Biology Themes and Chemistry Overview

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Questions and Answers

What defines an emergent property in biology?

  • An observable trait that solely exists at the molecular level.
  • The ability of a complex system to exhibit properties greater than the sum of its parts. (correct)
  • A feature that can be replicated in isolation without interaction with other parts.
  • A characteristic that is only present at a specific level of organization.

Which sequence correctly orders the levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex?

  • Tissues, Molecules, Cells, Ecosystems, Organisms
  • Organisms, Cells, Molecules, Tissues, Ecosystems
  • Cells, Molecules, Tissues, Organisms, Ecosystems
  • Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organisms, Ecosystems (correct)

Which four elements make up more than 95% of the body mass of a human?

  • Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Carbon
  • Carbon, Nitrogen, Argon, Hydrogen
  • Iron, Magnesium, Sodium, Oxygen
  • Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (correct)

What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons unequally, leading to partial charges?

<p>Polar covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are hydrogen bonds related to the properties of water?

<p>They hold together water molecules and contribute to surface tension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

<p>The linear sequence of amino acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is classified as a polymer made up of monomers?

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects nucleotides in nucleic acids?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is cellular respiration primarily categorized as?

<p>Exergonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes substrate-level phosphorylation?

<p>Occurs during glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body, which includes which of the following?

<p>Essential amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the alimentary canal is primarily responsible for absorption?

<p>Small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of digestion do nutrients directly enter cells without passing through the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Intracellular digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'double circulation' in mammals refers to which of the following?

<p>Blood flow through two distinct circuits: systemic and pulmonary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory digestive structure produces bile to aid in fat digestion?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do secondary and tertiary protein structures depend on primary structure?

<p>They arise from interactions in the primary structure's amino acid sequence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do herbivores primarily differ from carnivores in their digestive systems?

<p>Herbivores have specialized fermentation chambers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

<p>All cells possess ribosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>Synthesizing proteins due to ribosome presence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from passive transport?

<p>Facilitated diffusion involves specific proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>It requires ATP to transport ions against their concentration gradient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream?

<p>Endocrine signaling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does tonicity affect cell water movement?

<p>Tonicity influences the direction of water movement in relation to solute concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transmembrane proteins in cell signaling?

<p>Transmitting signals from outside the cell to the inside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes signal transduction?

<p>The process by which a cell responds to external signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages of cell signaling?

<p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tropic hormones from non-tropic hormones?

<p>Tropic hormones influence other hormone-producing glands, while non-tropic hormones act directly on target organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones regarding their cellular pathways?

<p>Lipid-soluble hormones can readily pass through cell membranes, while water-soluble hormones cannot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does negative feedback play in regulatory pathways?

<p>It stabilizes physiological processes by counteracting changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is true?

<p>ATP is primarily used for endergonic processes within cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the organelle where glycolysis occurs?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cell

A simple cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Found in bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic Cell

A complex cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Plasma Membrane

A selectively permeable barrier that encloses the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.

Cytosol

The jelly-like fluid inside the cell where many chemical reactions occur.

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Ribosomes

Tiny structures responsible for protein synthesis.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid/steroid synthesis (smooth ER).

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

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Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane without requiring energy. Moves from high concentration to low.

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Transmembrane Proteins

Proteins that span the cell membrane, acting as channels, pumps, or receptors to facilitate communication and transport.

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Signal Transduction

The process of converting an extracellular signal (e.g., hormone) into a specific intracellular response.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, transported through the bloodstream to target cells with specific receptors, triggering various physiological responses.

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Reception

The initial step of cell signaling where the target cell detects the signal molecule by binding to a specific receptor protein.

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Transduction

The conversion of the signal into a form that can trigger a specific response within the cell.

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Response

The specific cellular reaction triggered by the signal, ranging from gene expression changes to enzyme activation.

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Catabolic Process

A metabolic pathway that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

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Anabolic Process

A metabolic pathway that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

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Exergonic Reactions

Reactions that release energy, often accompanied by the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones.

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Endergonic Reactions

Reactions that require energy input to proceed. These often involve building up complex molecules from simpler ones.

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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, generating ATP. Happens during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process where electrons are passed down an electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis. Occurs in the mitochondria.

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Heterotrophs' Food Dependence

Heterotrophs must consume food for two main reasons: 1) They lack the ability to synthesize their own food (like photosynthesis) and 2) they need energy and building blocks from organic molecules.

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Essential Nutrients

Nutrients that an organism cannot synthesize on its own and must obtain through diet. These include essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.

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Intracellular Digestion

Digestion occurring within the cells of an organism. Single-celled organisms often utilize this method by breaking down food inside their cell walls.

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Extracellular Digestion

Digestion occurring outside the cells of an organism, within a specialized digestive cavity. This is common in multicellular organisms, allowing for the breakdown of larger food sources.

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Emergent Property

A property that arises from the interactions of a system's components, and cannot be predicted just by studying the components in isolation.

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Levels of Biological Organization

The hierarchy of life, from the smallest units (molecules) to the largest (ecosystems), where each level builds upon the previous.

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What are the 4 most abundant elements in the human body?

The four elements that make up over 95% of the human body mass are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in partial charges.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative atom in another molecule (often oxygen or nitrogen).

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Emergent Properties of Water

Four key properties of water that are essential for life: cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and evaporative cooling.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. A high-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy currency for cells. Used to power many cellular processes.

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Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules made up of smaller subunits called monomers. Four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Themes of Biology

  • Emergent properties are characteristics of a system that are not predictably obvious from its components
  • Biological organization levels from smallest to largest include: molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
  • Chapter 1 includes classifying biological organization in sequence

Unit 1: Chapter 2 - Chemistry

  • Living matter is primarily composed of four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (make up >95% of human body mass)
  • Bonds are formed based on electronegativity differences, creating polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds
  • Polar bonds form due to differing electronegativity; polar molecules have partial charges
  • Hydrogen bonds form between partially charged molecules.

Unit 1: Chapter 2 - Water

  • Polar covalent bonds in water molecules are due to electronegativity differences
  • Partial charges in water molecules create hydrogen bonds
  • Hydrogen bonding results in emergent properties of water crucial for life (high specific heat, cohesive strength, high boiling point, universal solvent) - these are exemplified as water's properties affecting life

Unit 1: Chapter 4 - Carbon

  • ATP is a critical molecule in biology. It stores and releases energy efficiently

Unit 2: Chapter 7 - Membranes

  • Membrane proteins have diverse functions.
  • Lipid bilayers are selectively permeable.
  • Solute net diffusion direction is predicted from higher to lower concentrations across a semipermeable membrane

Unit 2: Chapter 11- Cellular Communication

  • Cells signal for various reasons.
  • Paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling differ in the distance of signaling.
  • Signaling includes three stages: reception, transduction, and response.
  • Signaling involves the interactions between cells and molecules.

Unit 2: Chapter 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System

  • Hormones activate intracellular responses through reception, transduction, and response.
  • Hormones function in pathways.
  • Neurosecretory cells communicate with hormone pathways like the hypothalamus.

Unit 2: Chapter 48 - Nervous System

  • The nervous system includes the CNS (central) and PNS (peripheral) with differing functions.
  • Nervous system functions include sensory input, integration, and motor output.
  • Differences among sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are detailed.

Unit 2: Chapter 50- The Senses

  • Reception, transduction, transmission, and perception are basic components of sensory systems.
  • Sensory receptor cells in reception and transduction initiate signals via membrane potential changes
  • Sensory stimulus results in action potential frequency fluctuations.
  • Key receptor types are categorized by sensed stimuli

Unit 3: Chapter 8 - Metabolism

  • Catabolic and anabolic processes are defined, along with their role in energy transfer.
  • Energy is transferred within biological systems, and Gibbs free energy can be predicted for reactions
  • ATP cycles in the context of exergonic and endergonic reactions are described
  • Enzymes are factors in chemical reactions, and their role is significant in cellular functions.

Unit 3: Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration

  • Four steps of aerobic respiration including glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are described.
  • Subcellular locations and roles of reactants and products are analyzed through this process
  • Energy production methods are explained.

Unit 3: Chapter 41 - Nutrition and Digestion

  • Heterotrophs obtain their energy from consuming food.
  • Macronutrients and micronutrients are distinguished.
  • Intracellular digestions in single-celled and multi-cellular organism are contrasted.
  • Surface area and its importance for digestive processes are discussed within a tube-like anatomy of the alimentary canal

Unit 3: Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange

  • The animal's size correlates to surface area; volume is key in gas exchange for bigger animals.
  • Components of the vertebrate circulatory system and their variations are listed.
  • The advantages of double circulation and the path of blood flow are explained.
  • Gas exchange in lungs, valves in heart are detailed and cardiac cycle is examined.
  • Capillaries and their roles and blood components are detailed

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