨﻲ اﻟﻘﺪم‬uses the right leg in preference to the left levo- left side levorotatry trans- across, through transfusion ‫ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﻌﻮي‬above the stomach ‫ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﺘﺎﻣﻮر‬Inflammation of membrane enclosing heart ‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬under the skin ‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬under the tongue ‫ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬originating outside the body ‫ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬exterior to the eyes ‫ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء‬secrete within ‫ اﻷدﯾﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬middle layer of an early embryo ‫ اﻷﻋﺮاض‬existence of undesirable situation ‫ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﻋﺼﺒﻰ‬a junction between two nerve cells ‫ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬inflammation of all the structures of joint. ‫ ﻣﺘﻔﻮق‬the upper part of a structure ‫ ﯾﺴﺎري اﻟﺪوران‬anticlockwise facing oncoming radiation ‫ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺪم‬donated blood or other fluid 8 4- Prefixes of Number and Measurement Prefixes primiunimonoidiobiditriquadritetrahemioligomultipoly- Meaning first time one One, single individual two two, twice three four four half a few many many Example primigravida uninuclear monotherapy idiosyncrasy bilateral diplopia triceps quadriplegia tetracycline hemisphere oliguria multicellular polymorphous Prefixes Meaning Example equi- equal, same true, good, easy, normal equal, same equilibrium homo- normal other, different, unequal same homograft semi- half, partial semipermeable mega- abnormally large megacolon macro- big macrophage micro- small microscope pseudo- false pseudomembrane ortho- straight, correct Orthopedic re- again, back reflux hyper- over, excess, hyperthermia hypo- under, below, hyposecretion ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning ‫ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻷول ﻣﺮة‬woman during her first pregnancy ‫ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻮاة‬one nucleus ‫ ﻋﻼج اﺣﺎدي‬one treatment ‫ اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﯿﺔ‬Individual sensitivity to drug effects ‫ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﺐ‬two sides ‫ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ اﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ‬double vision ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﯿﺔ اﻟﺮؤوس‬three-headed muscle ‫ اﻟﺸﻠﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬paralysis of four limbs ‫ رﺑﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺤﻼﻗﺎت‬antibiotics containing four rings ‫ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻜﺮة‬one half of a rounded structure ‫ ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻮل‬abnormally small amounts of urine ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬consisting of many cells ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬having many forms 5- Prefixes for Size and Comparison euisonormohetero- ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮازن‬a state of balance, euthyroid ‫ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‬having a normally functioning thyroid isometric ‫ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوي اﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬of or having equal dimensions. normovolemia ‫ ﺣﺠﻢ دم طﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬normal blood volume heterogeneous ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ composed of different materials, not uniform ‫ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ اﻟﺰرﻋﺔ‬same transplant; also called allograft ‫ ﺷﺒﮫ ﻧﻔﺎذا‬partially permeable ‫ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮن‬enlargement of the colon ‫ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ‬a large phagocytic cell ‫ ﻣﺠﮭﺮ‬instrument for examining small (objects) ‫ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻜﺎذب‬layer of exudate resembling a membrane ‫ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﻢ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬correction of Musculosketal disorders ‫ ارﺗﺪاد‬backward flow ‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺤﺮارة‬high body temperature ‫ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻹﻓﺮاز‬underproduction of a subst 9 6- Prefixes of Negation PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLE a-, not, lack of apnea an- not, lack of anhydrous anti- against antibiotic contra- ‫ ﻧﺰع اﻟﻜﻠﺲ‬remove calcium from dis- against, contraindicated opposite, down, without, decalcify loss absence, dissect removal, in- not incontinent ‫ ﺳﻠﺲ اﻟﺒﻮل‬unable to control discharge of excretions im- not impotence non- not nonsurgical un- not uncoordinated de- MEANING ‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬absence of breathing ‫ ﻻ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬lacking water ‫ ﻣﻀﺎد ﺣﯿﻮي‬drug that inhibits microbes ‫ ﺑﻄﻼن‬against recommendations, not advisable ‫ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ‬to separate tissues for anatomical study ‫ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬Adult male’s inability ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﺮاﺣﻲ‬ not significant to a medical diagnosis ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺴﻖ‬not working together, not coordinated  Categories of Suffixes - The suffixes include endings that form: o Nouns: Name a medical practice or practitioner, place, or thing o Adjectives: Convert a noun to an adjective o Signify disease states, surgical procedure, diagnostic term or specific body systems o Plurals: endings that convert single nouns to multiples - An effective method in mastering medical terminology is to learn the major types of suffixes in functional categories. Here are the five divisions of Suffixes that signify: Certain Process or Condition Abnormal Medical Conditions Surgical Procedures Diagnostic Terms, Test Information Medical Specialty or Study or Practice Denote Noun Convert a noun to an adjective Diminutive Suffixes Plural Suffixes 10 1- Suffixes That Signify Certain Process Or Condition Prefixes Meaning Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning -cide killing bacteriocide ‫ ﻣﺒﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﯿﻢ‬agent that destroys bacteria -clast breaking osteoclast ‫ ﻧﺎﻗﺾ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬responsible for breaking of a bone -crine secreting endocrine ‫اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻤﺎء‬ -crit separate hematocrit ‫ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﯾﺖ‬% of blood sample that is composed of cells -cyte cell thrombocyte -derma skin scleroderma -emia blood uremia -esthesia sensation paresthesia -globin protein hemoglobin -globulin protein immunoglobulin -kinesia movement bradykinesia -opsy view of biopsy -oxia oxygen anoxia -pepsia digestion dyspepsia ‫ ﺳﻮء اﻟﮭﻀﻢ‬impaired digestion -phasia speaking aphasia ‫ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻨﻄﻖ‬loss of or reduction in speaking ability gland that bloodstream secretes hormones the ‫ ﺗﺨﺜﺮ‬blood platelet ‫ ﺗﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬hardening of the skin ‫ ﺗﺒﻮﻟﻦ اﻟﺪم‬excess urea in the blood ‫ ﺗﻨﻤﻞ‬abnormal sensation, such as tingling ‫ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﯿﻦ‬protein of red blood cells ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬proteins mediate immune response as antibodies ‫ ﺑﻂء اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬decrease in movement ‫ ﺧﺰﻋﺔ‬cutting from living tissue to be viewed ‫ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬lack of oxygen -phoresis carrying electrophoresis -phoria feeling euphoria ‫ اﻟﻨﺸﻮة‬feeling of well-being -phrenia of mind schizophrenia ‫ ﻓﺼﺎم‬term for a common psychosis -phylaxis protection prophylaxis ‫ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﯾﺔ‬prevention of disease -plasm formation protoplasm -plastic forming hemoplastic -pnea breath eupnea ‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬easy, normal respiration -poiesis formation erythropoiesis ‫ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم‬formation of red blood cells -somnia sleep insomnia -stalsis contraction peristalsis -uria urine pyuria into ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ movement of particles in an electric field ‫ ﺟﺒﻠﺔ‬living matter ‫ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻢ اﻟﺪم‬forming new blood cells ‫ اﻷرق‬inability to sleep ‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﺎت‬movement of the intestines ‫ ﺻﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻮل‬pus in the urine 11 2- Suffixes That Signify Abnormal Medical Conditions Prefixes Meaning Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning -algia neuralgia ‫ اﻷﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬pain of a nerve -asthenia weakness neurasthenia ‫وھﻦ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ -cele hernia hydrocele -edema swelling lymphedema -emesis vomiting Hematemesis -emia blood condition anemia -gen forming, origin carcinogen -genesis forming, origin carcinogenesis -iasis formation of cholelithiasis ‫ ﺣﺼﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺮاوﯾﺔ‬the formation of gallstones -itis inflammation appendicitis ‫ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة اﻟﺪودﯾﺔ‬inflammation of the appendix -lith stone, calculus Pneumolith -lysis disintegration hemolysis ‫ اﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺪم‬rupture or destruction of red blood cells -malacia softening osteomalacia ‫ ﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬oftening of the articular cartilage -megaly enlargement cardiomegaly ‫ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬enlargement of the heart -oma tumor gastroma ‫ ﺳﺮطﺎن ﻣﻌﺪة‬tumor of the stomach -osis abnormal condition osteoporosis ‫ ھﺸﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬condition of porous bones -pathy disease myopathy ‫ اﻋﺘﻼل ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬disease of muscle -penia reduction leukopenia -phagia swallowing dysphagia -phasia speech aphasia -phobia fear hemophobia -plasia formation hyperplasia -philia attraction to hemophilia -plasm formation neoplasm -plegia paralysis hemiplegia -ptosis downward apoptosis -rrhage flowing forth hemorrhage pain condition with vague symptoms, such as weakness ‫ ﻗﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity ‫ اﻟﻮذﻣﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﯿﺔ‬welling and accumulation of tissue fluid ‫ ﻗﻲء دﻣﻮي‬vomiting of blood ‫ ﻓﻘﺮ دم‬blood condition caused by a decrease in RBCs ‫ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺴﺮطﻨﺔ‬agent increases the incidence of cancer ‫اﻟﺴﺮطﻨﺔ‬ transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, ‫ ﺣﺼﻰ رﺋﻮي‬a stone in the lung ‫ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬decrease in white blood cells ‫ ﻋﺴﺮ اﻟﺒﻠﻊ‬inability or difficulty in swallowing ‫ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻨﻄﻖ‬absence or impairment of speech ‫ اﻟﺨﻮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪم‬fear of blood ‫ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ‬the enlargement of an organ or tissue ‫ ﻣﺮض ﻧﺰف اﻟﺪم‬impaired ability to control blood clotting ‫ ورم‬new formation or growth of tissue ‫ ﺷﻠﻞ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ‬paralysis of one side of the body ‫ ﻣﻮت اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ‬process of programmed cell death ‫ ﻧﺰف‬bursting forth (of) blood 12 -rrhagia flowing forth menorrhagia -rrhea discharge rhinorrhea ‫ﺳﯿﻼن اﻷﻧﻒ‬ -rrhexis rupture hysterorrhexis ‫ ﺗﻤﺰق اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬rupture of the uterus -sclerosis hardening artherosclerosis -spasm contraction vasospasm -stenosis narrowing arteriostenosis -stasis stopping Hemostasis -toxic poison hepatotoxic -trophy nourishment dystrophy ‫ ﻏﺰارة اﻟﻄﻤﺚ‬profuse discharge of blood during menstruation discharge from the nose (runny nose) ‫ ﺗﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ‬abnormal condition of hardening of an artery ‫ ﺗﺸﻨﺞ‬constriction of a blood vessel reducing flow rate ‫ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ‬abnormal narrowing of an artery ‫ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬stopping or controlling the flow of blood ‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬an agent (poison) that damages the liver ‫ اﺿﻤﺤﻼل‬, ‫ اﻟﺤﺜﻞ‬bad nourishment 3- Suffixes That Signify Surgical Procedures Prefixes -centesis -desis -ectomy -lysis -pexy -plasty -rrhaphy -stomy -tomy -tripsy Meaning Example ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺰل اﻟﺼﺪر‬ surgical puncture thoracentesis ‫إﯾﺜﺎق اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‬ surgical binding arthrodesis ‫اﺳﺘﺌﺼﺎل اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة‬ surgical removal appendectomy ‫ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم‬ destruction; loosening thrombolysis ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺜﺪي‬ fixation (of organ) mastopexy ‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻞ اﻷﻧﻒ‬ surgical repair rhinoplasty ‫ﺧﯿﺎطﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻞ‬ suture myorrhaphy ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ forming an opening tracheostomy ‫ﺷﻖ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺪم‬ incision phlebotomy ‫ﺗﻔﺘﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺼﻰ‬ crushing lithotripsy Meaning puncture of chest with a needle binding together of a joint excision of the appendix destruction of a blood clot fixation of the breast surgical repair of the nose suture of a muscle forming an opening into the colon opening or puncture of a vein crushing a stone 4- Suffixes That Signify Diagnostic Terms, Test Information Prefixes Meaning Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning -gram pictorial record electrocardiogram ‫ ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬record of the electrical activity of heart -graph recording device cardiograph ‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬recording electrical activity of the heart -graphy graphic recording angiography ‫ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ‬process of recording blood vessels -meter measuring device tonometer ‫ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ااﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬measuring the pressure -metry act of measuring Audiometry -scope viewing device endoscope ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر‬instrument for examining within -scopy act of viewing endoscopy ‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﺮ‬visual examination within ‫ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬measuring hearing acuity for sound 13 5- Suffixes Associated With A Medical Specialty Or Study Or Practice Prefixes Meaning Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning -iatry medicine; psychiatry ‫ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬study and treatment of mental disorders -iatrics treatment pediatrics ‫ طﺐ اﻷطﻔﺎل‬care and treatment of children -ist specialist podiatrist -ician specialist physician -ics medical specialty orthopedics -logy study of physiology -logist specialist in study biologist ‫ طﺒﯿﺐ اﻷرﺟﻞ‬one who studies and treats the foot ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬practitioner of medicine ‫ طﺐ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬study and treatment of the skeleton and joints ‫ ﻋﻠﻢ وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬study of function in a living organism ‫ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﺣﯿﺎء‬one who specializes in the study of living things 6- Suffixes That Denote Noun: Prefixes Meaning Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning -esis condition diuresis -ia condition pneumonia ‫ اﻟﺘﮭﺎب رﺋﻮي‬infection of the lung caused by bacteria, viruses -ism condition alcoholism ‫ إدﻣﺎن اﻟﻜﺤﻮل‬addiction to the consumption of alcoholic drink -y condition; process neuropathy ‫ إدرار اﻟﺒﻮل‬abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine ‫ اﻋﺘﻼل اﻷﻋﺼﺎب‬condition of the nerves disease 7- Suffixes That Denote Adjectives: Prefixes Meaning ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning -ac cardiac -al neural ‫ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬pertaining to a nerve -ar muscular ‫ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬pertaining to muscle -ary Pulmonary ‫ رﺋﻮي‬pertaining to the lungs -eal esophageal ‫ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ‬pertaining to the esophagus -eous cutaneous ‫ ﺟﻠﺪي‬pertaining to the skin -ic thoracic ‫ ﺻﺪري‬pertaining to the chest -ical pathological ‫ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ‬pertaining to the study of disease –ile febrile -ior posterior -oid lymphoid -ory circulatory -ous nervous ‫ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬pertaining to a nerve -tic acoustic ‫ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬pertaining to hearing ‫ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ‬pertaining to the heart ‫ ﺣﻤﻰ‬pertaining to fever ‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬to the back of the body ‫ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوي‬pertaining to the lymphatic system ‫ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮي‬pertaining to circulation 14 8- Diminutive Suffixes Prefixes Meaning Example ‫ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬Meaning -ole arteriole ‫ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن‬the smallest of the arteries -icle -ula small, minute -ule ventricle ‫ اﻟﺒﻄﯿﻦ‬small cavity, as of the brain or heart macula ‫ اﻟﺒﻘﻌﺔ‬a small spot venule ‫ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ‬small vein continuous with a capillary 9- Plural Suffixes - Many medical words have Greek or Latin origins and follow the rules of these languages in building singular and plural forms. - When a word changes from a singular to a plural form, the suffix of the word is the part that changes. Guidelines to Unusual Plural Forms Singular Example Plural Example ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ Meaning a Plural Ending ae vertebrae ‫ﻓﻘﺮة‬ bone of the spine en ina lumen lumina ‫ﺟﻮف اﻧﺒﻮب‬ cavity tubular structure ex, ix, yx ices matrix matrices ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ background substance index indices ‫ﻓﮭﺮس‬ reference to metastasis metastases ‫ورم ﺧﺒﯿﺚ‬ spread of cancer diagnosis diagnoses ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ determination of a disease meninx meninges ‫ﺳﺤﺎﯾﺎ‬ membrane envelop brain pharynx pharynges ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬ cavity behind nose and mouth ganglion ganglia ‫اﻟﻌﻘﺪة‬ mass of nervous tissue criterion criteria ‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر‬ means of judging serum sera ‫ﻣﺼﻞ‬ thin fluid ovum ova ‫ﺑﻮﯾﻀﺔ‬ egg thrombus thrombi ‫اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺔ‬ clot alveolus alveoli ‫اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ air sac Word Ending is es nx (anx, inx, ynx) nges on a um us a i vertebra Lecture 1 @ 2023 Medical Terminology 15 1st Year Pharmacy Stage