1103 Lecture Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

1103 Lecture Final Exam Study Guide List the steps of the Scientific Method. Be able to apply the Scientific Method to an experimental situation. Be able to define independent and dependent variables in a described experiment What is CHON? What is the most abundant element in living t...

1103 Lecture Final Exam Study Guide List the steps of the Scientific Method. Be able to apply the Scientific Method to an experimental situation. Be able to define independent and dependent variables in a described experiment What is CHON? What is the most abundant element in living things? What one element do ALL organic molecules contain (HINT: it is one of the above in CHON)? Know the charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons and know whether not they have mass (one is has negligible mass). Determine the number of protons, neutrons, electrons an element has if provided with information from the periodic table (atomic number and atomic mass). How are valence electrons assigned in elements (the octet rule with neutral elements)? What happens if an atom/element’s outer valence shell is not full (are they stable or unstable)? What is an isotope? What is the difference between a molecule and a compound? Be able to identify each if given the formula. What is an isomer (HINT: look at Ch 3 for this answer)? Understand the difference between ionic and covalent bonding. Which types of bonds share electrons and which ones do not? What happens when an element receives an electron? What happens when an element gives up an electron? What happens when electrons are shared unequally? Are electrons every shared equally? What is a hydrogen bond? What molecules participate in hydrogen bonding? Are hydrogen bonds strong or easily broken? Be able to describe the properties of water (i.e.: hydrogen bonding, high heat capacity, high heat of evaporation, that it is a good solvent, adhesion and cohesion). Be able to explain what happens with polar substances if placed in water (i.e.: NaCl [salt]). How does water travel through the vasculature of plants? What is an acidic pH? A basic pH? What is neutral pH? What keeps the pH within its normal limits? How are organic molecules formed? How are they broken down? What is lost and gained during these reactions, respectively (HINT: it is in the slides like 1,000 times!)? Review your Organic Molecule Chart (4 Biomolecules/macromolecules). You will need to know: a) The elements that make up each of the macromolecules (structure) b) Monomers (building blocks) for each c) Polymer for each d) Examples of each e) Functions for each Review the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats (lipids) Review the different organizational levels of proteins (i.e.: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure)  What are the 3 properties of enzymes? What are substrates? How do enzymes bind with their substrates (where)? What factors can affect the functional abilities of enzymes? Do enzymes operate at all pH’s? What are difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Review the homework that required you to identify the different organelles and their functions within a eukaryotic cell (the plant and animal cell worksheet. What is the plasma membrane composed of? How many layers is it? How is it arranged (where are the heads and tails oriented)? What does hydrophobic mean? Hydrophilic? Which portions of the plasma membrane are hydrophobic and which are hydrophilic? What types of molecules can freely pass through the plasma membrane? How do these molecules move (the direction of their concentration gradient)? Does this movement require the use of energy? What if a molecule is too big to cross the plasma membrane, how do these molecules get in and out of the cell? Are channel proteins, carrier proteins, and cell-recognition proteins specific for the molecules that they transport? Do they require the use of energy to move molecules? When is energy required to move molecules? Define endocytosis and exocytosis. Understand the process of diffusion and what factors can affect the rate of diffusion (i.e.: temperature). Be able to define osmosis. What is a hypotonic, an isotonic, and a hypertonic solution? What is a solvent and a solute? How would a hypertonic solution affect a plant cell and an animal cell (i.e.: which way is water moving and will the cell shrink or expand)? What about a hypotonic solution effects on a plant and an animal cell? Understand the difference between kinetic and potential energy. Understand and be able to describe the 2 laws of thermodynamics. Is energy conversion 100% efficient? What happens to the remaining energy that is not converted? Know the equation for photosynthesis. Where does photosynthesis occur? Where do plants get the necessary material for photosynthesis to occur? Know the materials that go into the light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin Cycle) reactions and what products are made. How is solar energy absorbed in the chloroplasts? Why are plants green? Review your photosynthesis worksheet. Know the equation for cellular respiration. Review your cellular respiration chart. For each of the 4 stages, you will need to know: a. The starting materials for each stage b. Where the stage occurs within the cell c. What is produced at the end of each stage d. If ATP is produced, and if so, how many ATPs are made What are the differences between DNA and RNA? Which scientists are involved in the discovery of DNA’s double helix? Name the types of RNA that are involved in transcription and translation. Be able to describe the process of transcription (DNA to mRNA). What enzymes are involved in transcription? Where does transcription occur? What is a codon? Be able to read a codon table and determine the sequence of a polypeptide based on the mRNA sequence. Be able to transcribe the DNA into mRNA if given the DNA sequence. Where does translation occur? Be able to describe the process of translation and the function of the E, P, and A sites of the ribosome. What is an anticodon? What does the tRNA do? How many amino acids are there? How is translation stopped? Describe the pathway message that encodes for a protein (an mRNA) would take from the nuclear pore to being released from the cell. Be sure to name the structures involved and their jobs in the process of mRNA → protein → protein released.  What is biotechnology? What are the basic steps involved in biotechnology? a) What is a restriction enzyme and what does it do? b) What is PCR? c) What are plasmids? Describe CRISPR a) Where did CRISPR come from? b) Are there risks? Know that US agriculture products are genetically modified (and have been for quite a while). What are some common concerns of the general public about GMO’s? Are other organisms (not plants) also genetically modified? Be able to read a gel picture and determine the source of a crime. What is the charge of DNA? Do large or small DNA fragments move faster down a gel? Review the 2 major stages of the cell cycle (interphase and mitosis) and know the steps that occur in each stage. Be able to identify the different stages of mitosis via microscopic pics. What are the differences in mitosis between plants and animal cells? What is apoptosis and when does it occur? What happens when apoptosis does not occur as it should? Be able to differentiate between the characteristics of benign and malignant tumors. What is haploid? Diploid? How many sets of chromosomes do we have as humans? Total number of chromosomes? What are homologous chromosomes? What is meiosis and when does it occur? Does meiosis occur in all cells? Be able to describe the different stages of meiosis (for both meiosis I and II). When does synapsis/crossing over occur? Does the DNA replicate after Meiosis I? What is independent assortment and the law of segregation? Who proposed these two theories? What happens when meiosis does not occur normally? What is nondisjunction? What are some genetic disorders affiliated with chromosomal nondisjunction? Be able to define P1, F1, and F2. Be able to determine the outcome of a cross if given the genotype of the mating pair or a Punnett square. What are alleles? What is heterozygous? Homozygous? What are recessive and dominant traits? Understand the difference between genotype and phenotype. Be able to determine if the genetic disorder is an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked (x-linked).