Bio Lab Study Guide PDF

499626 **Plant Biology** 1. **Perfect (bisexual) flower organs:** Pistil and stamen. 2. **Pollination's importance:** Transports pollen grains to the female part of the flower. 3. **Xylem vs. Phloem functions:** - Xylem: Water & minerals (root to tip). - Phloem: Sugars (both directions). 4. **Sp...

499626 **Plant Biology** 1. **Perfect (bisexual) flower organs:** Pistil and stamen. 2. **Pollination's importance:** Transports pollen grains to the female part of the flower. 3. **Xylem vs. Phloem functions:** - Xylem: Water & minerals (root to tip). - Phloem: Sugars (both directions). 4. **Split-stem flower experiment:** Not all petals take up dye; results: half red, half blue. 5. **Baking soda in water experiment:** Produces more bubbles due to CO₂ promoting photosynthesis. 6. **Dark cloth effect:** Blocks sunlight, preventing photosynthesis. 7. **Why plants need xylem and phloem:** - Xylem: Transports water/minerals. - Phloem: Transports sugars. 8. **Leaf with aluminum foil:** No photosynthesis (requires light). 9. **Dioecious plant species advantage/disadvantage:** - Advantage: Promotes genetic diversity. - Disadvantage: Needs both male & female plants for reproduction. 10. **Can seeds photosynthesize?** No, they use stored nutrients (endosperm/cotyledon). --- ### **Animal Biology (Farm Animals)** 11. **Ruminants on Cook Farm:** Sheep, goats, cattle. 12. **Animal most similar to humans (digestive system):** Pigs. 13. **Ruminant digestion (rumen):** Microbes ferment/digest fibers. 14. **Digestion at room temp:** No, ruminant digestion requires internal temp (~38°C). 15. **Why ruminant digestion is anaerobic:** Microbes (methanogens) work in oxygen-free environments. 16. **Balloon experiment (hot plate):** Warm beaker produces gas; room temp doesn't. --- ### **Environmental Impact & Sustainability** 17. **Do cow farts contribute to global warming?** - Yes, methane increases greenhouse gases.  - Farmers improve feed to reduce emissions. Methane decays faster than CO₂. 18. **Methane production in horses:** Lower than ruminants due to less efficient fermentation. --- ### **Pig Biology** 19. **Pig digestive system:** Monogastric and omnivores (similar to humans). 20. **Pigs sweating:** Sweat differently; cool in mud. 21. **Newborn piglets:** Can't regulate temperature; need heat lamps. 22. **Oxytocin in animals:** Found in sows; aids milk release. --- ### **Goats, Sheep, and Cattle** 23. **Digestive system:** Ruminants (one stomach, four compartments). 24. **What goats eat:** Low-quality feed (hay/cellulose). Microbes digest it. 25. **Twins in goats:** Common in small ruminants. 26. **Fermenters classification:** Foregut fermenters. 27. **Pizza for ruminants?** No! Causes acidosis, killing microbes and the animal. --- ### **Horse Biology** 28. **Horse digestion:** Hindgut fermenters (fermentation in large intestine). 29. **Hay quality for horses:** Higher than for ruminants. 30. **How horses eat:** Use lips to select grass. 31. **Foals and twins:** Usually one foal; twins often result in complications. 32. **Castrated male horse:** Gelding. --- ### **Neurobiology** 33. **Cerebral cortex lobes:** Frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal. 34. **Reflex arc neurons:** Sensory, interneuron, motor. 35. **Sensory adaptation benefit:** Blocks out background stimuli. 36. **Reaction time order:** Stimulus → Receptor → Integration → Effector → Response. 37. **Reaction time practice:** Speeds up nerve conduction. 38. **Knee jerk reflex:** No consciousness required (bypasses brain). 39. **Example of sensory adaptation:** Getting used to a stinky room. --- ### **Miscellaneous** 40. **Colorblindness myth:** Not true; it's hereditary. 41. **Density of touch receptors:** Higher density = smaller distance. 42. **Two-point threshold:** Smaller for fingertips (higher receptor density).