Medical Terminology (1) PDF

Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number -1 Orientation to Medical Terminology Medicine: is the science dealing with the maintenance of health, prevention and cure of disease. A term: is a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or its peculiar to scien...

Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number -1 Orientation to Medical Terminology Medicine: is the science dealing with the maintenance of health, prevention and cure of disease. A term: is a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or its peculiar to science art, profession or subject, e.g. medical term, legal term, trade term……ect. Medical terminology; is the professional langue of those who are directly or indirectly engaged in the art of healing, it is deal with a particular terms which are specific for the fields of Medicine. Objectives and values At first “Medical terminology” is strange so much to students. And its complexity may affect their power of concentration. These difficulties gradually disappear as students assimilate a working knowledge of the elements of medical terms, which in turn, enable them to analyze words according to their meaning. Memorization may be somewhat annoying to the beginner, but memory work is only a stepping- stone to a keener understanding of the professional language. It is obvious that the intellect is constantly engaged in the study of medical terms in various types of mental processes: analysis, interpretation, and to a moderate degree, transfer of knowledge by uniting word roots with prefixes, suffixes, combining-form elements, and compound words. The primary goal of introducing students to medical terminology is to help their ability to read and understand the language of medicine. Efforts are directed at promoting knowledge of elements of medical terms, understanding slandered abbreviations, being able to spell medical terms and appreciating the logical method found in analyzing medical terms. 1 Basic Concepts The majority of medical terms from Greek and Latin ancestry. Some have been adopted from modern language, especially German and French. The study of medical terminology can enrich one’s understanding of history, language and medicine In analyzing terms, students need to understand the key concepts that will enable them to break terms into their component elements (e.g., identifying roots, prefixes, suffixes, combining form elements, and compound words). The following list presents these key concepts: 1- Root or base word element – refers to the main body of the word. It may be accompanied by a prefix or suffix. Example: adenoma Aden= (base or root) = gland Oma = suffix = tumor Adenoma = gland tumor 2-Prefix – refer to one or two word parts placed before a word to modify or alter its meaning. Example: hemigastrectomy Hemi= prefix = half Gastr (base or root) = stomach Ectomy = (suffixe) = removal of half the stomach 3-Suffix – one or two of word parts attached to the end of a word to modify or alter its meaning. 2  ٍٍCommunity Medicine / Medical terminology Lecture Number -2 Terms of positions Ab = away e.g. Abnormal= away from normal. Abduction: away from midline. Ad =toward e.g. Adrenal gland which is the endocrine gland above the kidney. Adduction = is to move a limb toward the midline. Trans = across e.g. Transected ultrasound. Transparent or Translucent= you can see through. Para = near, beside e.g. percutaneous cholangiography which is the radiological visualization of biliary passage by injection of a dye through skin into the biliary passage of the liver. Medial = toward the midline. The ulnar nerve occupies a medial position in the forearm. Median = in the middle. The median nerve is in the middle of the forearm. The mediastinum is the space in the middle of the thorax between the plural sacs and the lungs. The Median as arithmetic statistical value which is the value in an ordered set of values below and above which there is an equal number of values. Lateral = to the side.e.g. lateral neck swelling is a swelling at the side of neck. The radial nerve occupied a lateral position in the forearm. Supra, Super = above, beyond e.g. Supraorbital swelling= above the orbit. Supraspinatus muscle is above the spinous process of the scapula. Superficial = close to the surface. Superimposed= placed above. Peri = around (peritoneum, pericardium, periosteum) = which are the sheaths around the abdominal viscera & above the bone. Pro = forward, e.g. prothrombin =protein that generate thrombin. Promyelocyte =precursor cell of myelocyte in white blood cells (WBC ) formation. 3 Sub = under e.g. Subcutaneous = under the skin, Sub mucosal = under the mucosa. Dextro = right e.g. Dextrocardia = the state of the heart on the right side of the thorax. Levo, sinstro = left e.g. Levorotation, sinstrocardia, sinstrocerebral = related to left cerebral hemisphere. Dia = across e.g.Diapedesis = passive movement of red blood cells ( RBC) across blood vessel wall. Infra = below e.g. Infraorbital foremen a hole below the orbit. Dorsal = toward the back. Ventral = toward the abdomen. Apex = Tip, Summit, e.g. the upper part of the lung is apex. Base = bottom = lower part. Inter = between e.g. interdigital cleft. Supine = lying face up. Prone = lying face down. Proximal = the part closest to source of origin. Distal = the part farthest from the source of origin. 4  Lecture ٍٍCommunity Medicine / Medical terminology Number -3 Terms of Colors / Prifixes Chromo, chromato = colour e.g. a chromogenic substances = colour producing substances alb/o = white e.g. albino, albinism = white skin and hair due to absent melanin chlorophyll (chloro/o) = green e.g. chlorine is a halogen that is isolated as a greenish gas. Cyano = blue e.g. cyanosis is blue skin, due to decrease oxygen in blood. Erythro = red, e.g. erythrocytes are the red blood cell. Erythema = red colouration Erythropoiesis = is the process of RBC formation. Leuk/o = white. E.g. leukocytes, the white blood cells. Leukaemia = malignancy of WBC. Melano = Black. E.g. melanin is the brown black pigment of skin. Melanocytes, are cells at the basal layer of epidermic synthesis melanin. Xantho = yellow, e.g. xanthoma = malignant lesion of skin. xanthochromic fluid = like plural, ascetic fluid. Polio = Gray matter of spinal cord. Purpura = purple, e.g. purpra; cutanous haemorrhage in thrombocytopenia. Aures = Golden, staphylococcus aures, is golden colonies. 5 Community Medicine / Medical terminology ٍٍLecture Number -5 Disorders of the Skin Origin of terms Cutis (L)** = skin Cryo (G)* =cold Cyan, cyano (G) =blue Derma, dermat, dermato, dermo (G) = skin Erythema (G) =flush Hindro (G) =sweat Kerato (G) =horny tissue, cornea Leuko, leuco(G)=white Maculo(G)= spot, stain Melano (L) =black, melanin Onych, onycho (G) =nail Anatomic terms Corium = true skin or deeper layer containing blood vessels, lymphatics, hair follicles, nerve endings, connective tissue fibbers, and sweat and sebaceous glands. Derma, dermis = synonymous with corium. Epidermis = cuticle or outer layer of the skin Epithelium = layers of cells covering the surface of the body, external as well as internal. Sebaceous gland = oil gland of the skin Sebum =oily substances secreted by sebaceous glands.................................................. *G = Greek in origin ** L= Latin in origin 6 Diagnostic terms Acne =any inflammatory condition of the sebaceous glands. Albinism =congenital lack of normal skin pigment Alopecia = lack of hair, baldness Burn =effect of exposure to heat, electricity. Dermatitis = inflammation of skin. Operative terms Cryosurgery = freezing the skin with liquid nitrogen or solid carbon dioxide to destroy a lesion. Skin grafting = transfer of skin from a normal area to cover other area. Symptomatic terms De-pigmentation = partial or complete loss of pigment. Discrete = lesion that are disconnected and separate from one another. Eruption = rash or skin lesion. Multiform = several form of skin lesion. Abbreviations BP= blood pressure CC = chive complain Dx = diagnosis FH = family history MH = martial history PH = past history PI = present illness ; TPR = temperature, pulse & respiration 7 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology ٍٍLecture Number -6&7 Musculoskeletal Disorders Bones Origin of Terms ‫العظم العضلي‬Calcanus (L)* = heel bone ‫العظم المسامي‬Cancellus (L) =lattic ‫الورك‬Coxa (L) = hipe bone Di (G)** = twice, douple Dia (G) =through , between Diplo (G) = fold Femer (G) =thigh Genu (L) = knee Anatomic Terms Bone, osseous tissue = hardest type of connective tissue, which provide a supporting framework of the body. Bone marrow, medulla = soft, central part of the bone. Red marrow –fill cancellous bone and manufactures red blood cells and haemoglobin. Yellow marrow = fills the medullary cavity and contain fat cell. Compact bone, cortex of bone = solid bone rich of calcium...................................................... * L= Latin in origin **G = Greek in origin 8 Diaphysis = shaft of long bone. Endostum = membrane lining the walls of medullary cavity. Epiphysis =extremity of long bones and centre of ossification for growing bone. Medullary cavity = marrow filled cavity within the shaft of long bone. Metaphysis =enlarged part of the shaft near the epiphysis of long bone. Ossification = bone formation. Osteoblast = bone forming cells. Periostum = outer covering of the bone. Diagnostic Terms Aneurysmal bone cyst = solitary vascular lesion that usually arise from medullary or cancellous structures. Hemangioma = commen benign vascular tumor of bone. Fracture = broken bone. Genu valgum = knock – knee. Genu varum = deformity involving either tibia alone or femur. Seen in rickets and corrected by high dose of vitamin- D. Osteomalacia = softening of the bone. Osteomyltis = inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. Operative Terms Amputation = partial or complete removal of the limb, necessitated by crushing injury, gangrene, vascular obstruction, or uncontrolled infection. Bone graft , transplantation of bone = insertion of bone graft. Osteoctomy = excision of bone. 9 Osteoplasty = reconstruction or repair of bone. Symptomatic terms Crepitation = grating sound made by movement of fracture bone. Decalcification = removal of lime salts, especially from the bone. Deminirization = deficiency or loss of bone minerals that occur in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, cancer or other disorder. Joint, Bursa, Cartilages and ligaments Origin of terms Arth, arthro (G) = joint Bursa (L) = sac, saclike coming, Chondr, chondro (G)=cartilage Ligamentum, (L)= that which ties, tissue that binds. Scolio (G)= twisted Spondyl, spondylo (G)= vertebra, spinal column Vertebro (L)= vertebra, spinal column Anatomic terms Acetabulum =cup shape socket on external surface of bone in which the head of the femur lies. Articulation = joint Ligament = fibrous, connective tissue, bands uniting articular ends of bone. Diagnostic terms Ankylosis = stiff joint. Arthritis = inflammation of joint 11 Hemarthrosis = bloody effusion in a joint cavity Spondylosis = ankylosis of vertebra, also any degenerative lesion of spine. Sprain = injury of joint with tearing of tendons and ligaments. Symptomatic terms Arthralgia, arthrodyna = joint pain. Capsular laceration = tear of joint capsule. Diaphragm, muscles and tendons Origin of terms Facia (L) =band Leio (G) =smooth My, myo(G)= muscle Teno , tendo =tendon Anatomic terms Diaphragm = the muscular dome shaped septum between the thorasic and abdominal cavity. Fascia = sheet of connective tissue that cover the muscles. Muscle =contractile tissue composed of units that have the power to contract when stimulate by nerve impulse. Tendon = band of fibrous tissue that attached muscles to bones. Diagnostic terms Dis atrophy = muscle wasting caused by immobilization. Symptomatic terms Clonic spasm = rapid repeted muscle contractions. Cramp = prolong intense spasm of one muscle. Hyperkinesia = purposless excessive movement Hypotonia = reduce muscle tension, associated with muscle atrophy. 11 Rigidity, rigor = stiffness, muscular hardness. Tonic spasm =excessive, prolonged muscular contraction. Tremors =oscillating, rhythmic movement of muscle group. ٍٍCommunity Medicine/ Medical Terminology Lecture Number 8&9 Cardiovascular Disorders Heart and Coronary Arteries Origin of Terms Angi; angio –G* = vessel Apico ; -L** =top, summit Atrio; - L =chamber, hall Brady; G =slow Card; cardio – G = heart Cor; - L = heart Dextro;-L =right Emia;-G=blood Hem , hemo;-G= blood My, myo;-G=muscle Pathy –G=disease Septum –L=dividing wall, partition Stetho –G=chest Tachy –G=rapid, swift Veno –L= vein.Ventriculo –L=belly, ventricle 12 …………………………………. *G = Greek in origin, **L=Latin in origin Anatomic Terms Cavities of the heart =the four heart chambers. Atria (sing. Atrium) = two chambers that form the base of the heart and receive venous blood. Ventricle = two chambers that lie anteriorly to the atria and propel blood into arteries. Conduction system of the heart = neuromuscular tissue specialized for the conduction of electric impulses. Heart and wall covering: -endocardium =interior lining of the heart wall. -myocardium =the heart muscle. -pericardium =covering of the heart composed of a fibrous tissue (pericardium fibrosum), and serous tissue (pericardium serosum). Atrioventricular orifices and valves between atria and ventricles. Coronary arteries =branches of ascending aorta arising from the right aortic sinuses. Diagnostic Terms Angina pectoris: syndrome characterized by short attacks of substernal pericardial pain that radiates to left shoulder and arm. Atrial septal defect: abnormality resulting in a shunting of oxygenated blood from the left into right atrium. Cardiac arrest: cessation of effective heart action. Cardiac arrhythmias: irregularities of heart action. 13 Symptomatic Terms Bradycardia =slow heart action. Cardiac edema =retention of water and sodium in congestive heart failure due to circulatory impairment. Cardiac syncope=fainting associated with marked sudden decrease in cardiac output. Murmur =blowing sound of the heart muscle. Tachycardia =rapid heart action. Palpitation =increasing heart rate. Arteries, capillaries, vein Angio, angio,-G= vessel phleb, phlebo,-G=vein Systole,G=contraction diastole, G=expansion arterio,G=artery veno, L=vein pulsus, L=stroke, beat sclera,G=hard thrombo, G=clot hemangio, G=blood vessel Anatomic Terms Aorta =main artery of the trunk. Arteries =elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart and distribute it to various parts of the body. Veins =vessels that return blood to the heart. Capillaries=microscopic vessels that connect arterioles on the venules. Blood pressure -systolic =force exerted by blood against the arterial walls as the end of the contraction of the left ventricle. -diastolic= force exerted by blood against the arterial walls at the end of the relaxation of the left ventricle. 14 Diagnostic Terms Acute limb ischemia =sudden catastrophic interruption of blood flow to an extremity, demanding reversal by surgery or clot lysis to save the limb. Aneurysm of aorta= irreversible dilatation of a weakened part of the wall of vessel. Arteriosclerosis=degenerative, vascular disorder characterized by a thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. It affects small arteries and arterioles and seems to be secondary to hypertension. Hypertension =pathologic elevation of the blood pressure. Phlebitis =inflammation of the veins. Phlebosclerosis =hardening of the veins. Thrombosis =formation of blood clots in a blood vessel. ٍٍCommunity Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number (10) Disorders of the Blood & blood forming Organs Blood, Origin of terms Aniso –G* = unequal, dissimilar Apheresis, pheresis –G- =removal Blasto –G-= germ Cyt, cyto –G = cell Eima –G =blood Hema , hemato, hemo –G- =Blood 15 Megalo –G- = Large Myel, myelo –G =marrow Osis – G = refers to a condition or state of disease e.g.osteoporosis Penia –G = deficiency, decrease e.g.osteopenia Phage , phagia –G = to eat Phoresis –G = Phoresis, or phoresy, is rooted in the Greek words phoras (bearing) and phor (thief). It is used to describe a non- permanent, commensalistic interaction in which one organism (a phoront or phoretic) attaches itself to another (the host) solely for the purpose of travel. also mean being carried, transmission [ Plasma –G = plasma, cell substance Poiesis –G = to make, formation Poikilo –G = varied, irregular Polymorph –G =many forms …………………………………….. Reticulum - L = network Sidero –G =iron Sphero –G = round, ball, sphere Terms related to blood elements and blood groupings Blood = consists of a liquid portion called plasma and a solid portion that includes red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells ( leukocytes), and platelets. 16 Blood group or blood type = inherited characteristics of human blood that remains unchanged throughout life. Cross matching =procedure done to determine the compatibility between the recipient’s blood and donor’s blood to prevent blood transfusion reaction. Incompatible blood = blood that cannot be mixed without causing hemolysis or clumping of red blood cells. Universal blood donor= The universal blood type is O negative (O-). Donors with type O- blood have the unique power to help anyone in need of a blood transfusion. Erythroblasts = immature red blood cells, possess a nucleus and are present in fetal blood. Erythropoiesis = entire process by which red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. Hemoglobin = Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The hemoglobin test measures how much hemoglobin is in your blood. Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 11 &12 Respiratory Disorders Nose, Paranasal sinuses, Larynx Origin of terms Choana –G* = Funnel Concha –L** = Shell Meatus –L = passage, partition of mucous membrane Naso –L = nose Osmo –G =sense of smell 17 Pharyngo- G=pharynx Rhino –G =nose Septum –L=partition Sinus –L=hollow Larynx –G= larynx, voice box Anatomic Terms: Naries = nostril. Nasal meatus =space beneath each concha of the nose. Nasal septum =partition between the two halves of the nasal cavity. ………………………………………… *G = Greek in origin **L=Latin in origin Naso-pharynx =open chamber located behind the nasal fosse and below the base of the skull. Frontal sinus =air space in the frontal base above nasal cavity. Diagnostic Terms Choanal Atresia =malformation in which the opening of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx is obstructed by a partition of mucous membrane and bone. Coryza = cold in head. Nasal polyp = benign lesion that may cause obstruction of the nasal cavity. Nasal sepal deformities = result from development anomalies or truma at birth or later in life and produce nasal obstruction with sinusitis. Nasopharyngitis = inflamed condition of nasopharynx. 18 Rhinitis =inflammation of nasal mucosa. Allergic rhinitis =hay fever Sinusitis =inflammation of sinus or sinuses. Pansinusitis = inflammation of all sinuses. Symptomatic terms Anosmia = absence of smell Epistaxis =nose bleeding Rhinorrhea =thin watery discharge from nose. Aphonia =loss of voice due to local disease, hysteria, or injury Dysphonia =difficulty in speaking, hoarseness. Trachea Origin of term Bi-L =two Furca –L=fork Steno –G=narrow, contracted Trachea –G=rough, tube like Anatomic terms Bifurcation =division into two branches Carina =ridge between the trachea at the bifurcation. Trachea =tube like structure composed of about 18 c-shaped cartilages, held together by elastic tissue and smooth muscle and extending from the larynx to bronchi. Diagnostic terms Calcification of tracheal rings =deposit of calcium in trachea. Stenosis of trachea =contraction or narrowing of lumen of trachea. 19 Tracheobronchitis =inflammation of bronchi and trachea. Trachea-esophageal fistula =communication of esophagus with traches, congenital or acquired anomaly. Bronchi Bronchus –L=windpipe Bronchiolus-L= air passage Anatomic terms Bronchi (sing bronchus), main two primary divisions, one to each lung,(right main bronchus, left main bronchus). Bronchioles, bronchioi=smaller sub division Lungs Orgin of terms Alveolus –L =small saclike dilatation. Apex of the lung, base of lung Lobe=major division of lung Diagnostic terms Abscess of lung Aplasia of the lung =incomplete development of the lung. Pneumonitis, Pneumonia =inflammation of the lung Symptomatic terms Anoxemia =deficient oxygen tension in arterial blood Anoxia =oxygen want in tissue and organ Thorax , pleura and mediastinum Mediastinum=interplural space containing the pericardium, heart, major vessels, esophagus and thoracic duct. 21 Pleura =thin sac of serous membrane that invaginated by the lungs. Each lung has its plural sac. Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 13 Urogenital Disorder Kidneys Origin of terms Calyx (G) –cup Cortex (L)-rind, outer portion Glomerulus (L)-tuft, cluster Medulla (L)-marrow, inner portion Nephr, nephro (G)-kidney Ren (L) –Kidney Anatomic trems Kidneys –paired, bean-shaped organs situated behind the peritoneum on both sides of the lumbar spine. Their function is to preserve the ionic balance of the blood and extract its waste products. Nephron – the functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. Renal corpuscle –composed of a tangled cluster of blood capillaries called a glomerulus, which is surrounded by a thin saclike structure called a glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule). Renal cortex – outer portion of the kidney. It forms a shell around the medulla. 21 Renal medulla – composed of conical masses of tissue called renal pyramids, whose bases are directed toward the convex surface of the kidney, and whose apexes form the renal papillae. Renal pelvis – funnel –shaped enlargement of the ureter as it leaves the kidney pelvis. Diagnostic terms: Nephrolithiasis, renal calculi – stone in the kidney. Nephropathy – any disease of the kidney. Pyelonephritis: infectious inflammatory disease that involve both the parenchyma and the pelvis of the kidney. Operative terms Nephrectomy – excision of kidney, Nephrolithotomy – incision in the kidney for removal of stones. Nephrolysis – surgical destruction of renal adhesion. Symptomatic terms: Anuria – total suppression of urine due to renal failure or blockage of urinary tract, Ureters Origion of terms Hydr; hydr (G)- water Junction (L)- joining Pyelo (G)- pelvis, tub Pyo(G)- pus Anatomic terms Ureter – muscular distensible tube lined with mucus membrane. It carries urine from each kidney 22 Bladder and urethra Bulb (L)- enlargement or rounded mass Cysto (G)-bladder , sac. Meatus (L)- passage, opining Anatomic terms Bladder, urinary- a hollow muscular distensible organ. It serves as temporary reservoir urine. Urethra – fibro-muscular tube between the urinary bladder and external urethral orifice. Diagnostic terms: Atony of the bladder- enormous distention of the bladder associated with reduced expulsive force. Cystitis – acute or chronic inflammation of urinary bladder. Operative terms Cystectomy –excision of bladder either partial or radical. Cystolithotomy – incision into the bladder for removal of stones. Symptomatic terms Albuminuria – albumin or protein in urine. Dysuria – difficult or painful urination. Glycosuria –sugar in urine. Hematuria – blood in urine. Micturition – urination. Oliguria –scanty urinary out put. Poly urea – excessive urinary output. Pyuria – pus in urine. 23 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 14&15 Digestive Disorders Stomach Origin of terms: Dudeno = duodenum pyloro; pylors = gate keeper Fundus = base ruga ;ruge =fold Gastr ; gastro =stomach sphincter -binder encircling band of muscle fibers Jejuno =jejunum Myo =muscle Anatomic Terms Antrum; gastric =distal nonacid secreting segment of stomach or pyloric gland region that produces gastrin Body of stomach =largest portion of the stomach, between the antrum and fundus Cardia =small area of the stomach near esophago -gastric junction. Cardiac orifice =opening at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. Cardiac sphincter = cardio-esophageal sphincter =muscle fibers about the opening of the esophagus into the stomach. Diagnostic Terms: Gastric malignant neoplasm: (carcinoma; lymphoma) 24 Gastric polyps: lesion that project above the surface of the surrounding mucosa or submucosa. Gastric ulcer: localized erosions of gastric mucosa that may result from digestive action of gastric acid secretion. Gastritis: acute or chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa. Gastrocele: hernia of the stomach. Gastrocolitis: inflammation of the stomach & colon. Gastrodudenitis: inflammation of the stomach& duodenum. Gastroenteritis: inflammation of the stomach & intestine. Gastroptosis: downward displacement of the stomach. Hiatus hernia (hiatal hernia): protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (congenital, in newborn), overgrowth of muscle fibers which lead to diminish the lumen of the pyloric canal lead to obstruction. Surgical terms: Anastomosis: surgical formation of a passage or opening between two hollow viscera or vessels. Gastrectomy: removal of the stomach. Achlorohydria: absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric region. Anorexia: loss of appetite. Bulimia: alternate cramming of food which induced vomiting. Cyclic vomiting: periodic vomiting. Small & large intestines Origin of Terms: Anus =ring, circle ileo =ileum 25 Cecum = blind gut melano=black Celio =abdomen, belly recto= rectum Colon =large intestine steato = fat Dudeno = twelve, intestine Vermiform=shape of worm Diagnostic Terms: Appendicitis = inflammation of the appendix Congenital mega colon = excessive enlargement of colon Diverticulitis = inflammation of diverticula. Diverticulosis = presence of diverticula in intestinal tract. Dysentery = inflammation of intestinal mucosa (frequent small stools mainly of blood and mucosa, due to bacillus or amoeba. Enteritis = inflammation of intestine. Proctitis =inflammation of the rectum. Fissurs, anal; fissure in anuo= tear in anal mucosa that may became ulcerated, infected (spastic, scarred & painful). Fistula = abnormal communication (anal canal &skin). Hemorrhoids, piles = dilated varicose veins of anal canal at the anal orifice. Ilitis =inflammation of the ileum. Intestinal mal-absorption syndromes & disorder (steatorrhea), resulting from faulty absorption of fat soluble vitamins, proteins, carbohydrate & minerals lead copious excretion of fatty stool. Intestinal obstruction = obstruction of small intestine lead to abdominal distention, colicky pain, nausea vomiting, constipation or diarrhea &need surgical operation. Liver; Biliary system; Pancreas; Peritoneum Origin of Terms: 26 Angio, angi =vessel jejuno=jejunum Celio =abdomen, belly lapro =abdominal wall Chol, chole,cholo =bile,gall necro=death, dead Cholecyst =gall bladder pancereato=pancreas Choledocho= common bile duct, peritoneo=peritoneum Hepat,hepato=liver spleno= spleen Ictero =jaundice Diagnostic Terms: Liver Acute viral hepatitis: systemic inflammation of liver by virus Chronic hepatitis: fatty liver Hemochromatosis: excess iron absorption deposits in liver, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal, and heart Hepatic coma, cholemia=syndrome characterized by rabid or slow disorientation, flapping tremors, abnormal behaviors then lethargy and coma. Portal hypertension; hepatic encephalopathy;hepatic failure; hepatic injury ; hepatic necrosis ;hepatoma;polycystic liver. Bilary stricture, carcinoma of gall bladder, cholangitis (bile duct), cholecystitis (gall bladder); chole-docho-lithiasis(gall stone in billiary duct), cholelithiasis ; empyema. Pancreas; pancreatitis; pancreatic pseudo-cyst; pancreatic tumor; diabetic mellitus. Peritoneum.ascites ;hemoperitonium ;hernia ,peritonitis 27 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 16 Gynecological Disorders Origin of terms Aden, adeno-(G)- gland(s) Colpo(G)- vagina Hymen(G)-membrane Labia(L)- lips -rhephy(G)-suture Vagina(L)- sheath Vulva(L)-covering Perineum- space between the valve and anus Vulva pudendum-external female genital organ. Diagnostic terms Vaginitis – inflammation of the vagina Vulva dystrophies –disorders of epithelial growth and nutrition resulting in change of the superficial cell layers of the vulva. Operative terms Colpectomy-removal of vagina Colpocleisis-closure of vagina. 28 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 17 Obstetrical Disorders Origin of terms Contra(L)- against, opposite Ec-(G)-out Ecto(G)-outside Epsio(G)-pubic region,valve Multi(L)-many Nuli(L)-none Parous(L)- to bring forth, produce Pelvis (L)- basin Placenta (L)- cake Pre (L)- before, in front of Primi(L)- first Toco-(G)-childbirth, labor General terms Gestation – intrauterine development of infant Gravid- pregnant women Mature infant- a live-born infant who has completed 38 weeks of gestation and weight 2,500 grams or more. Multipara-women who has birth two or more children. 29 Primipara- women who has had one pregnancy. Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 18 Fetal period Origion of terms Aminion (G)- membrane enveloping the fetus Anti (G)- against Chorion (G)- membrane around fetus Fetus (L)- offspring Terato (G)- monster Toxico (G)- poison Anatomic terms: Embryo – the product of conception, from 2 weeks after fertilization to the end of the seventh or eighth week. Fetus –the unborn off spring in the postembryonic period after the major structures have been formed. Diagnostic terms Fetal anoxia, intrauterine asphyxia- oxygen want of the fetus that may result from prolapsed of the cord, placenta abruption, compression of the umbilical vein, or other cause. Death is inevitable if fetus is not delivered promptly. Fetal distress – life- threatening condition caused by fetal anoxia hemolytic disease, or other disorders. 31 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 18 Neonatal period Origion of terms Blasto (G)-germ, bud Natus (L)- birth Neo (G)- new, recent Neonate (L)- newborn Umbilicus (L)- navel Anatomic terms: Fontanel, fontanelle – the junction point of cranial sutures That remains widely open in the newborn. Umbilical cord- cord connecting placenta with fetal umbilicus at birth is chiefly composed of one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries surrounded by a gelatinous substances. Diagnostic terms: Asphyxia neonaturum – lack of oxygen in the blood of the newborn. Cerebral hemorrhage – brain hemorrhage due to birth injury or coagulation defects, resulting in anoxia cyanosis and convulsion. 31 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 20 Endocrine Disorders Origin of the terms Ad (L)- near toward, in addition to Aden, adeno- (G)- near kidney Crinin (G)- substance that generate glandular secretion. Endm endo- (G)- within Exo(G)- outside Hormone-(G)-to exite Lacto-(L)- milk Pituita –(L)- phlegn Thalamus (G)- inner chamber Thyro –(G)- sheildm thyroid Toco-(G)- childbirth, labor Tropho-(G)- nourishment Anatomic terms : Endocrine gland – ductless gland producing internal secretion that are absorbed directly into the blood stream and influence various body functions. Hormone – substance secreted by a cell that has an effect on the function of another cells. 32 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 21 Metabolic Disorders Origin of terms -a, an-(G)-withoutm not Bio- (G)- live , living Melano-(G)- black Meli, melito(G)- honey , sweet, sugar Meta- G)- after, beyond Xantho- G)- yellow General terms: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - measurement of the number of calories needed for the support of basic metabolic function such as respiration circulation, and body temperature in a resting person. Diagnostic terms : Acid-base imbalance- disturbances in acid-base balance of the blood concerned with Carbone dioxide (carbonic acid) as the acid component and bicarbonate as the base component of the equation. Alkalosis – abnormal increase of alkalinity in the blood. Symptomatic terms: Exacerbation – aggravation of symptoms. Glucose urea- the presence of sugar in urine. 33 Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 22 Neurologic Disorders Nerves Origin of terms Axon (G) =axis Gangli, ganglio (G) =knot, ganglion Neur, neuro (G) =nerve (s) Plexus (L) =braid, network Synapse (G) = clasp, connection Anatomic Terms Nerve =collection of many nerve fibres, bound together by connective tissue sheaths. Nerve cell, neuron =basic component of nerve tissue consisting of a cell body or nuron body and one or more processes. Cell body = neuron body composed of a nucleus embedded in cytoplasm. Dendrite, dendron = a protoplasmic extention from the cell body. Effector = organ of response that react to the impulse, e.g. a muscle or a gland. Myelin sheath = protective covering of axon. Nerve fibre = the axon with its sheaths. Plexus of spinal nerves =a network of nerve fibres. Roots of spinal nerves = attached the nerves to the spinal cord. Synapse = the point of contact between the axon of one neuron and dendrite or body cell of another neuron. Diagnostic Terms Neuroma = a tumor of tissue found in the nervous system. 34 Polyneuritis, polyneuropathy = widespread neural lesions caused by neutitional deficiencies, especially of vitamin B-complex. spinal cord Origin of terms Cerebro (G)= brain Encephalo (G) =brain Hemi (G) =one half Meninges (L) = membrane Meningo (G) = membrane Myel, myelo (G) =marrow Neur, neuro (G) =nerve Anatomic Terms Brain, encephalon =major part of central nervous system. Meninges = covering membranes of brain and spinal cord. Three layers : Dura mater = serve as protective coat and is composed of strong fibrous tissue. Arachnoid mater = middle layer consisting of thin meshwork. Pia matter = fin delicate vascular membrane that cover the surface of the brain. Diagnostic Terms Cerebro-vascular = any disorder in which one or more of the cerebral blood vessels have undergo pathological changes. Encephalitis = inflammation of the brain. Hydrocephalus = dilatation of the brain & an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Symptomatic terms Analgesia = loss of normal sense of pain. Aphasia difficulty to use of words. Coma = state of unconciousness. 35 Diplagia = paralysis of both sides of the body. Dysarthria = incoordination of speech muscle. Paresis = partial paralysis. Hemiparesis = slight degree of paralysis of one side of the body. Hemiplegia = paralysis affecting one side of the body. Hyperesthesia = increased sensibility of sensory stimuli. Paraparesis = slight paralysis of lower limbs. Paraplegia = paralysis of lower limbs. Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 23 Psychotic Disorders Origin of terms Cata (G) = against, along with, down, lower, under 36 Dynamo (G)= power Mania (G) =madness Phren (G)= mind, diaphragm Psych, psycho, (G) =mind Schizo (G) = division, split Soma (G) = body Thymo (G) = mind thymus General terms Psychiatry = the medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental and emotional disorders. Diagnostic terms Alcohol use and alcohol induced disorders = maladaptive pattern of alcohol use. Generalized anxiety disorder = excessive anxiety and worry. Panic disorder = recurrent, unexpected, and intense fear or discomfort attacks. Eating disorder = disturbance of eating behaviour. Mental retardation = subaverage general intellectual functioning. Symptomatic disorders Aggression = forceful, self assertive, attacking action. Agitation =chronic restlessness Abbreviation DT – delirium tremens ECT –electroconvulsive therapy EST –electric shock therapy 37 IQ – Intelligence quotient Community Medicine / Medical Terminology Lecture Number 24 Disorders pertaining to the sense organ of vision Eye Origin of terms Cornea (L) =horny Crystal (G) = clear ice Cyclo (G) =circle Enucleate (L) = to remove Iris (G) =rainbow, halo Kerato (G) =horny, cornea Bulb of the eye = the globe or eyeball. Diagnostic terms Corneal dystrophy = idiopathic degeneration of cornea. Keratitis = inflammation of cornea. Iritis = inflammation of Iris. Symptomatic terms Photophopia = intolourance to light. Nyctalopia =night blidness 38