Biology Review Questions Exam #3 PDF

**[Review Questions Exam \#3, Biology 112-17, -18, -19]** 1\) What is ATP? 2\) Recognize the structure of ATP. 3\) How much energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed? 4\) What is a reduction reaction? What is oxidation reaction? How do you recognize each is a "RedOx reaction"? 5\) What is anabo...

**[Review Questions Exam \#3, Biology 112-17, -18, -19]** 1\) What is ATP? 2\) Recognize the structure of ATP. 3\) How much energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed? 4\) What is a reduction reaction? What is oxidation reaction? How do you recognize each is a "RedOx reaction"? 5\) What is anabolism? What is catabolism? 6\) What is a metabolic pathway? 7\) What is a enzymatic substrate? What is an active site? 8\) What is a cofactor? What is a coenzyme? How do they differ? 9\) What is an allosteric site? 10\) What are the two ways that enzymes are activated that need a cofactor? 11\) What is an apoenzyme? What is a holoenzyme? 12\) What are the environmental factors that affect the optimal activity in an enzyme? 13\) What is enzymatic saturation? What happens to enzyme activity when an overabundance of substrate is present? 14\) What is enzyme denaturation? 15\) What is an enzymatic inhibitor? What is the difference between the way a competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor works? 16\) What is feedback inhibition in a pathway? 17\) What is the general structure of NAD+? What is the function of NAD+? NADH? 18\) What is the microanatomy and structure of a mitochondria? 19\) What is the evidence for the endosymbiote theory? 20\) What is the exact equation for respiration? 21\) Glucose loses hydrogens in respiration to give off CO2 as a waste gas. What kind of reaction is this? 22\) O2 gains hydrogens in respiration to become water. What kind of reaction is this? 23\) Where does glycolysis take place? In eukaryotes? In prokaryotes? 24\) Where does the Kreb's Cycle take place? In eukaryotes? In prokaryotes? 25\) Where does the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis take place? In eukaryotes? In prokaryotes? 26\) What is the chemical goal of glycolysis? The Kreb's Cycle? The E.T.C.? 27\) What is substrate level phosphorylation? 28\) What happens in the preparatory phase of glycolysis? 29\) What happens in the energy conserving stage of glycolysis? 30\) What is pyruvate and how do you recognize its structure? 31\) How many ATPs and NADHs are made in glycolysis? 32\) Does glycolysis work without oxygen? The Kreb's Cycle? E.T.C.? 33\) What does anaerobic and aerobic mean? What is an obligate anaerobe? What is a facultative anaerobe? What is an obligate aerobe? 34\) What Is Coenzyme-A? What is its general structure? What is its function? 35\) What is an acetyl? Where does it come from? Why is it important? What is acetyl Coenzyme-A? 36\) What happens to the pyruvate from glycolysis? 37\) What is the overall purpose of the Kreb's cycle? 38\) What happens to the carbons from pyruvate when they enter the Kreb's cycle? Why are they needed? 39\) What is citric acid? Why it the Kreb's cycle also known as the citric acid cycle? 40\) What are the products of the citric acid cycle? Why are they important? Be able to describe what is going on in the Krebs cycle. 41\) What happens during the Electron Transport Chain? What is its point? Its function? 42\) What is the Proton Motive Force? What is the ATP synthase? What is chemiosmosis? 43\) What happens to NADH in the E.T.C.? What art the fates of the protons (hydrogens) and electrons? 44\) What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? 45\) Recognize the various redox steps in the ETC 46\) What toxins affect the ETC and block it up? 47\) How many ATPs are made per glucose? 48\) What organic molecules can be used to generate cellular energy 49\) When does fermentation occur? What is fermentation? 50\) What is lactic acid fermentation? What is alcoholic fermentation? 51\) What is carbon fixation? 52\) What is the microanatomy and structure of a chloroplast? 53\) What is the exact equation for photosynthesis? 54\) What are the light reactions? What are the dark reactions? When do they take place and what are their purposes? 55\) Why are plants green? What is the function of plant pigments? Where in the spectrum do chlorophyll's absorb? 57\) What happens in the light reaction? Where do they take place? Why is water so important to the light rxns? 58\) What is the role of light in the light rxns? What is it doing? 59\) What is the function of photosystem II? Photosystem I? 60\) What is pheophytin? Grana? Thylakoid? Stroma? What is resonance transfer? What is a reaction center? 61\) What method is used to isolate pigments? 62\) What is a synergistic effect? Does red or far red light work better to activate photosynthesis? 63\) What is the point of the Calvin cycle? Why is it a cycle? What is made there? What method was used to track down the intermediates in the Calvin cycle? 64\) What is a stomata? 65\) What is transpiration? 66\) What is diploid? Haploid? 67\) What are gametes, somatic cells, a zygote? 69\) What is chromatin? How do visible chromosomes and chromatin differ? 70\) What are G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle? What is interphase? What happens during these phases? Why does "G" stand for "Gap"?