Criminological Research 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics) Past Paper PDF 2024-2025

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited...

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM) Course Criminological Research 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics) Sem/AY First Semester/2024-2025 Module No. 1 Lesson Title Fundamental of Criminological Research Week Week 2 and 3 Duration Date August 29-30 and September 5-6, 2024 Description This lesson will discuss the overview of research and its importance of research in the of the field of criminal justice and criminal investigation. Enclosed herein is the discussion of Lesson concept of research gap and types of research gap. Learning Outcomes Intended Students will have to meet the following intended learning outcomes: Learning Explain the concept of research Outcomes Explain the concept of literature review in research Identify and explain the kinds of research gaps Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students will have to: Objectives Discuss the purpose of research Apply the proper citation of literature review in research Identify the research gap of the chosen study Student Learning Strategies Online A. Synchronous Online Learning via Zoom Activities ✓ You will be directed to attend in a Three-hour class discussion. (Synchronous/ ✓ To have access to the Online Discussion, link will be forwarded before the scheduled date and time. Asynchronous) ✓ Assessment tasks will be online or onsite discussions. ✓ Assessments for performance tasks will be based on the rubric provided. (See provided rubric). ✓ For other instructions, refer to our Facebook Group. B. Asynchronous Online Learning via Google Classroom. ✓ Link of recorded video lectures with PowerPoint presentations, self-paced learning modules and other related information to the course will be uploaded via Google Classroom on or before the scheduled date and time as reflected in our Course Guide. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited ✓ Assessment tasks will be given during the online/onsite discussions. ✓ Assessments for performance tasks will be based on the rubrics provided. (See provided rubrics). ✓ For other instructions, refer to our Facebook Group and see the schedule of activities for this module. C. Learning Guide Questions: 1. What is research? 2. What is criminological research? 3. What is research gap? 4. What are the types of research gap? Lecture Guide OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WHAT IS RESEARCH? - It refers to voyage of discovery of new knowledge. It comprises creating ideas and generating new knowledge that leads to new and improved insights and the development of new materials, devices, products, and processes. Moreover, Research is a scientific approach to answering a research question, solving a research problem, or generating new knowledge through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and analysis of data to make research findings useful in decision-making. Where did the Research come from? - The word ‘research’ perhaps originates from the old French word “recerchier” which meant to ‘search again.’ It implicitly assumes Offline that the earlier search was not exhaustive and complete; hence, a repeated search is called for. Activities - In practice, ‘research’ refers to a scientific process of generating an (e-Learning/ unexplored horizon of knowledge, aiming at discovering or establishing Self-Paced) facts, solving a problem, and reaching a decision - Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines. - A scholarly activity (related to your education or academic journey) consists of addressing a specific problem through the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data (or scientific information or facts) What is criminological research? - A scholarly activity that is consists of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data to address problems on crime and criminology. - Criminological research lies at the heart of criminological theory, influences social policy development, as well as informs criminal justice practice. - Criminological research usually starts with the posing of a question or the addressing of a problem. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited - It may be a response to a specific problem, such as an apparent rise in a particular type of crime, or as a result of new criminal justice legislation. - It may be after reading an article, or reviewing the literature on a topic, a researcher believes there is a gap in the knowledge, or that previous research is wrong, or out of date. Why Research is important in Criminal Justice? Evidence-based practices serve an important role in the development and continued success of criminal justice policies and practices. Through use of research evidence, the criminal justice system can better understand the impact of various programs and develop targeted strategies. In the absence of these evidence-based practices, strategies are at a much higher risk of failing or even worsening a current situation. For criminal justice practitioners, successfully integrating this research into policy decisions can be accomplished in variety of ways. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH ❑ To solve a specific problem ❑ Provide basis for decision-making in any undertaking ❑ To improve the way people do things ❑ To test an existing theory (aka an idea or a set of principles that explains certain things/reality) ❑ To discover something new that was not known before ❑ To learn more about a certain topic of interest ❑ To complete our school/program requirement RESEARCH GAP Research gap is the unexplored part of a certain topic or problem. As a research is focused on a specific aspect of a certain topic, therefore other aspects or areas are not being explored. Those areas of the same topics that are not studied are the research gaps. Types of Research Gap Research gap may come in the form of the following (Miles, 2017); 1. Evidence Gap An evidence gap occurs with a provocative exception arises if a new research finding contradicts widely accepted conclusions. This gap involves contradictions in the findings of the prior research. It occurs if results from studies allow for conclusions in their own right, but are contradictory when examined from a more abstract point of view. The identification of contradictory evidence starts with analyzing each research stream. Subsequently, the results from these analyses need to be synthesized in order to reveal contradictory evidence [Müller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014]. 2. Knowledge Gap The knowledge gap is a common gap in the prior research. There are two settings where a knowledge gap (knowledge void) might occur. First, knowledge LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited may not exist in the actual field to theories and literature from related research domains. Second, it might be the case that results of a study differs from what was expected [Müller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014]. 3. Practical-Knowledge Gap This kind of gap tends to be a discrepancy that can motivate new research in this direction. A practical–knowledge (action-knowledge) conflict arises when the actual behavior of professionals is different from their advocated behavior. In this case, research could seek to determine the scope of the conflict and to uncover the reasons for its existence [Müller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014]. 4. Methodological Gap A methodological gap is the type of gap that deals with the conflict that occurs due to the influence of methodology on research results. This gap addresses the conflicts with the research methods in the prior studies and offers a new line of research that is divergent from those research methods. It is noted that it might be useful to vary research methods, especially if certain research topics have been mainly explored using a singular or common method [Müller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014]. 5. Empirical Gap An empirical gap is the type of gap that deals with gaps in the prior research. This conflict deals with the research findings or propositions need to be evaluated or empirically verified. For example, the empirical gap often addresses conflicts that no study to date has directly attempted to evaluate a subject or topic from an empirical approach [Müller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014]. 6. Theoretical Gap The theoretical gap is the type of gap that deals with the gaps in theory with the prior research. For example, if one phenomenon is being explained through various theoretical models, similar to a methodological gap conflict, there might be a theoretical conflict. Researchers and scholars could examine whether one of those theories is superior in terms of the gap in the prior research. Theoretical gaps are a common occurrence in examining prior research on a phenomenon [Müller- Bloch & Kranz, 2014]. 7. Population Gap A population gap is a common gap recognized among researchers. There are always underserved populations that have been under-researched. This gap is the type of research regarding the population that is not adequately represented or under-researched in the evidence base or prior research (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, age and etic) [Robinson, et al, 2011]. Establishing the gap of a research requires that researcher must conduct an extensive review of literatures related to the problem being studied. As common inquiry on a research presentation, one must justify the conduct of the study. Is there a need to study? This question seeks that the research proponent must clearly LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited establish what was lacking on previous researches. A repetition of previous researches render its originality void. THE LITERATURE REVIEW Literature is the body of knowledge that has been published about your topic (Wa-Mbaleka, 2019). Literature review in research is simply the process of critiquing or looking over again what other researchers have done in relation to the problem to be studied. This is one of the preliminary steps in the research process (Garcia, 2015). It comes after a researcher had identified a problem to be studied. The literature review is conducted in order to: a. Broaden the researcher’s knowledge base in the research area or topic; b. Ensure originality in the conduct of one’s study; c. Help the researcher in designing his proposed study; d. Provide the researcher insights on the strength and weaknesses of previous studies e. Provide findings and conclusions of past studies which can be used in supporting the results of one’s research, and f. Serve as basis for the researcher’s formulation of the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. In the literature review (RRL) part of the research paper, it comes in the form of related studies and related literature; ❑ Related Study – Studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is relate or has some bearing or similarity. They are materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations (published or unpublished) (Reyes, 2014). ❑ Related Literature – composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other publications (Reyes, 2014). Garcia (201) alternatively termed them as conceptual literature and research literature. Conceptual literature refers to ideas, concepts and theories propounded by experts as contained in books, periodicals and other standard reference. While research literature consists of empirical studies conducted by individuals and professionals on given research problem or topic. GUIDELINES IN DOING THE REVIEW Garcia (2015) suggests that in doing the review, you must; ❑ Go over the materials you have at home or in your own library ❑ Search for existing literature in your college library or learning resource center ❑ Prepare a working bibliography. Record all vital details concerning the books and researches you are to include in the working bibliography, like author, copyright date, title, publisher, place if publication and the like LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited ❑ Examine each material listed in your working bibliography. Decide which of those included in it shall be considered in the actual review of literature and studies. ❑ Record important details of what you have reviewed on a 3x5 index card or similar material. Leedy (2005) as cited in Garcia (2015) further added the following guidelines in making the literature review; ✓ The text of the review should be brief and to the point. To ensure brevity and conciseness, you have to summarize or paraphrase important points. Avoid direct quotation of the author’s ideas or results of the studies you reviewed. ✓ Have a plan on how you are to present the review. Prepare and outline before finally writing the review. This will insure coherence and unity of ideas to be presented. The problem you are going to work in can serve as your outline for discussion of related literature and studies that are relevant to your research objectives. ✓ Emphasize the relatedness of literature and studies reviewed. Keep the reader aware of the manner in which the literature you are discussing is related to your problem. Try to point out precisely what the relationship is. ✓ Review the literature; don’t reproduce it. Refrain from copying verbatim what the authors or researchers say. Critically review and discuss the literature in relation to your research work. PRESENTING THE REVIEW Review of literature may be presented in chronological, thematic/variable/factor and country of origin approach (Garcia, 2015). Chronological approach – RRL is presented according to the year when they were written. Its outline is; ✓ Introduction ✓ Recent Literature and studies ✓ Latest literature and studies ✓ Synthesis Variable/Factor/Thematic approach – literature and studies with the same findings or themes are grouped together. Its outline is; ✓ Introduction ✓ Literature and studies on variable 1 ✓ Literature and studies on variable 2 ✓ Synthesis Country of origin approach – literature and studies are categorized by the country where they came from. Its outline is; ✓ Introduction ✓ Foreign literature and studies ✓ Local literature and studies ✓ Synthesis LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited While there are many techniques to be used in presenting your literature in the research paper, the country of origin approach is usually the one used by most universities in the Philippines (Garcia, 2015). For the duration of this subject and to have a common standard, you will be required to present your literature review following the said approach in your research papers soon. Performance Tasks Performance Task 1 Directions: Write your discussion briefly based on your own understanding. 1. What is research? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is research gap and its importance? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain the types of research gap? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Understanding Directed Assess LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Rubric for Performance Task 1 RUBRICS FOR ESSAYS Criteria Score Content (There is substance in its content that reflects a good understanding 1 3 5 during discussion of the topic.) Relevance (The discussion is relevant and has focus to the topic.) 1 3 5 Arrangement of Ideas (Organized presentation of ideas.) 1 3 5 Total /15 Adopted from https://www.thegraidenetwork.com/blog-all/2017/5/18/using-rubrics-analytically-vs-holistically Learning Resources The main references of this lesson are the following: Chamberlain, M., & Chamberlain, J. M. (2013). Understanding Criminological Research: A Guide to Data Analysis. EBPSSOCIETY. (2019). A review of “use of research evidence by criminal justice professionals. https://www.ebpsociety.org/blog/education/367-use-of-research-evidence-by-cj-pr Hampshire College. (2023). What is Research. https://www.hampshire.edu/what-research iEduNote. (2023). Research; definition, statistics, goals approaches. https://www.iedunote.com/research-definition-characteristics-goals-approaches#what-is- research SAGE Publications. (n.d.). The research process. www.us.sagepub.com. https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-assets/44129_book_item_44129.pdf OHSU (n.d.). Historical research. www.clinfowiki.org. https://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Historical_research Wa-Mbaleka & Gladstone, 2018 Intellectual Property This module is for educational purpose only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293, which states, “The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes is not an infringement of copyright.” The unauthorized reproduction, use, and dissemination of this module, without joint consent of the authors and LSPU is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including appropriate administrative sanctions, civil, and criminall. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 (Research Methods with Applied Statistics)