Biology Themes and Chemistry Overview

<p>Polar covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They hold together water molecules and contribute to surface tension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The linear sequence of amino acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exergonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occurs during glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow through two distinct circuits: systemic and pulmonary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They arise from interactions in the primary structure's amino acid sequence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herbivores have specialized fermentation chambers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All cells possess ribosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesizing proteins due to ribosome presence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitated diffusion involves specific proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires ATP to transport ions against their concentration gradient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine signaling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tonicity influences the direction of water movement in relation to solute concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmitting signals from outside the cell to the inside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which a cell responds to external signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropic hormones influence other hormone-producing glands, while non-tropic hormones act directly on target organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid-soluble hormones can readily pass through cell membranes, while water-soluble hormones cannot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stabilizes physiological processes by counteracting changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP is primarily used for endergonic processes within cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A simple cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Found in bacteria and archaea.

A complex cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

A selectively permeable barrier that encloses the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.

The jelly-like fluid inside the cell where many chemical reactions occur.

Tiny structures responsible for protein synthesis.

A network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid/steroid synthesis (smooth ER).

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

Movement of molecules across a membrane without requiring energy. Moves from high concentration to low.

Proteins that span the cell membrane, acting as channels, pumps, or receptors to facilitate communication and transport.

The process of converting an extracellular signal (e.g., hormone) into a specific intracellular response.

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, transported through the bloodstream to target cells with specific receptors, triggering various physiological responses.

The initial step of cell signaling where the target cell detects the signal molecule by binding to a specific receptor protein.

The conversion of the signal into a form that can trigger a specific response within the cell.

The specific cellular reaction triggered by the signal, ranging from gene expression changes to enzyme activation.

A metabolic pathway that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

A metabolic pathway that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

Reactions that release energy, often accompanied by the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones.

Reactions that require energy input to proceed. These often involve building up complex molecules from simpler ones.

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, generating ATP. Happens during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

The process where electrons are passed down an electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis. Occurs in the mitochondria.

Heterotrophs must consume food for two main reasons: 1) They lack the ability to synthesize their own food (like photosynthesis) and 2) they need energy and building blocks from organic molecules.

Nutrients that an organism cannot synthesize on its own and must obtain through diet. These include essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.

Digestion occurring within the cells of an organism. Single-celled organisms often utilize this method by breaking down food inside their cell walls.

Digestion occurring outside the cells of an organism, within a specialized digestive cavity. This is common in multicellular organisms, allowing for the breakdown of larger food sources.

A property that arises from the interactions of a system's components, and cannot be predicted just by studying the components in isolation.

The hierarchy of life, from the smallest units (molecules) to the largest (ecosystems), where each level builds upon the previous.

The four elements that make up over 95% of the human body mass are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in partial charges.

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative atom in another molecule (often oxygen or nitrogen).

Four key properties of water that are essential for life: cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and evaporative cooling.

Adenosine triphosphate. A high-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy currency for cells. Used to power many cellular processes.

Large, complex molecules made up of smaller subunits called monomers. Four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.