HUMA3 Prelims Reviewer.pdf

HUMA3 PRELIMS EXAM REVIEWER communication among people from different backgrounds. Philippine Pop Culture defined as: o shared set of beliefs, values, practi...

HUMA3 PRELIMS EXAM REVIEWER communication among people from different backgrounds. Philippine Pop Culture defined as: o shared set of beliefs, values, practices, customs, traditions, and behaviors that characterize a NOMINAL AND REAL DEFINITION OF particular group of people, whether that group is CULTURE defined by nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, or other factors. It encompasses the way Nominal Definition: Popular culture is a nominal people think, act, interact, and perceive the definition that refers to the cultural products, beliefs, and world around them. Culture is a complex and practices that are widely shared and appreciated by a multifaceted concept that plays a crucial role in large segment of a society. It often includes elements shaping individuals' identities and their such as: collective societies. 1. Media and entertainment: Films, television shows, music, literature, and video games. 2. Fashion and style: Trends in clothing, Key elements of culture include: accessories, and beauty. 3. Food and cuisine: Popular dishes and culinary 1. Language: Language is a fundamental aspect of trends. culture as it enables communication and the 4. Holidays and celebrations: Widely observed transmission of knowledge, beliefs, and festivals and traditions. traditions from one generation to the next. 5. Sports and recreation: Popular sports, games, 2. Beliefs and Values: Cultural groups often share and leisure activities. common beliefs and values, which can include religious beliefs, moral principles, and ethical standards. These shape how individuals in a culture view the world and make decisions. Real Definition: The "real" definition of culture is a 3. Norms and Customs: Norms are unwritten more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the rules that guide behavior within a culture, while concept, taking into account its complexity and the customs are the traditional practices and rituals various elements that contribute to it. Culture is not that are often passed down through generations. easily defined in a single sentence due to its multifaceted 4. Art and Expression: Culture is often expressed nature, but a more comprehensive definition. through art, music, dance, literature, and other 1. Syncretism- A unique blend of various cultural forms of creative expression. These forms of influences, including indigenous traditions, cultural expression can vary widely between Spanish colonization, American influence, and different groups. contemporary global trends. This syncretic 5. Social Institutions: Cultural norms and values nature is evident in many aspects of Filipino influence the structure of social institutions such culture, from language and religion to food and as family, education, government, and religion. fashion. 6. Cuisine: Food is an integral part of culture, and traditional recipes and eating habits are often Factors that contribute to syncretism: passed down through generations. o Cultural Contact: When people from 7. Clothing and Dress: The way people dress and different cultures come into contact with adorn themselves can be a reflection of their each other, they may adopt elements of culture, including traditional clothing and styles. each other's cultures. 8. Symbols and Icons: Cultural groups often have o Tolerance and Acceptance: A tolerant symbols, flags, and icons that represent their and accepting attitude towards other identity and values. cultures can facilitate syncretism. o Economic and Political Factors: Culture is not static; it evolves over time and can Economic and political factors, such as be influenced by various factors, including colonization or immigration, can also historical events, globalization, migration, and contribute to syncretism. technological advancements. Understanding and respecting cultural diversity is essential in 2. Everyday Relevance- Closely intertwined with today's interconnected world, as it promotes the daily lives of Filipinos, shaping their values, tolerance, empathy, and effective beliefs, and behaviors. Popular culture is not just HUMA3 PRELIMS EXAM REVIEWER a form of entertainment but a fundamental part architectural design, elevated structure to allow of Filipino identity and social interaction. air circulation, and thatched roof. 3. Media-Driven- Heavily influenced by and reflected in popular media, such as films, 4. Sarimanok: The Sarimanok is a mythical bird in television, music, literature, and social media. Filipino folklore, and it is often depicted in These media platforms play a crucial role in various forms of Filipino art and craft. You can shaping popular culture trends and disseminating find Sarimanok motifs on jewelry, wood cultural values carvings, and other decorative items. 4. Dynamic Evolution- Continuously evolving in 5. Lingling-o: Lingling-o is a traditional Filipino response to social, economic, and technological jewelry piece. These are gold earrings or changes. Philippine popular culture is not static pendants shaped like an inverted "U" or "C." but is constantly adapting to new trends and They have cultural and spiritual significance and influences. are often handed down through generations. 5. National Identity- A significant contributor to Filipino national identity, fostering a sense of 6. Banig: Banig is a traditional Filipino mat woven belonging and shared cultural heritage. Popular from dried palm leaves or other natural fibers. culture helps to unite Filipinos and strengthen These mats are used for sleeping, sitting, and as their sense of national pride. decorative pieces. 7. Kris: The Kris is a distinctive Filipino weapon characterized by its wavy blade. It has both DIFFERENT TYPES OF CULTURE utilitarian and ceremonial uses and is often 1. Two Types of Culture ornately decorated. a. Material Culture 8. Bamboo Crafts: Filipinos are known for their b. Immaterial Culture skilled craftsmanship with bamboo. Examples 2. Folk Culture include bamboo furniture, musical instruments like the kulintang (a gong ensemble), and household items like baskets. Material Culture- refers to the physical objects, artifacts, and technology that a society produces and 9. Pottery: Pottery-making is a traditional craft in uses. It encompasses everything from tools and weapons various regions of the Philippines. Pieces to buildings and clothing. Material culture reflects a include jars, vases, and cooking vessels, often society's values, beliefs, and way of life. adorned with intricate designs. 10. Bolo Knife: The bolo is a versatile Filipino knife with a wide blade. It is used for various tasks, Filipino material culture is rich and diverse, from farming to self-defense, and often has reflecting the country's history, geography, and decorative elements on the hilt. cultural influences. Here are some examples of Filipino material culture: 11. Abaniko: The abaniko is a traditional Filipino hand fan made from bamboo or palm leaves. It's 1. Barong Tagalog: The Barong Tagalog is the used for keeping cool in the tropical climate and traditional formal attire for Filipino men. It is a can be beautifully decorated. lightweight, embroidered shirt made from piña (pineapple) or jusi (banana) fibers. This garment 12. Filipiniana Jewelry: Filipiniana jewelry often is often worn during special occasions and features indigenous and nature-inspired designs. weddings. These can include necklaces, bracelets, and earrings made from materials like pearls, corals, 2. Terno: The Terno is a traditional Filipino and precious metals. women's dress characterized by its butterfly sleeves. It is often made of elegant fabrics and is worn during formal events and cultural celebrations. 3. Bahay Kubo: The Bahay Kubo is a traditional Filipino rural house made of bamboo and nipa palm leaves. It's known for its unique HUMA3 PRELIMS EXAM REVIEWER Filipino "maskara" festivals, also known as "mask traditions and history of the region. It typically festivals," are colorful and lively celebrations that takes place in June. feature elaborate masks, costumes, and street 6. The Ati-Atihan Festival is not only a performances. Here are some examples of popular celebration of cultural heritage but also a maskara festivals in the Philippines: testament to the enduring spirit of the Filipino people. It reflects the blending of indigenous 1. MassKara Festival (Bacolod City, Negros traditions with Spanish colonial influence and Occidental): continues to be a significant cultural event in the o The MassKara Festival is one of the most Philippines. famous maskara festivals in the Philippines. It is held in Bacolod City, known as the "City of Smiles." Participants wear smiling masks and vibrant costumes. These festivals showcase the creativity, cultural 2. Panagbenga Festival (Baguio City, Benguet): diversity, and vibrant spirit of the Filipino people. While o While not a traditional "maskara" festival, the some may not strictly fit the "maskara" theme, they are Panagbenga Festival in Baguio City celebrates all colorful and lively celebrations that are worth the blooming of flowers in the region. However, experiencing to immerse yourself in Filipino culture and it also features participants wearing flower- traditions. themed masks and costumes. o The highlight of the festival is the grand street parade, where floats adorned with beautiful "Pamamanhikan" is a traditional Filipino pre-wedding flowers and street dancers wearing floral masks custom that involves the groom's family formally and attire take over the city's streets. Panagbenga visiting the bride's family to ask for her hand in is typically held in February. marriage. It's a significant and respectful gesture that 3. Pahiyas Festival (Lucban, Quezon): demonstrates the groom's intention to marry the bride o The Pahiyas Festival is a harvest festival and his commitment to her family. Here's an example of celebrated in Lucban, Quezon. While it doesn't how a Pamamanhikan tradition might unfold: involve masks in the same way as other maskara 1. Setting a Date: After the groom and bride festivals, it showcases colorful and creative have decided to get married and have received displays made from agricultural produce, rice their parents' blessings, they set a date for the grains, fruits, vegetables, and other materials. Pamamanhikan. o Houses in the town are decorated with these vibrant displays, and a procession takes place. 2. Gathering the Groom's Family: The It's a unique and artistic celebration of groom's family gathers together, often including thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest, held in parents, siblings, and other close relatives. They May. may bring gifts or symbolic items as a token of 4. Mudpack Festival (Murcia, Negros goodwill. Occidental): o The Mudpack Festival is a unique maskara 3. Traveling to the Bride's Home: The groom's festival that involves participants covering family travels to the bride's family home, often themselves with mud. It celebrates the in a group, and they arrive at the agreed-upon therapeutic benefits of mud, as well as the town's time. rich pottery tradition. 4. Warm Welcome: The bride's family warmly o Festival-goers wear mud-covered masks and welcomes the groom's family into their home. costumes, and the event includes street dancing There may be traditional Filipino hospitality and a mudpack-making competition. gestures, such as offering refreshments, snacks, 5. Pintados-Kasadyaan Festival (Tacloban City, or a meal. Leyte): o The Pintados-Kasadyaan Festival celebrates the 5. Formal Request: During the gathering, the rich cultural heritage of the people of Tacloban groom, often accompanied by his parents or City and Leyte province. It features participants elder relatives, formally asks for the bride's hand with intricate body paintings and tattoos, which in marriage. He may express his love, respect, give the festival its name, "Pintados" (painted and commitment to the bride and her family. ones). o The festival includes street dancing, a parade, 6. Parental Consent: The bride's parents or and cultural presentations showcasing the elder family members respond, typically HUMA3 PRELIMS EXAM REVIEWER expressing their consent and blessings for the Manila and the Sinulog Festival in Cebu, are marriage. They may also share their hopes and celebrated with processions, rituals, and expectations for the couple's future. religious devotion. 7. Exchange of Gifts: Gifts or symbolic items 4. Blessing and Superstitious Beliefs: Filipinos may be exchanged between the two families as a have various beliefs related to luck, including sign of goodwill and unity. These gifts may the belief in lucky and unlucky numbers, as well include fruits, sweets, jewelry, or other as rituals such as "pagpag" (shaking off bad meaningful tokens. luck) and "pagmumog" (spitting to ward off evil spirits). 8. Celebration and Discussion: After the formal request and blessings, both families often 5. Filipino Cuisine: Filipino cuisine reflects engage in conversation and celebration. They cultural values and traditions. Traditional dishes may discuss wedding plans, traditions, and like adobo, sinigang, and lechon are not only a logistics. source of nourishment but also a way of preserving and passing down cultural heritage. 9. Strengthening Family Bonds: Pamamanhikan is not just about the groom 6. Language: The Filipino language, based on asking for the bride's hand; it's also an Tagalog, is an essential part of Filipino identity. opportunity for both families to get to know each It is used in literature, media, and daily other better and strengthen their bonds. communication. There are also numerous regional languages and dialects spoken across 10. Gratitude and Farewell: The groom's the country. family expresses their gratitude for the warm welcome and blessings. They eventually take 7. Filipino Folklore and Mythology: Filipino their leave, marking the end of the folklore is rich with mythical creatures like the Pamamanhikan ceremony. aswang, tikbalang, and kapre. These stories and legends are an important part of the country's cultural heritage. Pamamanhikan is a cherished Filipino tradition that 8. Traditional Music and Dance: Filipino emphasizes family ties, respect, and unity. While it may traditional music, like the kundiman and harana, vary in details and customs depending on the region and often expresses love and longing. Traditional family traditions, it remains an important part of Filipino dances like tinikling showcase the grace and culture and pre-wedding rituals. agility of Filipino performers. 9. Fiesta Culture: Filipinos are known for their Immaterial culture- Filipino immaterial culture, also vibrant fiestas, which are community known as non-material culture, encompasses intangible celebrations often dedicated to a patron saint. aspects of Filipino society, including beliefs, values, These events involve religious rituals, parades, customs, language, rituals, and social norms. Here are music, dance, and a sense of camaraderie among some examples: neighbors. 1. Bayanihan Spirit: The concept of 10. Respect for Elders and Hierarchical "Bayanihan" refers to the spirit of communal Structure: Filipino society places a high value unity and cooperation. It reflects the Filipino on respecting elders and showing deference to value of helping one another in times of need, authority figures. This is often reflected in how often by physically moving a house or a heavy people address and interact with one another. object together as a community. 11. Filipino Concept of Time: The Filipino 2. Filipino Values: Filipino culture places a concept of time is often more flexible and strong emphasis on values such as hospitality relaxed compared to Western cultures. "Filipino (malasakit), respect for elders (utang na loob), time" may involve being slightly late to and strong family ties (close-knit family bonds). appointments, with an understanding that relationships and socializing are more important 3. Religious Festivals: The Philippines is than punctuality. predominantly Catholic, and religious festivals, such as the Feast of the Black Nazarene in HUMA3 PRELIMS EXAM REVIEWER These examples demonstrate the rich and diverse bulol (rice god figurines), and intricate wooden immaterial culture of the Philippines, which shapes the furniture reflect the artistic heritage of the values, behaviors, and interactions of its people and country. plays a significant role in the country's identity and way of life. 8. Oral Traditions: Storytelling is a significant part of Filipino folk culture. Elders pass down stories and legends orally, preserving the country's history and cultural identity. Filipino folk culture is a rich tapestry of traditional beliefs, practices, stories, and art that have been 9. Folk Medicine and Healing Practices: passed down through generations. It reflects the Traditional healers, known as "albularyo" or diverse cultural heritage of the Philippines. Here are "hilot," use herbal remedies, massage, and some examples of Filipino folk culture: spiritual rituals to treat ailments. These practices are deeply rooted in indigenous beliefs. 1. Bayanihan: The Bayanihan spirit is a core part of Filipino folk culture. It signifies 10. Festivals: Numerous festivals across the communal unity and cooperation, often Philippines celebrate local customs and folklore. demonstrated through acts of helping one For example, the Pahiyas Festival in Lucban, another, such as moving houses or assisting with Quezon, features houses adorned with farming. agricultural produce in thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest. 2. Folk Beliefs and Superstitions: Filipinos have a wide range of folk beliefs and 11. Local Legends and Heroes: Different superstitions. For example, they believe in lucky regions have their own local legends and heroes. and unlucky numbers, the importance of dreams, For instance, Lapu-Lapu, who resisted Spanish and various rituals to ward off bad luck or evil colonization, is celebrated as a hero in Cebu. spirits. 3. Mythical Creatures: Filipino folklore is filled with mythical creatures like the aswang These examples represent the vibrant and diverse folk (shape-shifting monster), tikbalang (half-horse, culture of the Philippines, which continues to play a vital half-human), kapre (tree-dwelling giant), and role in preserving the country's heritage and identity. manananggal (vampire-like creature). These creatures are often featured in stories and legends. 4. Folk Dances: Traditional Filipino folk dances are an integral part of the culture. Dances like the tinikling (a bamboo dance), pandanggo sa ilaw (dance with lighted oil lamps), and sayaw sa bangko (bench dance) are performed during celebrations and festivals. 5. Folk Music: Filipino folk music includes indigenous instruments like the kulintang (gong ensemble), kubing (bamboo mouth harp), and rondalla (string ensemble). These instruments are used to create traditional melodies that accompany dances and rituals. 6. Epic Poetry: The Philippines has its own epic poetry, such as the "Hinilawod" of the Visayas and the "Biag ni Lam-ang" of the Ilocanos. These epics tell heroic tales and are passed down orally from generation to generation. 7. Folk Art and Crafts: Traditional Filipino crafts include weaving, pottery, and woodcarving. Items like the banig (woven mats),