General Biology 1: Cell Structure and Function PDF

  Understanding these organelles is crucial for grasping how cells operate and maintain life.  Organelles are structures that enable the cell to live, grow and reproduce.  Cell organelles operate in a carefully coordinated manner regulated by intricate mechanisms tha...

  Understanding these organelles is crucial for grasping how cells operate and maintain life.  Organelles are structures that enable the cell to live, grow and reproduce.  Cell organelles operate in a carefully coordinated manner regulated by intricate mechanisms that ensure their proper functioning and integration within the larger cellular system.  Membrane bound organelles are found in only eukaryotic cells. These organelles are enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer membrane that separates their internal environment from the cytoplasm.  Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes  Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Centrioles  Control center of the cell. Direct the cellular activities Central storage as it contains genetic material including DNA.  Powerhouse of the cell. Responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration. Energy factories  Network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. Carry protein synthesized in ribosomes to different parts of the cell. Transportation system of the cell  RER- protein synthesis/ modification. SER- lipid metabolism, detoxification and storage of calcium ions  The cell membrane monitor, regulate, and selectively controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It is made of phospholipids.  Outer layer of the cell Allows nutrients into the cell and wastes outside of the cell  Ribosome production factory After creation of ribosomes, they move to the ER where they participate in protein synthesis.  The nucleolus is responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembling ribosomal subunits, which are then transported to the cytoplasm to form functional ribosomes.  Site where proteins are made (synthesize). Protein factories. Site for mRNA translation into protein.  Packaging house of the cell Sort, modify, package, and distribute cell products (proteins and lipid) to where it is needed. Camillo Golgi  Digests food particles and cell parts. “Garbage men” Protects cell by digesting foreign invaders “Police men”  Contains digestive enzymes that break down various biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. These enzymes degrade worn-out organelles, macromolecules, and foreign substances.  When a cell engulfs a particle, the lyosomes bump into it and pour enzymes into it. Then the particle is digested by the enzymes.  Sometimes lyosomes break open and pour out the enzymes into the cytoplasm. This will kill the cell. Apoptosis Suicidal bag  contain enzymes that are specialized to digest toxic substances  A network of protein filaments (microtubules and microfilaments) that help the cell move and maintain its shape.  ORGANELLES 1.Cell membrane Gate to the city 2. Nucleus Mayor’s office Library of the cell 3. Ribosomes Factories of the cell 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum Roadway of the cell 5. Lysosome Garbage men, police men 6. Mitochondria Electric company of the cell