Final Cumulative List Fall 2024 PDF

EXAM ONE: Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,7 1) Basic chemistry a. Difference between polar covalent, non-polar covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals interactions. b. What makes a molecule polar vs non-polar. c. Hydrophilic versus hydrophobic molecul...

EXAM ONE: Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,7 1) Basic chemistry a. Difference between polar covalent, non-polar covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals interactions. b. What makes a molecule polar vs non-polar. c. Hydrophilic versus hydrophobic molecules – how do these interact with water. 2) CLPN macromolecules: function and composition of monomer subunits 3) Different levels of Protein structure a. primary, secondary and tertiary. b. Significance of R groups interactions on tertiary structure. 4) Difference between hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. 5) Fluid mosaic model a. Relate plasma membrane structure as described by the fluid mosaic model to membrane permeability (e.g. saturated versus unsaturated lipids altering the permeability of the lipid bilayer) b. Relate plasma membrane structure to chemistry of plasma membrane proteins. 6) Osmosis and diffusion: outcome when cells placed in hypotonic or hypertonic solutions 7) Know the central dogma and apply it to sickle cell and normal hemoglobin. EXAM II: Chapters 6 & 8 Cells Unit 1) Know difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2) Know the difference between plant and animal cells Enzyme Basics 1) Know that enzymes lower energy of activation and therefore speed up reactions but do not get used up in reactions. Energetics- Introduction to metabolism 1) Cells manage energy by coupling energy released from exergonic reactions (hydrolysis, catabolic, -∆G) with endergonic reactions (dehydration/condensation, anabolic, +∆G) 2) The ATP cycle enables coupling. Exam III: Chapters 9,10,12,13 8) Know overall equations for Cellular Respiration and photosynthesis; what gets oxidized and reduced and when during process. Most questions on photosynthesis and cellular respiration are true/false. a. Red lines show cellular respiration: opposite of photosynthesis when simplified as a redox reaction.  Photosynthesis: Redox Process 9) Summary of Cellular Respiration: Oxidation reduction = redox reactions; Exergonic, catabolic reaction. a. Know equation: glucose oxidized; oxygen reduced b. Glucose oxidized: stripping of high energy electrons (from photosynthesis originally) to electron capture system – NADH and FADH2- to electron transport chain; energy transferred to make ATP. c. Oxygen reduced to water: final electron acceptor at end of electron transport chain. d. Glucose completely oxidized to carbon dioxide at end of citric acid cycle. Summary: Approximate ATP Yield during Cellular Respiration SUMMARY OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Electron transport chain Oxidative H+ H+ phosphorylation + Electrons H+ H H+ H+ H+ H+ + H+ H H+ H+ H+ 6 NADH 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 FADH2 24 H+ + 12 H2O 6 O2 GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE PROCESSING CITRIC Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA ACID 4 CO2 25 ADP CYCLE + 25 Pi 2 CO2 2 ATP 25 ATP 2 ATP Maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose: 29 Cytosol Mitochondrial matrix 10)Photosynthesis: Overview 11)Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Feature Mitosis Meiosis Number of cell divisions Number of chromosomes in daughter cells compared with parent cell Synapsis of homologs Makeup of chromosomes in daughter cells Role in organism life cycle EXAM IV- Chapters 14,15, 16 NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE 1) DNA vs RNA structure. 2) DNA replication, semiconservative replication Genetics: a diploid individual can only have two alleles of any given gene (one from mom and one from dad) on a homologous pair (XY exception). 3) Sex linked traits mostly carried on X chromosome; Y chromosome has little information; males greater chance of inheriting genetic conditions/diseases if they are sex-linked; autosomal traits carried on chromosomes 1-22 (humans) 4) General genetic problems with dominant & recessive alleles, heterozygote, homozygote implications. Below is an approximate breakdown of the questions by chapters/topics There are approximately 75 questions (some have multiple parts). You have 2 hours to complete the exam. Multiple choice True/False Matching Genomics/Biotech Ch 3 2 20,21 Ch 19 Virus 13 2 Ch18 Gene Regulation 8 3 1 Ch 17 Gene Expression 6 (Explode the Code) Ch 16 Molecular 3 inheritance Ch 14 & 15 3 2 1 Genetics/Chromosomal Inheritance Ch 12 & 13 Cell 2 1 Cycle/Mitosis Meiosis Ch 8,9,10 Metabolism, 8 5 Aerobic Respiration, Photosynthesis Ch 7 Membranes 4 Ch 6 Cells 2 Ch 2,3,4,5, basic 3 1 3 chemistry & macromolecules