General Biology 1 Reviewer PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION REVIEWER 7 Endomembrane System 1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM REVIEW TIPS: -...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION REVIEWER 7 Endomembrane System 1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM REVIEW TIPS: - Transport network, moving materials 1. Pray throughout the cell. 2. Develop better study habits  ROUGH ER - Studded with ribosomes, synthesized - It is important to develop study habits protein for section, membrane proteins, rather than relying on last-minute and lysosomal proteins. cramming  SMOOTH ER 3. Use multiple senses - Lacks of ribosomes & involved in lipid - Reading out loud can help you use synthesis, detoxification, & calcium your mouth, eyes, and mind, which storage. can enhance your memory retention. 4. Prioritize easier parts first. 2. RIBOSOMES 5. Get enough sleep - Formed in the nucleolus inside the 6. Eat before review to energize your nucleus. body and mind. - Responsible for protein synthesis 7. Highlight important ideas. Lastly, - Can be found free-floating in the 8. Don’t pressure yourself  cytoplasm (Prokaryotic) or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. - Synthesized proteins on RER PROTEINS PATHWAY - RIBOSOMES  RER  GOLGI BODY 3. VACUOLES CELL THEORY - Found in plant and fungal cell  Matthias Jacob & Theodor Schwann - Storage, support, waste disposal,  Supported by countless observation and pigmentation, and autophagy experiments over the centuries.  Has been instrumental in advancing our 4. GOLGI APPARATUS understanding of biology. - Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins 3 POSTULATES / TENETS and lipids for transport to their final 1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF destinations within or outside the cell. CELLS  Cells are the basic building blocks of life. 5. LYSOSOMES - Membrane-bound organelles found in 2. CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE most animal cells and some plant cells.  Organisms is made up of many cells - Contain digestive enzymes that each individual cell can carry out all breakdown various cellular components functions necessary for life. and waste products - “suicide bag” 3. ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE- 6. PEROXISOME EXISTING CELL - Breakdown fatty acid Omnis Cellula e Cellula  Cells do not spontaneously arise; they 7. CENTROSOME must come from other cells. - Organizing microtubules during cell  Rudolf Virchow division. OTHER ORGANELLES  MITOCHONDRIA - Powerhouse of the cell - Site of ATP Synthesis  NUCLEUS - It houses the cell’s genetic material and directs cell activities.  NUCLEAR MEMBRANE - Separates karyoplasm to cytoplasm  CIRCULAR DNA  LINEAR DNA  UNICELLULAR  CAN BE MULTICELLULAR Have cell membrane OR UNICELLULAR  LARGE IN SIZE Have ribosomes  LARGE IN SIZE  LARGER NUMBER OF Have DNA  SMALLER NUMBER OF ORGANISMS ORGANISMS Contains cytoplasm  APPEARED 4 BILLION  APPEARED 1 BILLION YEARS AGO. YEARS AGO  WITH NO “TRUE NUCLEUS”  WITH NUCLEUS STRUCTURE BACTERIA CELL ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Cell membrane PRESENT YES YES Nucleus ABSENT YES YES Ribosomes PRESENT YES YES ER ABSENT YES YES Golgi body ABSENT YES YES Centrioles ABSENT YES NO Cell wall PRESENT NO YES Mitochondria ABSENT YES YES Chloroplast ABSENT NO YES Vacuole ABSENT NO YES Cytoskeleton PRESENT YES YES Cytoplasm PRESENT YES YES  CELL DIVISION Fundamental biological process that enables organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce MITOSIS MEIOSIS - Cell division for growth and repair - Process in which a single cell divides - Primarily for growth, development. twice to form a four haploid daughter And repair of tissues. cells. These cells are the gametes – - Parent cell replicates its DNA and the sperm and egg cell. divides its cytoplasm resulting in two identical daughter cells. MEIOSIS I: STAGES OF MITOSIS (PMAT) INTERPHASE: This preparatory stage 1. PROPHASE occurs before meiosis begins. The cell - The Chromatin condenses into replicates its DNA, resulting in homologous chromosomes. chromosomes. - The centrioles separate, and a spindle fiber begins to form. PROPHASE I: Homologous chromosomes - The nuclear membrane breaks down. pair up, forming structures called tetrads. Crossing over occurs , where sections of 2. METAPHASE DNA are exchanged between homologous - The chromosomes line up at the chromosomes, leading to genetic variation. center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its METAPHASE I: tetrads line up at the centromere. equator of the cell. 3. ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I: Homologous chromosomes - The sister chromatids separate into separate and move to opposite poles of the individual chromosomes and are cell. moved part. TELOPHASE I: The cell divides, forming two 4. TELOPHASE daughter cells, each with a haploid number - The chromosomes gather at opposite of chromosomes/ ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. MEIOSIS II. CYTOKINESIS – This phase completes the PROPHASE II: The chromosome condense phase of the M-Phase of the cell cycle. METAPHASE II: The chromosomes align GENETIC DISORDERS along the equatorial plates. TURNER SYNDROME ANAPHASE II: Sister chromatids are pulled - is a genetic condition that affects to the opposite poles. people assigned female at birth. - It causes short stature, sexual TELOPHASE II: nuclear envelope development issues, heart problems redevelops and the spindle fibers disappear. and other health conditions. KLINEFELTER SYNDROME CYTOKINESIS II: The cytoplasm and cell - is a genetic condition in which people divide producing 4 non identical haploid assigned male at birth daughter cells. - Affects Fertility  CELL TISSUE ADDITIONAL TERMS: Epithelial tissue: This tissue covers the surfaces of the body, both internal and Contact inhibition is a regulatory external. mechanism that prevents cells from dividing It acts as a barrier, protecting the body from the outside world. Epithelial tissue can be when they come into contact with each other. found in the skin, the lining of the digestive Reduction division occurs during the first tract, and the respiratory system meiotic division. specialized type of cell division that occurs during meiosis, the Connective tissue: Connective tissue process by which sex cells (sperm and egg supports and binds together other tissues in the body. cells) are produced. occurs during the first It is made up of cells, fibers, and a ground meiotic division. substance. There are many different types of Deletions Chromosome that lost a segment connective tissue, including bone, cartilage, of DNA. can occur due to various factors, blood, and adipose tissue. including errors during cell division or exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Muscle tissue: Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction. It is responsible for movement, both voluntary and involuntary. There are three types of Haploid number (n): This represents the muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac number of chromosomes in a gamete (sperm muscle, and smooth muscle. or egg cell). Nervous tissue: Nervous tissue is responsible Diploid number (2n): This represents the for communication and control in the body. number of chromosomes in a somatic (body) It is made up of neurons, which are specialized cell. cells that can transmit electrical signals. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Transitional epithelium is a specialized type of epithelial tissue found in the urinary tract, specifically the lining of the renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder. Its unique characteristic is its ability to stretch and contract, allowing it to accommodate changes Enjoy reviewing and don’t pressure in urine volume. yourself too much. Always remember you’re doing great