Bio Exam 3 Review PDF

Energy transfer lecture [Worksheet] C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP **What is the relationship between breathing (a.k.a. respiration) and cellular respiration?** **What three major taxonomic groups photosynthesize?** Plants, algae, cyanobacteria **Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis. Do the...

Energy transfer lecture [Worksheet] C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP **What is the relationship between breathing (a.k.a. respiration) and cellular respiration?** **What three major taxonomic groups photosynthesize?** Plants, algae, cyanobacteria **Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis. Do they have chloroplasts? What is the relationship between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts? Think in terms of the endosymbiont theory.** **What is the chemical equation that highlights the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?** C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⇌ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP [More about energy transfer] Energy = hydrolysis of ADP to ATP, used to power pretty much everything Photosynthesis = chloroplasts CO2 is reduced or "fixed" to glucose, and its reduction requires energy from electrons taken from H2O  Aight this is a bitch to explain so im gonna *ee* er *ee* er *ee* er break it down fo ya 1. 2. a. 3. b. i. ii. iii. 1. 2. a. iv. 3. b. c. v. 4. 5. d. vi. 6. vii. 7. 8. e. c. viii. ix. x. 9. 10. xi. 11. 12. 13. 14. Mitosis vs Meiosis [Compare and contrast] **Mitosis** Purpose: - - - - - Process: - - - **Meiosis** Purpose: - - - - - Process: - - - - Sexual Reproduction Costs Parents only transmit half of their genome Requires finding an appropriate mate Breaks up favorable allelic combinations Risk of contracting sexually-transmitted disease Why did sex evolve? Meiosis produces variation! Think of tasmanian devil facial tumor disease Key Differences Recap: - - - - Diagram of each: Interphase: - Prophase: - - - - Metaphase: - - Anaphase: - - Telophase: - Cytokinesis: - -  Essentially goes through mitosis twice Enables independent assortment of genetic material The determination of which chromosomes end up where is totally random, so that allows for natural variation in a gene pool-- biological diversity! Keep in mind that interphase only happens ONCE, at the beginning of Meiosis I Its literally the exact same thing as mitosis Prophase I: - - - - - - Metaphase I: - - Anaphase I: - Telophase I: - Prophase II: - Metaphase II: - Anaphase II: - Telophase II - Cytokinesis! Okay i figured out the haploid and diploid shit i always mix up  1. 2. 3. a. Sister chromatids are IDENTICAL Homologous chromosomes have one half from each parent A *chromosome* is one half of a homologous chromosome Diploid vs Haploid: Diploid has TWO sets of genetic info in ONE homologous chromosome pair Haploid has ONE set of genetic info in single copies of each chromosome For example, in all cells, humans have 23 PAIRS of chromosomes, meaning there are 46 total individual chromosomes. One set, or one half of each pair is inherited from each parent However, in gametes (spermy wormy, eggo waffle) they are HAPLOID, so they only have ONE set of chromosomes. This is 23 INDIVIDUAL chromosomes, not pairs. Look back at the final stage of meiosis II- each of the four daughter cells have half of the chromosomes- the other half is obtained from either mommy or daddy (that was horrendous, i apologize) So when the parents... yeah... the half becomes a whole set of chromosomes **Mitosis**: Parent cells have 2n = 46, offspring have 2n = 46 (stays 2n = 46 the entire time) **Meiosis**: Parent cells have 2n = 46, meiosis II starts with n = 23, offspring have n = 23 How many combinations can be made / recombination frequency For any species, \# possible combinations is 2n n represents the haploid number 2ⁿ = 2² = 4 Human gamete? Diploid number = 46 chromosomes... what is n? 2n = 2\^23 → 8 million combinations When two humans shaboink, how many combinations are possible? 64 trillion combinations! (not including crossover) Diversity of life If prokaryotes and protists disappeared, we'd all be dead! Both are the base of the food chain \> 30% photosynthetic activity (important carbon fixers) Over half of the earth's organic matter Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Kingdoms: Fungi, Plants, Animals, Protists (sort of Phylogeny recaaaaap:  BACTERIAAAA BOW BOW BOOOOWWWW Nearly all bacterial cells have cell wall (maintains shape and protects the cell) Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan (Different from cell walls in eukaryotes) The Gram stain: Penicillin targets peptidoglycan, so it wouldn't work on gram negative bacteria! Tetracycline, however, targets ribosomes, so it works PROTISTSSSSS POW POW POOOOOWWWW Eukaryotes Most often unicellular Technically not an animal, plant, or fungus Review parasites in each taxon FUNGIIIII WOW WOW WOOOOWWWWWWW What traits do fungi and animals share? 1. 2. Fungi are diverse and widespread (\~1.5 million spp; 100,000 described) They are essential for decomposition Mycorrhizal fungi: form mutualisms with plants Origin of Life [Geologic Timescales] Years Event -------------- -------------------------------------------- 4.6 BYA Earth formed 3.5 BYA First life 2.7 BYA Oxygen accumulation in the atmosphere 1.8 BYA First eukaryotes Mesozoic era "Age of the Gymnosperm" (and the dinosaur) Cenozoic era "Age of the Angiosperm" (and the mammal) What period did land plants evolve? Ordovician: 488 million years ago, small plants emerged on land and diversified Plaaaaaaaaaaaaantssssssssssssssss Cuticle: waxy covering of the epidermis Stomata Cellulose and Lignin- structural support in cell walls Vascular tissue (transport, sugar, water, and nutrients) Mycorrhizal fun guy Protected embryos First land plants: bryophytes? Lmao Ohh its moss Ferns Fossil fuels  0.01 MYA - Holocene, historical time Pleistocene, Ice ages, humans appear Eocene - angiosperm dominance 66 MYA - paleocene, major speciation of mammals, birds, and pollinating insects Jurassic - dinosaurs Triassic - Gymnosperms Carboniferous - Extensive forests of vascular plants, first seed plants, origin of reptiles, amphibians become dominant (ferns and fossil fuels) Ordovician - Marine algaes abundant, colonization of land by diverse fungi, plants, and animals 541 MYA Origin of most living animal phyla (Cambrian explosion) 1.8 BYA Oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells 3.5 BYA Oldest fossils of cells (prokaryotes) 4.6 BYA Earth origin Climate change vid Movie Case studies from earlier units **Protists** Plasmodium (malaria) Toxoplasmosis Brain-eating amoebas Chestnut Blight and the American chestnut Fungal pathogen Emerged 1904 Trees imported from Japan 1930s: 36% of trees in eastern US 1993: 0.5% Genetic engineering: Adding wheat gene