Japanese Invasion of China PDF

Japanese Invasion of China a. Despite the United front, the well-equipped, modern Japanese armies swept south into the rest of China b. In just 1937 japanese troops attacked chinese troops at marco polo brice c. Was the start of a full scale war which lasted until 1945 Chia...

Japanese Invasion of China a. Despite the United front, the well-equipped, modern Japanese armies swept south into the rest of China b. In just 1937 japanese troops attacked chinese troops at marco polo brice c. Was the start of a full scale war which lasted until 1945 Chiang retreats to Sichuan a. By the start of 1938 there were 1 million japanese troops in china and by the end of the ear Japan had occupied most of China’s ports, industry, and commercial centers in the north and along the coast b. Chiang and the KMT retreats to Sichuan c. By the start of WWII in Equpits china had been virtually conquered Three Chinas? a. Chiang and the KMT based in Chongqing Authoritarian rule Use of secret police Da Li → head of secret police (Himmler of China) Agents very effective in penetrating the CCP and Japanese controlled areas b. Mato and the CCP bases in Yanan Authoritarian rule Use of secret police Kang Sheng was leader of secret police Rectification campaign and purifying the party c. Wang Jingwei Close associate of Sun Yat Sen and Chaing Kai Sheck (1920s) Became a rival of Chiang In 1940 allied with the Japanese to form government outside of Chiang’s control Refornises nation government of the Republic of China Collaborations regime with Japan Wang’s Thee Principals Pan-Asianism Anti-communism Opposition to chiang kai-shek China 1938-1945 a. For the next 5 years, japan lacked resources and manpower to further inroads into china b. Britain and USA began to send millions of tons of supplies to Chiang from Burma → He withheld these from the Communist c. From 1941 Japan was preoccupied with the pacific war w/ USA CCP & KMT vs Japan a. Chongqing (GMD) vs Yan’an (CCP) CCP appeal to Chinese nationalism downplay social reform b. Even in areas they occupied Japanese dfid not have total control  c. Japanese controlled the large cities, ports, and airfields which KMT and CCP controlled the countryside d. From 1937 to 1945 CCP not a participant in any major battles against Japanese e. CCP participated in.5% of 40,000 skirmishes f. CCP focus on organization, building up their forces in anticipation of the next step → civil war vs KMT The Nanjing Incident a. Seminal event in Chinese/Japanese relations b. Japan invaded Shanghai in late q937 c. Japan invaded Shanghai in late 1937 → strong resistance form K T → heavy casualties d. Chaing Kai Shek abandons Nanjing know it will soon fall to the Japanese e. Campaign to kill 100 f. Japanese enter Nanking g. John Rabe, Minnie Vantrin and the safety zone Was a German Natzi → would bring in chinese civilians and protect them h. 6 weeks of murder rape and destruction Annihilation in the city Mass execution of prisoners Paring and killing od women i. Still a source of tension between China and Japan j. Japan completely denies of the massacre + disputed the number of people killed + distortion and critting of history k. China had a nanjing memorial + textbooks blame war on Japan l. Operation Ichigo 19 apr 1944-31 sec 1944 Three goals Control the railroad rewritten beijing and hong kong Link up the japanese forced in china and those in French indochina Eliminate the threat from allies air bases in southern China 400000 Japanese troops involves Largely successful CCP Victory and a New Order: 1. End of WWII a. Japan occupies Manchuria and coastal cities b. Communist base areas within the occupied sections c. KMT capital in Chongqing 2. USSR invasive Manchuria a. Per the yalta Agreement USSR enters the war in the Pacific 3 months after war ends in Europe (on Aug 9) b. Occupied most of manchuria  c. Manchukuo collapses (puppet state that Japan set up in manchuria) d. CCP base areas in Manchuria → industrial base i. Took industrial equipments to USSR ii. All captures Japanese weapons and equipment was given the CCP 3. Negotiations between CCP and KMT a. Political Consultative Conference: proposed by US, brought KMT and CCP together to discuss proposed NAtional Assembly as China’s official post-war government → principles of democracy and unity b. Truce teams: KMT and CCP representatives assigned to major cities to handle transition under US supervision; Chiand expelled all CCP members from these 4. Us Involvement: The Marshal Mission a. Context: Dicie Mission to Yenan → previous contacts between US and CCCP b. Lead by Grorfe C. Marshall c. Attempt by the US to negotiate a unified nation Government d. Talks eventually fail e. Marshal talks break down i. US troops garrison portas an Japanese troops kept in place until KMT Arrives ii. Massive aid in US equipment sent in iii. USSR agrees not to leave Manchuria until KMT arries ( US airlifts KMT troops there) f. Mao moves into Manchruia while Rusians delay withdrawal i. Mao uses standard battle tactics and even abandons Yenen to withdraw to Manchuria ii. Mao ket advantage is land reform policy iii. Orders all commanders to avoid battle 5. Post war a. Chaing Kai Sheck key error: Concentrates too many troops in Manchuria without fill control of North and Central China b. KMT hold cities but too spread out and PLA in countryside cuts communications between KNT units and towns c. Chiang is a control freak and must approve everything → takes time d. Summer of 1947 i. Lin Biao launched 3 prong assal in Manchuria ii. Controls railroads iii. 1 million GMD surrender and most are absorbed into PLA iv. Dull control of Manchuria by 1948 v. Best remaining force bt the New First Army surrenders after 6 months vi. Uses peasants as best weapon and mobilizes them 6. Civil War February 1949 a. With fall of Manchuria Lin Bao takes troops 600 miles to link with PLA Northeast Armies b. Tanjin and Beuhuna surrounded i. Tanjin stormed and then beijing surrenders  ii. North China KMT is not split and quickly collapses 7. Civil War October 1949 a. Huaihai campaign i. Northeast is absorbed with.5 million troops on both sides ii. Peasant militias are huge 8. Civil War December 1949 a. Conquest of the south i. Stalin urges mao to pause to avoid US intervention ii. Mao ignores him aNanjing falls in April iii. Chiang flees to Tai Pei 9. Final Victory a. Communist gained control of china 10. Why did CCP Win? a. The CCP’s leadership was excellent at all levels b. Faithful Supporters of Mao Xedong from the Long March c. Strong spirit of brotherhood and unity d. On the battlefield, CCP generals has a wide scope of powers to act independently and creatively i. Could act freely and did not have to check with Mao before every move e. CCP military strategy was successful f. Fast moving flexible guerrilla warfare was modern and revolutionary g. Focused on destroying chains best troops i. Chaing was focused on controlling territory h. Divided the enemy units before destroying them one by one at KMTs weakest points through surprise attacks i. Offer generous terms of surrender i. Many troops switched sides j. Moral was high → “communism was going to be victorious” k. Most troops were form the North → fighting for their own land l. KMT DID THE OPPOSITE 11. The New Order a. Communist government in mainland China b. Chairman Mao → Chairman of the Communist party and leader the PRC c. Big challenge for CCP → can they effectively rule China d. Initially do not attack pressure business owners e. Focus on maintaining order → how did they stop drug deal, prostitution etc i. Kill those who would engage in such acts ii. Avoid international conflicts? iii. Rebuild economy → 5 year plans Cultural Revolution - Mao Resigns - As a result of the failures of the GLF Mao Resigned as President of China 1959  - He remained as Chairman of the CCP, china was not controlled by three leading communists - President: Liu Shaoqi - Prime Minister: Zhou En-Lai - CCP General Secretary: Deng Xiaoping - All three solved the problems created by the Great Leap Forward by re-introducing some central control of the economy and planning by the ‘bureaucrats’ - Revolution declared - By mid 1960s Mao was becoming concerned about the direction of china under - CCP had become too ‘bureaucratic’ and lost its way → Continuous Revolution - Begins with ab attack in a play: “Hai Rui dismissed from office” - Author → Patron → Gov Structure - Lots of battles happening through cultural things → plays ect. - In 1966 Mao summoned the young people of China to Tiananmen Square and told them that the revolution was in danger from leaders of the CCP - Mao called for young people to rise up and rid China of the anti-Communist elements within the Party, schools, universities and society - Has given up on the adults and feels the young people are the hope - Mass Rallies and Dazibao - Noticed for the Cultural Revolution - Power struggle: After the GLF, Mao’s own political position was weakened and his economic policies rejected → wanted power back - Purify Communism: Mao hated the development of a new CCP bureaucratic class which he saw as corrupt, he also labeled the economic reforms of moderates and ‘Capitalist’ or ‘Revisionist’ → impact of Khrushchev in Russia - Education & culture: Education was attacked as it produced ‘bureaucratic class’. It needed to be more revolutionary and less academic. Traditional Chinese culture was been as ‘bourgeois’ - Mao’s Comeback: Mao was confident enough to launch the Cultural Revolution - The Red Guard - Loose grouping of college and secondary school students who embraced the cult of Mao and the aims of the Cultural Revolution → secondary school students were the most violent - Nades themselves the “red Guards” → mao supports then - They were formed to struggle against teachers but quickly took on a larger role - Were supported by the PLA under Lin Biao and Mao’s wife Jiang Qing - Mao denounced the ‘Four Olds’: old culture, ideas, customs, and habits, Jian Qing turned Mao;s slogan into a programme for the eradication of traditional Chinese culture - Mao order them to Bombard the headquarters and attack the XXP from top down → they soon went of the rampage - Children denounced their own parents as anti-communists - Schools closed and teachers were beaten and killed  - By 1967 law and order half broken down as they gout ‘reactionaries’ with the death of over 400,000 across China - Destroyed anything under western influence - Attacks on the Party - After attacking the Four Old’s Jiang Qing urged the Red Guards to attack what she called the ‘black dogs slippery black sliders and rotten eggs’ within the CCP - Liu Shao-chi was the main target, he was accused of being no. 1 enemy of Communism - Was physically attacked and physically forced to write this own confession - He died in 1969 after being refused medical treatment for his cancer while in prison - The Cult of Mao - During the Cultural Revolution the ‘Cult of Mao’ developed - Edverty day workers would gather before his portrait and read from his ‘little red book’ - 740 million copies were printed - More books than actual Chinese People - End of the Revolution - By 1967 the Cultural Revolution was spinning out of control, the Red Guards began to divides into rival factions Mao attempt to restore order - PLA was used to restore order, Mao then sent the Red Guards to the countryside to ‘re-educate’ themselves by learning from the presents - By 1969 law and order was restored in most areas → Mao noose again had supreme control over China - Effects of the Cultural Revolution - Industry: factories were recognised to give power to the workers. Prides and bonuses from worker swerve abolished. All workers were given equal wages. Technicians were dismissed and production fell. - Education: seriously disrupted → effects still felt today - Countryside: students and graduates sent to workers alongside peasants. Private land takes again from presents - Government: opponents were killed and sent into exile 1950s: Economic Construction - Following Soviet Union as the model 1960s: Great Leap Forward & Cultural Revolution 1970s: Cultural Revolution - Economy goes back to shit 1980s: Reforms and Opening up - Economic modernization became focus Deng and the Four Modernizations: - After Mao’s death there was a struggle for control of the Communist Party and the government: - The left was run by the gang of four - Rightwas left by Zhou Enlai & Deng Xiaoping - Supported by the PLA - Wanted to stop the struggles and improve living conditions - The emergence of Seng - Between 1976 and 1980 the moderates slowly gained control of China → Deng Xiaoping returned to power in the 1977 as Deputy Chairman of the Party as well as Deputy Prime Minister - Deng was determined to carry out the four modernizations of zhou - Development of agriculture industry national defense and science - Reforms tasty to happen in 1978 - Agriculture - Ended collective farms, farmers can rent land and sell crops - Farmers markets can occur - Town and village enterprises (TEV) - Resulted in food production increasing by 50% - Size of the present plots were increased. A “responsibility system” for commune lans was started in 1978 by which families were given responsibility for cultivation specific areas of land - Signed contracts promising to produce dices amounts of food for sale to the state and were allowed to then sell andy surplus at markets for profit - By 1983 china had 44000 markets ad farmers coils sell their produce and make money - Greater efficiency → required fewer workers → TEVs - Industry - Allowed private businesses, relaxed control over SEZs let foreign companies invest in China - Resulted in incomes rising and having consumer goods - A new 10 year plan was introduces → new factories were built and workers were paid bonuses for extra output - People were allowed to own businesses - Reccore number of consumer goods were produced - Foreigners were encouraged to visit and incest in chinese industry - Less control from the center –? Deng told managers to fun factories profitability and run produce what people wanted to buy - Factories could produce based on supply and demand not sure to state planning - Deng created SEZs - Defense - Modernized the military and built more nuclear weapons - technology - Invested in education and build a space program + welcomed foreign technological ideas  - Education - The reforms of the cultural revolution were reverses - Examinations for university entry were restored - Special schools for the best students were sit up to provide china with the skills needed to prosper → expert vs red Lead Up to Tiananmen Square: 1. China post cultural revolution a. People exhausted and disillusioned → Lin Biao incident was the last straw b. The ability of the CCP to effectively govern Cha was being questioned c. People aware that china was falling behind 2. Deng’s Political Policies a. Was BOTH an economic reformer and a Communist hard liner (4 basic principles) b. Believed China had gone through the bitter experience of the Cultural Revolution → end of mass campaign and political upheaval c. In the 1980 national people d. S congress was expressed in a resolution which ‘condemned’ the view that people had the right to speak freely e. Wanted to restore the authority and control of the CCP f. Deng's riling principles i. Internationally: china should not attract attention and “lie low” → focus on domestic affairs ii. Inter-{Party: collective leadership → not another Mao iii. Development: some will get rich before others → inequality → coast before interior 1. Not a communist perspective iv. Rule by Law: applied inconsistently → situational → corruption 3. “The democracy wall” a. In the late 1970s, some people demanded greater reformers and more “democratic” political system b. Led by students and young people, early in 1979 Wall posters began to appear in the Avenue of Eternal Peace, near Tiananmen Square in a 200 ft brick wall c. Pisters were political graffiti i. Subject of the writing was expressing anti-government, anti-paty, and anti corruption d. Every so often the government formed the posters and tor down the wall e. The greatest agitation came from people who has suffered severely suing the Cultural Revolution and had not been benefited by Deng’s reforms → STUDENTS 4. Wei Jinsheng a. Had been arrested and was a writer who blamed Deng for the situation in china  b. Deng felt it was a personal attack and in the summer of 1979 authorize cracked down on posters and wei was arrested and brought to trial → was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment 5. Democracy Movement a. Wei was regarded as the first martyr b. It was never an organized party but it suppresses the intellectuals who saw in Feng Fs frotems the opportunity to modernise the political system in addition to the economic system c. Corruption was the main target of the movement → generated the most anger d. In the late 1970s a notorious of racketeering cam to light in Heilongjiang province e. Preference for the education of CCP Cadres in entrance exams infuriated other students f. Many of subsequent students demonstrations were due to the belief that the CCP was corrupt g. On 5th of January 1987 students at Beijing University burnt copies of local CCP newspapers and carried posters through the streets opposing Conservatives and revolutionaries 6. Deng's reaction a. Deng tolerated the democracy movement only turning on it when he was directly challenged b. After cruising the 1986 University demonstrations insisted that Western style democracy was not an option for Chin c. fHe insisted that there was was no need for greater participation in politics i. Don't get involved in politics and u can make as much money as you want 7. Growing Oppositions and UNrest a. Denc cased increasing opposition in the mis and later 1980s i. The democracy movement wa disappointed at his rejection of democracy and suppression of student meetings ii. Economic reforms disappointed many iii. Students felt the CCP has failed to deliver programs and reform iv. Disappointment at lack of job opportunities → CORRUPTION 8. Death of Hu Yaobang a. Dies on 15th of April → had been sympathetic to the democracy movement but had been removed in january for supporting student protests b. Hu supported Deng’s reforms but party elders opposed his support for the students c. Students build a memorial for him after his death in the square d. 1 students tried to five a petition to the Premier Li Pend butLi refused to accept the petition which sparked off a series of sit-ins and boycotts e. Students from 40 universities joined their fellow students f. Transport workers showed support by letting students travel for free g. But the second week of May a group of 300 students had gone on a hunger strike h. The gov made contact agent to call it of but they refused because  i. They were achieving world wide publicity with people from every continent reporting the events ii. Gorbachev was sue to visit Beijing, he was very popular because of his reforms in the USSR → students convinced that the CCP would not crush them because of his presence 9. May 19th 1989 → Zhao Xiyang a. On the 6th day of the hunger strike Zhao naked students to end the strike in tears he promised that issues they were protesting on b. Same evening Zhao was dismissed from his post and put on house arrest until he died 10. Further Support a. When news broke of the decision to continue thougans who had given up returned to the Square b. This included many residents of Beijing who blocked the ross and avenues leading to Tiananmen Square to prevent troops from betting to the square i. Troops could not reach the square 11. Troops move in a. Deng was now more determined than ever to crack down → sent in more intense troops b. By 2dn june 350000 PLA soldier surrounded the Tiananmen Square and controlled the routes leading to it ignoring the local people 12. The Massacre a. The PLA commanders decided as “full military campaign” to overcome the resistance of “rebels” and recaptured the Square → troops were told to reclaim the Square at all costs b. At 10pm on the night of 3rd june shots were fired at protesters by midday of the 4th the occupation was over 13. Why? a. Deng could have used riot collie and other not fatal ways to disperse protesters but didn't b. The students were unarmed and not fully determined of unties → feng seems to have wanted a violent end ot the protest c. The massacre was in the Chinese tradition/history of crushing opposition and whipping the out fully with force d. The use of tanks and bullets was to show the chinese people determination of the government to not tolerate opposition 14. Results a. Resulted in leaders who supported more democracy and did not support the massacre were kicked out and ones who did were promoted The Party 1. Ideology a. Mao b. Deng  c. Xi 2. Dual structure of party and government 3. Organizational design of political system → the difficult task of institutionalization 4. Mao Zedong borrowed from the Leninist party → State of the soviet union 5. Principles of guardianship and hierarchy (mass line from Mao) a. Guardianship i. Party represents the historical best interests of the people ii. The “people’s democratic dictatorship” allows no organized opposition to party leadership b. Hierarchy (of party and government organizations) i. “Democratic centralism” ii. Consultation, consensus, and implementation iii. Follow and don't question rules 6. Political systems of imperial china and the former soviet union a. Centralised control b. Bureaucratic administration c. The role of ideology i. No room for private individual interests ii. No room for organized opposition to the state 7. Politburo Standing Committee → Eash heads party work in one area → 12 people run everything a. Organization and personnel b. Propaganda and education c. Political legal affairs d. Foreign affairs 8. The central committee a. About 200 members b. Membership in CC reflects political power 9. The national party congress a. Meets every 5 years b. Has thousands of members c. “Votes” on everything → no one goes against the leader 10. Current Factional Battles a. Princelings (Xi) i. Children of Mao’s fellow compadres and those who were on the long march ii. Xi has now taken out the other two factions b. Shanghai Faction (Jiang Zemin) i. Patronage networks c. Communist Youth League faction (Hu Jintao) i. Communist version of the boyscouts 11. Background of Xi a. At 18th P{arty Congress, 35 years since Deng’s reforms and opening up i. No more “easy reforms” (structural reforms now unavoidable for progress)  ii. Corruption out of control iii. Social discontent iv. Middle income trap b. Jiang Zemin’s “Three represents” i. Peasants ii. Advanced productive forces iii. Advanced culture c. Hu Jintao’s “scientific concept of development” and “harmonious society” i. Pragmatic materialism to foster “harmony” ii. Maintain stability 2. Xi’s Domestic Goals a. Great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation i. Strengthen Party and centralized state 1. Concentrate power in Xi’s hands ii. Rich nation, strong military iii. Deepen reform to sustain China’s rise 1. Economy a. Rely more on the market to allocate resources, discipline economic makers 2. Polocisa: more disciplined and responsive Party a. Judicial reform (rule OF law vs rule BY law) b. Party discipline and inspection commission reform 3. Culture Socialism, Nationalism, Confucianism 4. Society a. Social welfare, fairness, justice 3. Xi Jinping’s “Chinese Dream” a. Material well being by 2020 b. A just and moral domestic order by 2049 c. A new era of global preeminence from 2049 i. An internation normative order to China’s liking ii. Take over the US dominated global power 4. Xi Jinping: restore national cultural pride to chinese people a. Domestic Agenda i. Attack sources of domestic weakness 1. Eliminate western values b. Legitimacy strategy i. Cultural historical identity ii. Patriotism iii. Improve government via “four Comprehensives” 1. Build modern society 2. Deepen reform 3. Govern according to law 4. Strictly govern the Party 5. Domestic Weaknesses a. Authoritarian rule i. Party ruling class 1. Hereditary? ii. Unaccountable dictatorship iii. Performance legitimacy iv. Social controla 1. ideology 2. Information control 3. Hukou system a. Registration system and controlling movement of people b. Party controls all institutions c. No autonomous civil society b. Contradictions i. Party rows apart from the people ii. Unaccountable power = structural corruption and abuse of power iii. Growth imperative impress area real reform iv. Angry or apathetic people 1. National victimhood 2. Underserved rewards to go the elite 3. Intrusive controls 4. More social inequality and less social security 5. Harsh punishments v. Fea of a “color revolution” → like what lead to tiananmen 6. Xi’s Agenda: Reform to rejuvenate i. Strengthen Party and centralised state 1. Party rectification campaign 2. Concentrate power in Xi’s hands ii. Rich state, strong military 1. Strengthen key state owned enterprise sectors 2. Strengthen military and related industrial base 3. Internationalise the RMB (their currency) a. Really trying to push away from the american dollar 7. Xi’s four strategies a. Combat corruption i. Used to eliminate rivals ii. Leads to strengthened rules and punishments iii. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 1. Inforce the enforcement of rules b. Combat liberal, pluralist, democratic norms i. Strengthen ideological and institutional discipline c. Centralized decision making i. “Collective readership”  1. Collective decision-making is not democratic, pluralist or feudal decision making a. Xi is making all decisions d. Tighten discipline mechanism in economy, state, society, and party 8. Xi and China’s Challenges a. Slowing economic growth b. Total public debt: 125% of GDP (2008) → 250% (2015) c. Population aging d. Declining export competitiveness requires structural fix e. Energy sufficiency f. Food and fresh water sufficiency i. No FDA or ability to check food g. Social cohesion (class and ethnic divisions) h. Political legitimacy i. Urban unrest is growing i. Geopolitical challenges i. Border regions expose China to risk ii. Maritime dominance is unlikely iii. No strong allies Xi Jinping and China Today: Foreign Challenges 1. Chinese foreign policy Seng;s grand strategy 1979-2008 a. 3rd plenum 11th CC i. CCP faces crisis of legitimacy ii. Defend party fule iii. Seeks 4 modernizations iv. Keep a low profile 2. Chinese foreign policy theses after Deng a. Jian Zemin i. Peace development and national interest b. Hu Jintao i. Peaceful rise ii. Cooperation iii. Beijing olympics 3. Chinese foreign military expansion a. Highest military spending in Asia b. Is it actually effective?? 4. Chinese foreign policy disputes SE asia and India border a. Claiming the entire south china sea 5. Chinese foreign policy Trade One Belt a. Trying to reinforce the silk road 6. Xi Jinping: Big vision a. Consolidate a bipolar order today i. China and US  b. Establish right to change and manage Asian security, norma and institutions according to Chinese interests c. Set the stage for Eurasian dominance 7. China's core interests → non negotiable → will go to war if any of these things are breached a. Defend the absolute authority of CCP b. Defend sovereignty and territorial integrity of chinese state i. Will not allow taiwan to become their own c. Uninterrupted development of China's economy i. Importation of raw materials they need d.