Lesson 3-4.pdf

Topic 3-4 History of Evolution of Philippine Popular Culture Quiz next meeting Lesson: 1-3  History of Evolution of Philippine Pop Culture History of Pop Culture Evolution of Pop Culture in the Philippines The role of Filipinos in the cyclic process of construction, de...

Topic 3-4 History of Evolution of Philippine Popular Culture Quiz next meeting Lesson: 1-3  History of Evolution of Philippine Pop Culture History of Pop Culture Evolution of Pop Culture in the Philippines The role of Filipinos in the cyclic process of construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of the Philippine Pop Culture History: History refers to the study of past events, particularly human activities, societies, and civilizations. It involves the systematic examination and analysis of events, people, cultures, and societies that have occurred over time. History aims to understand the causes, consequences, and significance of past events and their impact on the present. Evolution: Evolution, on the other hand, generally refers to the gradual development or change of something over time. It can apply to various aspects of life, including biological organisms, ideas, technologies, cultures, and societies. Evolution often implies a process of adaptation, transformation, or improvement in response to changing circumstances, environments, or influences.  Understanding and appreciating the history and evolution of pop culture in the Philippines involves exploring its dynamic blend of indigenous traditions, colonial influences, and modern global trends.  It reflects the country's diverse cultural heritage and its interactions with various cultures throughout history. Pre-Colonial Era (Before 1521): Indigenous cultures thrived across the Philippine archipelago, with various ethnic groups practicing their own customs, traditions, languages, and arts. Oral literature, tribal dances, and indigenous music played significant roles in pre-colonial Filipino societies. Tribal dances in pre-colonial Filipino societies were often linked to significant events such as harvests, weddings, and rituals.  One of the most notable aspects of pre-modern Philippine culture is its rich oral tradition. Traditional epics known as “epiko” are passed down orally and often highlight heroes, legends, and cultural values. These epics are central to understanding Filipino folklore and the cultural heritage of various indigenous groups. Well-known examples: Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) Region: Ilocos Summary: This epic narrates the life of Lam-ang, a powerful and courageous hero. From birth, Lam-ang exhibits superhuman traits. The story covers his adventures, including battles against monsters and other challenges, his quest to avenge his father’s death, and his eventual courtship of Ines Kannoyan. Values: It emphasizes courage, family loyalty, and the importance of justice. Hudhud ni Aliguyon Region: Ifugao Summary: The epic follows Aliguyon, a skilled warrior from the Ifugao tribe, as he engages in a long battle with his rival, Pumbakhayon. After an extended fight, both sides come to admire each other’s bravery and decide to make peace. Values: The tale promotes bravery, honor in battle, and reconciliation as valuable cultural ideals.  These epics often contained tales of heroes, legends, and cultural values. Written records from this time are limited, archaeology and oral traditions provide insights into the popular culture of the Philippines during the pre-modern era. Example: Oyayi – awit sa pagpapatulog. Tikam/tagumpay/kumintang/Sambotani– awit sa pakikidigma. Talindaw/Suliranin – awit sa pamamangka. Kundiman – awit sa pag – ibig. Ihiman/Diyona – awit sa kasalan. Dalit/himno - pagsamba sa anito/panrelihiyon.  Here's an overview of its evolution: 1. Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898): Spanish colonization brought Catholicism, the Spanish language, and European influences on the Philippines. The fusion (union) of Spanish and indigenous cultures gave rise to unique art forms such as folk dances like the Tinikling and cultural practices like the Pasyon.  Religious festivals, such as the Feast of the Santo Niño and Semana Santa, became deeply ingrained in Filipino culture. Examples of Filipino culture with Spanish influence Fiestas with patron saints in the calendar days. Curra Paroco or parish priests and the parishes in every municipality. Padrino system. Catholic Christian Religion and their practices, dogmas and traditions. Filipino Last Names derived from Spanish words.  Popular culture in the Philippines was created and used by the Spaniards to the native Filipinos or Indios via plays and literature to get the heart of the natives and win it. Example: "the pasyon, sinakulo, and korido ensured the acceptance and spread of Christianity, and the komedya(Moro-Moro) and awit did the same for the monarchy.“ The komedya is a type of theatrical performance that dramatized conflicts between Christians and Muslims (Moros). It often glorified the Spanish monarchy and Catholicism, portraying Christian heroes, who were often aligned with the Spanish Crown, triumphing over non-Christian or "Moorish" characters. Example: Komedya "Prinsipe Baldovino": This komedya tells the story of Prince Baldovino, a Christian knight who goes on heroic adventures, fighting against Muslims and other enemies of the Christian faith, ultimately defending the monarchy and the church.  Awit The awit is a form of narrative poetry that was also used to promote the monarchy by focusing on stories of chivalric heroes, often linked to royalty and their valor in defending the realm. "Florante at Laura" by Francisco Balagtas (1838): Though this famous awit uses allegory to critique colonial oppression, it is set in a fictional European monarchy and tells the story of Prince Florante and Princess Laura. Florante, a valiant warrior, defends his kingdom against invaders, upholding the ideals of loyalty, honor, and love for his country, symbolizing the defense of the monarchy. "Ibong Adarna": This awit features a legendary bird with magical healing powers and is intertwined with a royal family's quest. It depicts a king's sons undertaking trials to save their kingdom, reflecting the importance of noble heritage, the struggles of princes, and the concept of rightful rule.  Both the komedya and awit were significant in reinforcing Spanish colonial rule by promoting the idea of a divinely appointed monarchy and the superiority of Christian values, all while being performed and appreciated by the Filipino public during the colonial period. These forms of literature and performance were used as tools to propagate loyalty to the Spanish monarchy and Catholicism. Pasyon, Sinakulo, Korido The Pasyon is a narrative poem that recounts the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is typically sung or recited during the Lenten season, especially during Holy Week. The Sinakulo (or Senakulo) is a stage play or dramatic performance that reenacts the life, passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is performed as part of the observance of Holy Week, often in the form of a long play, and is a more theatrical expression of the events depicted in the pasyon. The Korido It is often based on European legends or historical figures and features Christian knights, love, and battles, reflecting the influence of Spanish literature. The first permanent Spanish settlement began replacing the native culture with a Christian and European tradition. Example: the datu’s once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment. to worship a new God, where they had worshipped a pantheon of supernatural deities and divinities; SPANISH TIME The children of the native elite under the tutelage of missionaries became a core group of intelligentsia (educated class) called 'ladinos’, as they became instrumental "in bringing into the vernacular, literary forms that were to be vehicles for the "pacification“ (maintain peace) of the natives".  Popular culture at the time was created by colonial authorities, with the aid of the local intelligentsia (educated class), to promote the interests of the Church and the State. 19th century: Propaganda movement The native intelligentsia used the same forms of popular culture to "undermine the power of the abusive friars and rally the populace to put an end to colonial rule" Example: Rizal's literary works, particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," played a crucial role in shaping Filipino national consciousness. Through his writings, he exposed the abuses of Spanish colonial authorities and advocated for social reforms. His novels portrayed the harsh realities faced by Filipinos under Spanish rule and inspired fellow Filipinos to strive for freedom and justice. 2. American Colonial Period (1898–1946): American colonization introduced English as the medium of instruction and significantly influenced Philippine education, government, and popular culture. Western-style education, mass media, and entertainment, including cinema and radio, began to shape Filipino tastes and preferences. Jazz, swing, and American pop culture became popular among urban Filipinos.  One of the most enduring legacies of American colonization is the widespread use of English in the Philippines. English became the medium of instruction in schools and the language of government, business, and media.  This influence is evident in contemporary Filipino popular culture through the extensive use of English in music lyrics, movies, television shows, and advertising.  The American colonial government established a public education system in the Philippines, which greatly expanded access to schooling. Moreover, the curriculum introduced by the Americans included subjects such as American history, literature, and culture, which continue to influence Philippine education and popular culture today.  American forms of entertainment, such as cinema, music, and sports, gained popularity during the colonial period and continue to be influential in Philippine popular culture. Hollywood films and American music genres like jazz and rock 'n' roll were embraced by Filipinos.  Additionally, American sports like basketball were introduced and became deeply ingrained in Philippine culture, with basketball courts found in almost every barangay (neighborhood).  American influence also permeated (spread) Philippine cultural practices and norms. For example, aspects of Western-style democracy, individualism, and consumerism were introduced and integrated into Philippine society. Example: US legacy is consumerism and materialism. shopping malls as public spaces owned by private enterprises.  American literature and media, including novels, magazines, newspapers, and radio programs, were widely consumed and had a lasting impact on Philippine literature and media. Many Filipino writers and artists were influenced by American literary styles and themes, contributing to the development of Philippine literature in English.  American colonial architecture, characterized by its use of concrete, wide roads, and spacious public buildings, continues to shape the urban landscape of Philippine cities. Structures such as government buildings, churches, schools, and residences built during the American colonial period remain prominent landmarks and influence contemporary architectural styles. Example: Government Buildings: The Americans established government infrastructure in major cities, including Manila, such as the Malacañang Palace (official residence of the President), the Manila City Hall, and various government offices. Educational Institution: The University of the Philippines was founded in 1908 Transportation Infrastructure: the Jones Bridge and the Manila North Cemetery, which was transformed into a park and a transportation hub. Japanese Occupation (1942–1945): During World War II, Japanese occupation led to the suppression of Filipino culture and the promotion of Japanese language and propaganda. Resistance movements emerged, preserving and promoting Filipino identity through underground publications, music, and theater.  The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines (1942-1945) had a profound and multifaceted impact on Philippine popular culture. While relatively brief compared to centuries of Spanish colonization and decades of American rule, the Japanese Occupation left lasting impressions on Filipino society, influencing various aspects of culture, language, arts, and societal norms.  Many Filipinos learned basic Japanese phrases and terms, and Japanese loanwords entered the Filipino vernacular. This linguistic influence persists in modern Filipino popular culture, with occasional Japanese phrases and cultural references appearing in media, particularly in anime and manga fandoms. Example of loanwords Tsaa - Tea Karaoke - Karaoke Tsinelas - Sandals/Slippers Bento - A packed meal, usually in a box Kitsune - Fox (although more commonly known in the context of Japanese mythology) Kawayan - Bamboo Tsinelas - Flip-flops Tsinoy - A person of Chinese-Filipino descent (although it came from Hokkien "tsin nui" which means "pure woman") Judo - Judo  Katana - Traditional Japanese sword Tyansa - Chance/opportunity Harabas - Savage, barbaric (from "harabas" in Japanese) Kodigo - Cheat sheet/notes (originally from "kode" in Japanese) Giri - Obligation or duty (usually used in the context of relationships) Atis - Sugar apple  Despite the tensions and hardships of the occupation, there were instances of cultural exchange and fusion (merge) between Filipinos and Japanese. This exchange manifested in various forms, including cuisine, fashion, music, and traditional arts. Elements of Japanese culture, such as martial arts, tea ceremonies, and Ikebana (flower arranging), were introduced to Filipinos and integrated into local practices.  The Japanese Occupation brought about stories of resilience, heroism, and survival among Filipinos. These narratives became part of Philippine popular culture, inspiring literature, films, and television shows that depict the struggles and triumphs of individuals and communities during the occupation.  Literary works reflecting the experiences of Filipinos under Japanese rule emerged, documenting stories of oppression, resistance, and collaboration.  While traditional Filipino music and dance continued to thrive, Japanese cultural influences seeped into the entertainment scene. Japanese songs and musical styles became popular among Filipinos, and Japanese films were screened in local theaters. However, the occupation also led to censorship and restrictions on cultural expression, shaping the content and themes of Filipino entertainment during that period.  The Japanese Occupation, including the devastation of cities, loss of lives, and psychological trauma, deeply affected Philippine popular culture in the post-war era. Post-Independence Era (1946–Present): The post-war period saw the emergence of Philippine nationalism and the promotion of Filipino cultural identity through literature, visual arts, and music. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed the golden age of Philippine cinema, with the rise of iconic actors and directors and the production of classic films. The 1970s and 1980s saw the flourishing of OPM (Original Pilipino Music), with artists like Freddie Aguilar, Jose Mari Chan, and Apo Hiking Society gaining prominence.  Martial law under the Marcos regime (1972–1986) led to censorship and repression but also gave rise to protest art and activism.  The 1990s onwards saw the globalization of Philippine pop culture, with the influence of Western media, the internet, and social media platforms shaping trends in music, fashion, and entertainment.  Korean pop culture, particularly K-dramas and K-pop music, gained popularity among Filipino youth in the 2000s and beyond, reflecting the transnational nature of contemporary Philippine pop culture.  Increased globalization has facilitated the exchange of cultural ideas and trends, allowing Filipino pop culture to be influenced by global phenomena. This includes the influx of Western music, fashion trends, and film styles, which have been incorporated and adapted into Filipino pop culture.  The advent of technology, particularly the internet and social media, has democratized the creation and distribution of cultural content. This has allowed Filipino artists, musicians, filmmakers, and content creators to reach wider audiences both domestically and internationally, thus diversifying the cultural landscape.  The Philippines has a large and youthful population, with a significant portion of the demographic being composed of millennials and Gen Z. This demographic shift has led to the rise of youth-driven trends and subcultures, influencing various aspects of pop culture such as music preferences, fashion styles, and online behavior.  Socio-political events and movements have also played a role in shaping Filipino pop culture. Issues such as social inequality, LGBTQ+ rights, and environmental activism have found expression through various cultural mediums, contributing to a more socially conscious pop culture landscape.  Traditional media outlets such as television, radio, and print media continue to play a significant role in shaping pop culture trends in the Philippines. Mainstream media platforms often serve as a platform for promoting music, films, and fashion trends, thus influencing public perception and consumption patterns.  Despite the influence of globalization, Filipino pop culture remains rooted in its rich cultural heritage and traditions. Elements of Filipino folklore, mythology, and traditional arts continue to inspire contemporary cultural expressions, adding depth and authenticity to the cultural landscape. Assignment Assignment: one whole sheet of paper 1. “What do you think is popular culture in the Philippines today?” 2. write a short paragraph on what will define future Philippine popular culture and how global trends will impact it.  Next meeting: Continuation Lesson 4: September 1-7, 2024 The role of Filipinos in the cyclic process of construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of the Philippine Pop Culture  Filipinos play a central role in the cyclic process of construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of Philippine pop culture. This process is dynamic and involves various elements, including historical influences, social changes, technological advancements, and cultural exchanges. Construction: Filipinos actively participate in the creation and development of pop culture through various forms of artistic expression, including music, film, literature, visual arts, fashion, and digital media. Local artists, musicians, filmmakers, writers, designers, and content creators contribute their talents and creativity to produce works that reflect Philippine identity, values, and experiences.  Filipino creativity often draws inspiration from diverse sources, including indigenous traditions, colonial legacies, global trends, and contemporary issues, resulting in a rich and vibrant cultural tapestry.  In the context of culture, construction refers to the act of creating or producing cultural artifacts, symbols, practices, and institutions. It involves the active participation of individuals, communities, and institutions in shaping and giving meaning to various aspects of culture. Construction encompasses a wide range of creative endeavors, including artistic expression, cultural production, cultural rituals, and cultural institutions.  This process involves drawing upon existing cultural resources, traditions, and influences, as well as engaging with contemporary trends, technologies, and ideas. Construction contributes to the ongoing evolution and diversification of culture, reflecting the dynamic interactions between individuals, groups, and society.  Example of Construction in the context of culture  1. Selection of Theme: The construction process typically begins with the selection of a theme or story that the dance performance will convey. This theme could be based on folklore, mythology, historical events, or everyday life experiences. 2. Choreography: Choreographers work on developing the movements and sequences that will form the dance. They draw upon traditional dance forms, movements, and gestures while also incorporating contemporary elements to create a visually appealing and engaging performance.  3. Costume Design: Costume designers create outfits that not only reflect the cultural context of the dance but also enhance the visual impact of the performance. They may use traditional fabrics, patterns, and accessories while also incorporating modern designs to add flair. 4. Music Composition: Composers or musicians create or select music that complements the choreography and helps to evoke the desired emotions and atmosphere. They may incorporate traditional instruments and melodies while also experimenting with contemporary sounds and rhythms.  5. Rehearsals and Training: Dancers undergo rigorous rehearsals and training to perfect their movements, synchronize with the music, and convey the intended emotions and expressions. This process may involve multiple rehearsals over weeks or months to ensure a polished performance. 6. Cultural Contextualization: Throughout the construction process, artists and performers strive to maintain the authenticity and integrity of the cultural traditions they are representing. They may conduct research, consult cultural experts, and engage with community members to ensure that the performance accurately reflects the cultural context and significance of the dance.  7. Performance: The culmination of the construction process is the live performance, where all the elements - choreography, music, costumes, and cultural context - come together to create a captivating and meaningful experience for the audience. Through their performance, dancers and artists celebrate and preserve their cultural heritage while also engaging with contemporary audiences and contexts. Deconstruction: Filipinos critically analyze and deconstruct elements of pop culture to examine their meanings, representations, and impacts on society. Scholars, critics, activists, and ordinary citizens engage in discourse and debate about various aspects of pop culture, including its portrayal of gender, ethnicity, class, politics, and history. Deconstruction involves questioning dominant narratives, challenging stereotypes, exposing inequalities, and exploring alternative perspectives within pop culture. Deconstruction:  Deconstruction is a philosophical and critical theory approach that originated with the work of Jacques Derrida. Jacques Derrida was an Algerian-born French philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, and which was developed through close readings of the linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure  It involves closely analyzing a text or concept to uncover the underlying assumptions, contradictions, and binary oppositions inherent within it.  Example : deconstruction "Four Sisters and a Wedding"  1. Family Dynamics: In "Four Sisters and a Wedding," the apparent narrative revolves around familial love and conflicts within a Filipino family. Deconstruction would analyze how the portrayal of familial relationships reflects broader cultural values and norms. It might question whether the family unit depicted adheres to traditional Filipino norms or challenges them. 2. Gender Roles and Expectations: Deconstruction would examine how gender roles are constructed and reinforced within the movie. It might question whether the characters conform to traditional gender expectations or subvert them. For example, are the sisters portrayed as independent individuals with agency, or are they relegated to stereotypical roles within the family structure?  3. Social Class and Privilege: Deconstruction would scrutinize how social class and privilege are depicted in the movie. It might question whether the characters' socioeconomic backgrounds influence their interactions and decisions. For instance, are certain characters portrayed as more privileged or disadvantaged, and how does this affect their relationships with one another?  4. Cultural Identity: Deconstruction would analyze how cultural identity is represented and negotiated within the movie. It might question whether the characters' identities are essentialized or fluid. For example, are there instances where characters grapple with conflicting aspects of their cultural identity, such as tradition versus modernity?  5. Narrative Structure: Deconstruction would examine the narrative structure of the movie and how it shapes the viewer's understanding of the story. It might question whose perspective the story is told from and how this perspective influences the interpretation of events. Are there alternative narratives or voices that are marginalized within the movie? Reconstruction: Filipinos engage in the process of reconstructing pop culture by remixing, reinterpreting, and reinventing existing cultural materials and narratives. Example Traditional festivals were integrated with Christian celebrations, resulting in events like the "Ati-Atihan" festival in Kalibo, Aklan, which combines indigenous dances with Christian symbolism.  Artists and creators incorporate elements of tradition and modernity, fusion and hybridity, nostalgia and innovation, to produce new forms of cultural expression.  Reconstruction also involves reclaiming marginalized voices, amplifying diverse stories, and promoting cultural diversity and inclusivity within pop culture. Social movements, grassroots initiatives, and community-based projects contribute to the reconstruction of pop culture by advocating for social change, cultural empowerment, and collective representation.  Filipinos actively shape the evolution of Philippine pop culture through their creative endeavors, critical engagements, and transformative actions. This cyclic process of construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction reflects the dynamic nature of cultural production and the ongoing negotiation of identity, belonging, and representation in Filipino society. Reflection: (Cellphone not allowed) In your own word, explain "What factors have contributed to the evolution of pop culture in the Philippines over the past few decades, and how has this cultural landscape transformed through various mediums such as music, film, fashion, and social media?"  Why is it important to preserve indigenous cultures and traditions?