Bio 103 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

UNIT 1 Chapter 1: Themes of Biology - Describe what is meant by an "emergent property" - Place the levels of biological organization in sequence from molecule to ecosystem - Identify examples of each level of biological organization Chapter 2: Chemistry - Identify the elements that...

UNIT 1 Chapter 1: Themes of Biology - Describe what is meant by an "emergent property" - Place the levels of biological organization in sequence from molecule to ecosystem - Identify examples of each level of biological organization Chapter 2: Chemistry - Identify the elements that compose living matter. Specifically, know which 4 elements make up \>95% of the body mass of a human. - Distinguish different types of bonds (polar covalent, nonpolar, ionic, hydrogen) and their properties. - Understand how differences in electronegativity can lead to polar bonds, and how polar molecules and partial charges are related to hydrogen bonds. Chapter 3: Water - Explain why differences in electronegativity lead to polar covalent bonds within water molecules. - Explain how polar covalent bonds within water molecules are related to partial charges. - Explain how attraction between partial charges leads to hydrogen bonding among water molecules, as well as hydrogen bonding between water and other molecules. - Identify the four emergent properties of water essential for life and provide an example of each. Be able to recognize these emergent properties when provided descriptions and/or images (think back to the Nearpod activity and those types of questions). - What role do hydrogen bonds play in these emergent properties? Chapter 4: Carbon - Have a basic understanding of ATP: what is this molecule and why is it so important in biology? Chapter 5: Biological Molecules - For the three of the four types of biological macromolecules that are polymers: be able to identify the monomer and polymer and the type of bond involved in connecting the monomers. Know which of the four types does not involve monomers and polymers. - What major roles does each type of macromolecule play in the cell? - Describe the structures of nucleotides and nucleic acid polymers. What parts of the nucleotides make up the \"backbone\"? What type of bond connects nucleotides? - Describe the basic structure of an amino acid. Use the terms: amino group, carboxyl group, R group. Which of these groups are involved in forming peptide bonds? - Define/describe primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure. What parts of the molecule are involved in each level of structure? What types of bonds? Where do alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets come into play? How are secondary and tertiary structure directly dependent on primary structure? - Distinguish the diversity of roles that proteins play in the cell and recognize examples. Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell - Define the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic and identify which groups of organisms fall into each category - Explain the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - Describe the structure and function of the cell components that are common to all cells (plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosome, ribosomes) - Describe the structure and function of the cell components that are part of the eukaryotic endomembrane system (the rough and smooth ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vesicles) - Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and the role of nuclear pores - Describe the structural and functional differences of the rough and smooth ER - Identify in general terms the structure and function of the Golgi - Identify functions associated with mitochondria and chloroplasts UNIT 2 Chapter 7: Membranes  - Name and describe the different functions of membrane proteins - Given a particular molecule you should be able to predict if it can diffuse through the lipid bilayer or if it will require other methods for transport - Understand the concept of a semipermeable membrane as it relates to cell membranes  - Predict the direction of solute net diffusion across a semipermeable membrane   - Predict the direction of water net diffusion (osmosis) across a semipermeable membrane - Use the concept of 'tonicity' to predict the movement of water into or out of cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions.  - Distinguish between passive transport and active transport (need for energy, the direction of transport relative to the concentration gradient)  - Explain how membrane proteins (transporters, channels) allow facilitated diffusion to happen - Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump. Explain the role of ATP in its operation. - Distinguish between exocytosis and endocytosis and describe the role of the cell membrane in each  Chapter 11: Cellular Communication - Identify reasons that a cell may engage in cell signaling. - Define the differences between paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling. - Identify the three stages of cell signaling. Briefly describe what happens in each stage. - Explain the role of transmembrane proteins in cell signaling - Define signal transduction and explain the purpose of signal transduction - Identify examples of responses (to cell signals) within a cell. Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System  - Define reception, transduction, and response -- the three stages of cell signaling -- in the context of the endocrine system.  - Define 'hormones' and describe what they are used for  - Explain the difference between the pathways by which water and lipid-soluble hormones arrive in the cell.  - Be able to identify the organs involved in hormone production. - Define 'neurosecretory cell' and 'neurohormone' and describe how the nervous system and hormone pathways are coordinated in the hypothalamus.  - Distinguish between positive and negative feedback - Describe examples of the role of negative feedback in regulatory pathways - Define the difference between tropic and non-tropic hormones Chapter 48: Neurons - - - - - - - - - Chapter 49: The Nervous System - - - Chapter 50: The Senses - - - - UNIT 3 Chapter 8: Metabolism - Define and be able to relate these terms: catabolic process, anabolic process, kinetic energy, heat, potential energy, chemical energy, Gibbs free energy, exergonic process, endergonic process, spontaneous process, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ATP cycle. - Use the sign of Gibbs free energy to distinguish between spontaneous processes and distinguish them from non-spontaneous processes - Show how paired endergonic and exergonic reactions define the ATP cycle. Explain how ATP is regenerated from outside energy. - Describe the role of ATP in carrying out endergonic processes in the cell. - Define these terms: enzyme, substrate, products, reaction rate, activation energy (EA), transition state, enzyme-substrate (ES) complex, active site, catalysis - Identify the reactants, transition state, activation energy, and products and whether a reaction is ender- or exergonic on a reaction energy diagram. Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration  - Identify and sequence the four steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.  - Identify where each step within cell respiration occurs (which organelle, which substructures of organelles). Explain why the breakdown of organic molecules releases energy and correctly describe reactions in cellular respiration as endergonic or exergonic. - Describe the different roles of substrate level vs oxidative phosphorylation, the relative contribution to the total ATP produced by each, and know which one occurs in which step(s) of cellular respiration.  Chapter 41: Nutrition and Digestion   - List and explain the two primary reasons that heterotrophs must consume food. - Understand the concept of "essential" minerals, vitamins, and amino acids, and how these relate to diet. Know the difference between macro- and micro-nutrients. You do not need to memorize the list of macro- and micro-nutrients or the list of essential amino acids. - Know the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion, and how each of these are utilized by single-cellular and multi-cellular animals. - Describe how surface area, volume, and diffusion are related to nutrient absorption (and waste removal). How is surface area maximized in the human small intestine? - Understand the \"tube within a tube\" layout of the alimentary canal. - Be able to name and identify the structures of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) in humans. Describe the core functions (e.g. mechanical breakdown, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and excretion) in each part of the canal. - Know the following accessory digestive structures/glands: salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. Where do each of these structures connect to the alimentary canal? What do each of these structures produce, and how do these products aid in digestion? - How do herbivores and carnivores differ in the structure of their digestive systems? Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange  - Describe how the size of an animal is related to surface area and volume, and how surface area and volume are in turn related to gas exchange. - List the components of the vertebrate circulatory system. How do these components vary between fish, amphibians, and mammals? - Define 'artery' and 'vein.' - What is the advantage of the double circulation pathway found in mammals? - Trace the path of blood through the human circulatory system. Relate this to the chambers and valves of the heart. - Relate the circulation pathway to breathing and gas exchange in the lungs. Where does gas exchange happen, and in which directions are the gases moving? - Outline the cardiac cycle (the contraction of the heart) in humans. Use the terms 'systole' and 'diastole.' Indicate the sequence of contractions and when valves open and close. - Identify the types of blood vessels and their properties. - Describe the function of capillary beds and the role of precapillary sphincters. - What are the major components of blood and what are their functions?