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UNIT II: HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE The Philippines is a country with a rich and diverse cultural history that has had a major influence on its popular culture. Popular culture in the Philippines has evolved significantly over the years, and its origins can be traced back to the pre- col...

UNIT II: HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE The Philippines is a country with a rich and diverse cultural history that has had a major influence on its popular culture. Popular culture in the Philippines has evolved significantly over the years, and its origins can be traced back to the pre- colonial era when the country was populated by various indigenous tribes. The early history of Philippine popular culture is closely linked to the development of the Spanish Empire in the region. The arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century brought with it the introduction of Catholicism, which had a significant impact on the culture of the region. The Spanish also brought with them the influence of European culture, which included the introduction of music, literature, and art. The 19th century saw the emergence of a class of Filipino elites who had the means to support cultural activities. This period saw the emergence of a Filipino theatrical tradition, with popular plays such as Florante at Laura and Noli Me Tangere becoming widely popular. This period also saw the emergence of a Filipino music tradition, with popular genres such as rondalla, banda, and kundiman becoming widely popular. The 20th century saw the emergence of a new form of popular culture in the Philippines, with the emergence of American popular culture. American films and television programs became widely popular in the Philippines, and this had a significant influence on Filipino popular culture. Popular American films such as Star Wars and The Godfather were widely popular in the country, and this had a major influence on the development of the Filipino film industry. The 21st century has seen a further evolution of Philippine popular culture, with the emergence of new forms of popular culture such as K-pop, J-pop, and anime. These forms of popular culture have become widely popular in the Philippines, and this has had a major influence on Filipino culture. Today, Philippine popular culture is a mix of traditional and modern influences, and it is constantly evolving. The country has a vibrant and dynamic culture that continues to evolve and shape the popular culture of the region. Development of Philippine Popular Culture in Three Key Events 1. Spanish Colonization: Spanish colonization of the Philippines in 1521 introduced many aspects of Spanish culture that remain to this day, including language, religion, art, cuisine, and architecture. The influence of the Spanish Empire on Philippine culture has been profound and long-lasting, and can be seen in many aspects of modern-day Filipino society. 2. American Influence: After Spanish colonization, the Philippines became a US colony from 1898 to 1946. During this time, the US exerted a strong cultural influence over the Philippines. This included the introduction of American music, fashion, and cinema, as well as the English language. 3. Indigenous Culture: The Philippines is an incredibly diverse country with many different indigenous cultures. These cultures have a long history of their own and have contributed greatly to the development of Philippine popular culture. This includes traditional music, dance, art, and literature, as well as traditional festivals and celebrations. 4. Migration: Migration has been a major factor in the shaping of Philippine popular culture. The influx of migrants from neighboring countries has brought with it new cultural influences and ideas. This has resulted in a rich and vibrant culture that draws from a variety of sources.  5. Globalization: The spread of globalization has had a major impact on Philippine popular culture. The rise of the internet and social media has made it easier for Filipinos to access international trends and ideas, which has had a profound effect on the development of the country's culture. Examples of Philippine Popular Culture 1. Jollibee: The beloved mascot and leading fast-food chain of the Philippines, Jollibee is the country's unofficial national food. 2. Love team: A popular culture phenomenon in the Philippines, love teams or tandems are two actors or celebrities who are paired together by fans and media outlets. 3. Karaoke: Karaoke is a popular form of entertainment in the Philippines, with karaoke bars, restaurants and machines found in many places. 4. Jeepneys: Jeepneys are a form of public transportation in the Philippines, having originated from the U.S. military jeeps left behind after World War II. 5. Filipino Food: Filipino cuisine is a unique blend of Spanish, Chinese, Malay and American influences, with dishes such as adobo, sinigang and balut becoming staples of Filipino popular culture. 6. Filipino Music: Filipino music has been influenced by a variety of cultures, with genres ranging from traditional folk songs to modern pop. 7. Philippine Festivals: The Philippines is home to a variety of vibrant festivals, from Sinulog and Ati-Atihan to the Panagbenga and Pahiyas.  8. Bayanihan: Bayanihan, or spirit of communal unity, is a popular Filipino value that is seen in many aspects of Philippine culture. Current Trend The current trend in Philippine popular culture is the emergence of Filipino content on the internet, with people creating and sharing content about Filipino culture, language, music, art, food, and more. This includes YouTube videos, podcasts, social media posts, and more. Filipino influencers are also becoming more popular, with many of them having millions of followers. Additionally, there is a growing interest in Filipino fashion, beauty, and lifestyle, as well as in traditional Filipino crafts and activities, such as weaving, embroidery, and pottery. Finally, there is an increased interest in Philippine history, heritage, and culture, with an emphasis on indigenous communities and their cultures. UNIT III: Popular Music and Dance in the Philippines Popular music and dance in the Philippines have a long and varied history that dates back centuries. The music and dance of the Philippines have been influenced by the many cultures that have passed through the country, from Spanish, American and East Asian to native Austronesian. The Spanish colonization of the Philippines starting in the 16th century created a major shift in the music and dance tradition. Spanish rondalla and zarzuela were introduced to the islands, and the traditional sounds of the kulintang and rondalia were blended together to create a unique style of music known as rondalia. During this period, the traditional dances of the Philippines such as the carinosa and tinikling were also adapted to Spanish music and choreography. In the 19th century, American influences began to take hold in the Philippines, and with it came the introduction of popular music styles such as jazz, swing and ragtime. Musicians such as Jose Estrella and Narcisco V. Gonzales combined these new sounds with traditional Philippine music and dance, creating a new type of music known as the Manila Sound. This new style quickly became popular in the Philippines and is still popular to this day. The Manila sound was popularized by the pop rock band Hotdog with their many hit singles, including "Ikaw ang Miss Universe ng Buhay Ko" (You Are the Miss Universe of My Life), "Panaginip" (Dream), "Langit Na Naman" (Heaven Once Again), "O, Lumapit Ka" (Oh, Come Closer), "Bitin Sa Iyo" (Left Hanging Over You), and "Dying to Tell You", among others. The name "Manila sound" may have been derived from Hotdog's hit single "Manila", which has come to epitomize this genre. In the early 20th century, East Asian music and dance styles began to take hold in the Philippines, particularly from Japan and China. This influence can be seen in the popular “jota” style of music and dance, which is a combination of Spanish, Chinese and Japanese elements. This style is still popular in the Philippines today. The traditional music and dance of the Philippines, such as the kulintang, rondalia and carinosa, are still popular in the country today. It is important to note that while foreign influences have shaped the music and dance of the Philippines, the traditional sounds and rhythms of the country remain at the core of its culture. Music and Its Trend Popular Philippine music has been heavily influenced by different genres from around the world, primarily from the US, Latin America, and Europe. Popular genres in the country include pop, rock, hip-hop, R&B, alternative, and acoustic music. The current trend in Philippine popular music is the emergence of Filipino-based K- Pop, which is a fusion of Korean and Filipino elements. K-Pop artists such as EXO, BTS, and BLACKPINK are immensely popular among Filipino fans. In addition, the rise of OPM (Original Pilipino Music) has also been on the rise, with artists like Moira Dela Torre, Ben&Ben, and IV Of Spades gaining immense popularity in the country. The current trend in OPM leans towards acoustic and alternative genres, with more and more Filipino musicians exploring their unique sound and creating original music. Dance and Its Trend Philippine popular culture in dance has evolved over time, and the current trend reflects the vibrant and diverse culture of the country. Traditional dances such as the Tinikling and Cariñosa are still popular today. The Tinikling originated in the Visayan Islands and involves two people clapping sticks and stepping over and around two bamboo poles that are held by a group of people. The Cariñosa, or “lover’s dance”, is a courtship dance, with the man and woman performing intricate steps and hand gestures. In recent years, the emergence of Hip-hop and Street Dance has seen a surge in popularity. These dance styles are often seen in music videos and live performances, and have become a trend amongst young people. Modern dances such as the Sayaw sa Bangko, or “dance on a bench”, has also become popular. This dance was created by a group of college students in the late 1980s and involves two people standing on a bench and performing a series of steps. The traditional Philippine dance of Pandanggo sa Ilaw, or “candle dance”, is also still popular today. This dance involves balancing a lit candle on the head while performing a series of steps. Lastly, the Philippine Social Dance, a traditional form of folk dance, is still popular in certain parts of the country. This dance involves two people dancing in a circle, using their hands and feet to create complex rhythms and patterns. Modern Dance and Music Filipinos generally view modern dance and music today as a form of creative expression and entertainment. They have a strong appreciation for different styles of dance and music, such as hip-hop, jazz, EDM, and pop. There are numerous Filipino dance crews and bands that perform various styles of modern dance and music, including the all-female dance group VPeepz, the K-pop boy band SB19, and the EDM duo IV of Spades. Filipino artists are also creating their own unique blend of modern dance and music, mixing traditional Filipino music elements with modern beats and sounds. Examples of this include the group Bae and the song “Rak Rakan” by Gloc-9. Modern dance and music can have both positive and negative impacts on youth and older age groups. On the positive side, modern dance and music can provide an outlet for creative expression, encourage physical activity, and foster positive mental health. For older age groups, modern dance and music can provide an opportunity to stay active and engaged in social activities. On the negative side, modern dance and music can be associated with certain negative behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use. It can also be seen as a distraction from more important activities such as studying or spending time with family. Ultimately, the impact of modern dance and music on youth and older age groups depends on the individual and how they choose to engage with it. UNIT IV: Films and Television The Philippines has a rich and vibrant history of film and television. Throughout the years, these mediums have evolved and shaped popular culture in the country. From the early days of film, to the more contemporary style of television, there have been a number of popular programs and films that have had a major impact on the nation’s culture. One of the earliest examples of film in the Philippines was the 1972 film "Ibong Adarna" (The Adarna Bird). This film was an adaptation of a popular 16th century eponymous poem and was directed by National Artist Gerardo de Leon. It was the first Filipino film to be shown in cinemas outside of the Philippines, and it was well- received. It was also the first film to use the native language Tagalog in its dialogue. In the 1980s, television began to dominate popular culture in the Philippines, with the emergence of shows such as "Eat Bulaga!" and "Lunch Date." These shows served as variety shows and featured a wide range of topics, including comedy, music, and drama. The success of these shows led to the development of other popular programs, such as "Ang Probinsyano," "Dyesebel," and "Encantadia." Today, Filipino films and television shows continue to be popular, featuring a wide range of genres, including action, romance, horror, and comedy. Some of the most popular films and television shows in the country include "Heneral Luna," "Ang Tanging Ina," "One More Chance," and "My Husband’s Lover." Films and television have played an important role in shaping and influencing Philippine popular culture. From the classic films of the 1970s to the modern-day programs, these mediums have provided audiences with entertainment, education, and a connection to the Filipino culture. According to recent research conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority in 2022, Filipinos are highly devoted to films and television due to the promotion of Filipino values and culture, as well as the convenience of watching these programs from their homes. Filipino culture is greatly influenced by the media, and films and television are the primary sources for this influence. Additionally, the cheap cost of watching films and television, as well as the availability of multiple viewing platforms, have made these programs widely accessible. The research also showed that Filipinos spend an average of 8.5 hours a day watching television and films. This is likely due to the escapism that these mediums offer, as well as the entertainment value of these shows and movies. Garces on Film and Television Filipino philosopher and sociologist, Dr. Cesar A. L. Garces, states that film and television in the Philippines have become a major force in popular culture and that it has the power to shape and influence the lives of Filipinos. He believes that films and television can be both a positive and a negative influence, as they can be used to propagate values, ideas, beliefs, and norms. He believes that films and television can be used to educate and inform the public, but also to manipulate and control the public opinion. Filipino religious leaders often point out that films and television can be a powerful tool to spread moral values in the Philippines. They emphasize that media content should be used responsibly to promote positive messages and values, such as respect for human life, respect for nature, and respect for the environment. They also stress that media content should not be used to promote violence, obscenity, or any other form of negative behavior. Finally, many Filipino religious leaders also point out that films and television can be used to bring people closer together, by connecting them through shared values and experiences. They believe that films and television can be used to promote unity and understanding among Filipinos, and that it can be a powerful tool to foster a sense of national identity and pride. Modern Film and Television: What it does? 1. A modern film and television in Philippine Popular culture is a powerful medium for conveying messages, values, and emotions to Filipino audiences. 2. It has become an important part of the entertainment industry, providing an escape from everyday life and an opportunity to explore different cultures and lifestyles. 3. It is an important tool for educating the public about important issues and a way to inspire viewers to take action and make the world a better place. 4. Popular films and television programs often feature stories with familiar characters, settings, and themes that reflect Filipino culture and values. 5. It can also be used to explore difficult topics such as poverty, discrimination, and corruption, while also providing a platform to celebrate Filipino creativity and talent. 6. A modern film and television in Philippine Popular culture also acts as a bridge between past and present, allowing viewers to reflect on the history of the Philippines and its people. UNIT V: Sports & Recreation in the Philippines Sports & recreation has been an important part of Philippine culture for centuries. Traditional sports such as arnis, archery, and horseback riding are still popular today, while modern activities such as basketball, volleyball, and soccer have become favorites among many Filipinos. Arnis is an ancient martial art that has been practiced in the Philippines for centuries and is now the country’s national sport. It is a form of stick fighting that involves two opponents facing off with rattan sticks. Archery is another traditional sport that has been popular in the Philippines since pre-colonial times. It is still practiced today, often with bamboo bows and arrows. Horseback riding is also a popular sport in the Philippines and is often seen at festivals and special occasions. It is a great way to explore the country’s beautiful terrain and get to know its people. Basketball is the country’s most popular modern sport. It is played in both professional and amateur leagues, and Filipinos have a great passion for the game. Volleyball is also popular in the Philippines and is often played in both professional and amateur leagues. Soccer is another favorite among Filipinos and is often played in both professional and amateur leagues. It is especially popular among the younger generation. Overall, sports & recreation in the Philippines has been an important part of the country’s culture for centuries. From traditional sports like arnis and archery to modern activities such as basketball, volleyball, and soccer, Filipinos enjoy a variety of ways to stay active and have fun. The Concept of Recreation The notion of recreation is an important concept to consider when looking at Philippine sport. One philosopher who has explored this concept is John Dewey, who argued that recreation is a form of self-expression that allows one to express themselves physically, mentally, and spiritually. He argued that recreation should be seen as an avenue for personal growth, as well as a way to connect with the world around us. When looking at Philippine sport, Dewey's notion of recreation can be seen in the way sports are used as a way to express individual identity and connect with the greater community. Sports are seen as a way to bring people together, to celebrate and embrace the culture and traditions of the Philippines, as well as to provide an opportunity for physical and mental growth. Furthermore, sports are seen as a way to foster a sense of national pride and unity, as well as to build relationships and connection between different communities. In conclusion, Dewey's notion of recreation is highly applicable to Philippine sport. Sports provide an opportunity for individuals to express themselves, connect with the greater community, and foster a sense of national pride. In this way, Dewey's notion of recreation is an important part of understanding Philippine sport and culture. Filipinos and Sports Sports is a beloved pastime of Filipinos due to a variety of influences. These influences include: 1. Historical: Sports have been a part of Filipino culture since pre-colonial times. Traditional Filipino sports, such as arnis and pasiklaban, were popularized during the Spanish colonial period. This has led to a long- standing appreciation for physical activity and competition. 2. National Pride: Many Filipinos view sports as a way to show their national pride. Whether it’s cheering for the national basketball team or rooting for a Filipino athlete in the Olympics, Filipinos take pride in any accomplishments of their fellow citizens. 3. Social: Sports provide an opportunity for Filipinos to come together and bond. Whether it’s gathering around a television to watch a big game or playing a pickup game of basketball in the neighborhood, sports are a great way for Filipinos to connect with each other. 4. Popular Culture: Sports have become a part of Filipino popular culture. Through movies, television shows, and other forms of media, sports have become an integral part of the Filipino lifestyle. 5. Economic Opportunity: For some Filipinos, sports are not just a fun pastime, but also a source of economic opportunity. Professional athletes in the Philippines can earn a good living, while aspiring athletes may find opportunities in the form of sponsorships and endorsements.