Nationalism in South - SOC-SCI 1 (PDF)

SOC SCI NATIONALISM IN SOUTH - **Sun Yixian "Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925)** -- President of the Chinese Republic \- most important leader of China's republican revolution. - Inspired and organized the movement that overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911. - Organized Kuomintang part...

SOC SCI NATIONALISM IN SOUTH - **Sun Yixian "Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925)** -- President of the Chinese Republic \- most important leader of China's republican revolution. - Inspired and organized the movement that overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911. - Organized Kuomintang party - Nationalism - Democracy - People's Livelihood - **The May Fourth Movement** -- They were outrages by the treatment of Shandong province which was given to the Japanese. Chinese students protested the bad treatment of western powers. The Chinese communist party was formed -- inspired by the Russian Revolution and V.I. Lenin - **The Chinese Civil War** -- war between the Kuomintang (KMT) led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CPP) lasting intermittently after 1927. - **Japan launched an invasion of China** -- Rape of Nanking, Japan controlled most of China Japan lost in WWII and surrendered. Civil war in China resumed, Mao Zedong won. China became a communist country for a while. NATIONALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA - **Philippines**: Philippine Revolution, Philippine-American War, Filipino Resistance to Japan - **Thailand** -- was never colonized by western power but was forced to give some land to Britain and France. - **Malaysia and Burma** -- Gained independence from the English after WWII. - **Indonesia** -- Budi Otomo -- Nationalist Movement led by Achmed Sukarno. - **Vietnam** - Nguyen Ai Quoc founded Vietnam's Communist Party in 1930. Protesters were killed by the French using guillotines. The nationalism movement was led by a young cook, **Ho Chi Minh**; he received support from various Communist groups. After WWII the French tried to go back to Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh and his followers know as the **Viet Minh** fought back. - **The French were defeated in 1954 in the city of Dien Bien Phu.** - **Geneva Accords (Agreements) -- was signed in Switzerland** This agreement split Vietnam into two. North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh (communist) and the South ruled by a French educated catholic man Ngo Dinh Diem (democratic). The Accords also said that there was to be a general election be help by June 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Ngo Dinh Diem backed out which led to conflict between the North and the South (with support from the US and Russia). - **Rise of Vietcong** -- an army of civilian soldiers "farmers by day, soldiers by night", they ambushed the American troops. The Americans struggled in Vietnam due to the opposition using guerilla warfare and the unfamiliar terrain. They also lacked support from South Vietnam. The Vietnamese were receiving support from both the Soviet Union and Communist China. - **End of Vietnam Conflict** -- President Nixon began to withdraw American troops from Vietnam in 1969; he called the plan **Vietnamization**. The goal was to have American troops slowly leave while the South Vietnamese would increase their role. The US began to question Diem's leadership and his ability to keep communism from spreading into South Vietnam. - **Age of Exploration Begins 1500's** - The Portuguese, led by Vasco da Gama, were the first Europeans to reach the Indian Ocean by sea in 1497 - They joined a vast, diverse trade network controlled by Arab Muslim traders - European rulers had political & religious reasons to want to find an all-water route to Asia wanted to get around the overland routes controlled by the Italians and Muslims who charged large fees - **Global Trade Network 1650 -- 1750** - Europeans lacked goods desired by Asians, so large quantities of silver (mostly from the New World) were required to bring Asian goods back to Europe First the Portuguese, then the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British found their way into the Indian Ocean trade network British, French, and Dutch established trading companies in the East - joint-stock companies such as the British East India Company that were funded by private investors - British eventually would control all of India \* East Asia will increasingly get pulled into the global marketplace despite attempts at isolating themselves from foreign influences and conflicts **Ming Dynasty China 1368 -- 1644** - Goal of the Ming: retore China's power and traditions - How can they achieve this goal? - By extending China\'s power outside of its borders? - By turning inward and focusing on the preservation of China\'s history and culture? - Defeated the Mongols in 1368 - Reestablished Confucian based government - Attempted to eliminate all signs of foreign rule and promoted a return to traditional Chinese values and traditions - Second emperor moved the capital to Beijing and constructed the Forbidden City  **Ming Maritime Missions** - Launched by Emperor Yongle in 1405 - Launched six expeditions in 28 years - Largest expeditions in history up to that time - First expedition led by Zheng He included: 300 boats, 27,000 crew members, 180 physicians, 5 astrologers, carpenters, tailors, accountants, merchants, cooks, soldiers, and sailors. - **GREAT WALL** - Ming emperors greatly expanded the Great Wall of China \--took its final form being extended more than 600 miles-extension built out of brick, contained thousands of watchtowers, 35 feet hight, 20 feet wide - Expansion of the wall intended to end the - disputes between officials - some wanted to expand trade with the Mongols while others insisted no compromises be made with them - Large workforce and army required-untold numbers perished - **GRAND CANAL** -- used to transport grain, salt, and other important commodities. Any taxes that were paid were paid in grain which was shipped along the Grand Canal to Beijing. - **Ming:** Foreign trade with Europeans - **Canton:** Became the most important port in China by the 1600s. **Ming China's Decline** - Imperial extravagance and neglect - Eunuchs formed their bureaucracy despised by the scholar-officials leading to government instability - Nearly bankrupt government after 1600-partly cause by expenses of Great Wall 7 of defending Korea from Japan - Navy became ineffective leading to piracy - Famine strikes in 1630s due to a "little ice age" that brought lower temperatures crop failure, peasants revolt - 1640s Yellow River flooding, small pox epidemic - Later emperors stopped consulting the government officials - Beijing falls in 1644 to the Manchus from Manchuria - Last Ming emperor committed ritual suicide **Manchu (Qing) Dynasty** - The **Manchus**, farmers and hunters who lived in the area now known as **Manchuria**, conquered Beijing. - A peasant revolt led by **Li Zicheng, Manchu, in 1644.** - He occupied Beijing, the capital, and the last - Ming emperor committed suicide They created the **Qing (\"pure\") dynasty**, which remained in power until 1911. - **Kangxi** was perhaps China\'s greatest emperor. - He ruled from **1661 to 1722.** - He was highly disciplined and diligent. - He calmed the unrest along the frontiers and won the support of scholars by supporting the arts and letters. - Kangxi was **quite tolerant of Christians.** - Christian mission aries were quite active, and hundreds of Chinese officials became Catholics. - His successor suppressed Christianity in China. - The Qing government sold trade privileges to the Europeans but, to limit contact between foreigners and the Chinese, they confined the traders to a small island - In 1793, a British mission led by Lord George Macartney tried to win more liberal trade policies. - The emperor wrote King George III that China had no need of \"your country\'s manufactures.\" - China would pay for not interacting with the western nations - The military advances of the western nations would cause many problems in China later **The Qing dynasty began to decline during the rule of Qianlong** Reasons for decline - **Corrupt Officials** - **High taxes that led to peasant unrest** - **Growing populations that caused hardships on the peasants** - **Stopping the White Lotus Rebellion- a revolt led by the peasants- was a great financial expense to the imperial government** - **Imperial treasury was severely strained** - large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). - The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (1368-1644). - In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. **The Opium Wars** **British Trade with China** - China had goods England wanted: Silk and Tea - China did not want any goods England had to offer - British East India Company able to procure opium from India - Immense profits from trade in China - selling opium to Chinese - selling tea and silk in England - Increasing numbers of Chinese addicts as trade grew - Death penalty for those who smoke or smuggle opium - Lin Zexu\'s letter to Queen Victoria - Appeal for cessation of opium trade - Some doubt if Queen Victoria ever read this letter - Lui sent by Emperor to deal with Opium trade in Canton - Lui destroyed opium by mixing it with lime and tipping it into a creek - 1st Opium War 1839-1843 - 2nd Opium War - 1856-1860 - China defeated - Forced to sign humiliating treaty - Conceded Hong Kong - British trading ports opened along Chinese coast **Boxer Rebellion in China between 1899 and 1901** - The Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement was an anti- imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti- Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty. - It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihéquán), known in English as the Boxers because many of their members had practiced Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the west as Chinese Boxing. The Boxers bombarded Tianjin in June 1900, and Dong Fuxiang's Muslim troops attacked the British Admiral Seymour and his expeditionary force. **The Boxer Protocol** On 7 September 1901, the Qing imperial court agreed to sign the \'Boxer Protocol also known as Peace Agreement between the Eight-Nation Alliance and China. The protocol ordered the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of foreigners in China. Alfons Mumm (Freiherr von Schwarzenstein), Ernest Satow and Komura Jutaro signed on behalf of Germany, Britain and Japan, respectively. China was fined war reparations of 450,000,000 taels of fine silver (=540,000,000 troy ounces (17,000 t) @ 1.2 ozt/tael) for the loss that it caused. The reparation was to be paid by 1940, within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interest (4 percent per year) included. **Fall of the Qing Dynasty** The Qing Dynasty fell in 1911, overthrown by a revolution brewing since 1894, when western-educated revolutionary Sun Zhongshan formed the Revive China Society in Hawaii, then Hong Kong. In 1905, Sun united revolutionary factions with Japanese help and wrote the Three Principles of the People manifesto. In 1911, 15 provinces declared independence, leading to the creation of a republic with Yuan Shikai as president. Xuantog abdicated in 1912, and Sun created a provisional constitution, leading to political unrest. In 1917, a military coup failed to reinstate the Qing government. **Japan --** Japan, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, boasts dense cities, imperial palaces, national parks, and shrines, with Tokyo as its capital and renowned for skyscrapers and pop culture. - Capital: **Tokyo** - Currency: **Japanese yen** - Drives on the: **left** - Ethnic groups (2011): **98.5% Japanese; 0.5% Korean; 0.4% Chinese; 0.6% other** - Prime minister: **Shinzō Abe** - Population: **127 million (2015) World Bank** - 20,000 years ago, Japan was isolated from Asian continent 1,200 years ago, the era of nobility (Heian Era) - 2,500 years ago, Japanese began to plant rice 800 years ago, the era of samurai (Kamakura Era) - 1,500 years ago, Yamato dynasty appeared 400 years ago, matured culture raised (Edo Era)  **Just check ppt 2 :'\] page 32-40** **First Sino-Japanese War** - Beginning in August of 1894, The Sino-Japanese War was a war fought between The Qing Dynasty of China and Meiji Japan. Although there were smaller reasons the main cause of the Sino-Japanese War was over control of Korea. - The war lasted less than a year ending in April of 1895. Although the physical war had ended it was not but 40 years later that both countries were at war again in the Second Sino-Japanese War - The Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed April 17th, 1895, formally ended the war with China\'s defeat. **Causes of the War** - Needed of Manchuria and Korea. - Japan expanded in population. - Russia need warm water port. - Russia built the extension of Trans-Siberian railways in Manchuria. **Contributions of China** - **Food:** Pancit and Lechon **Feng-Shui** - **Martial Arts:** Kungfu and Wushu **Great Wall of China** - **Chinese Inventions:** Kites, paper, printing, compass, gunpowder, paper money **Yin & Yang** - **Gunpowder** discovered by Chinese alchemist in search of an elixir **Chinese Calligraphy** - Was used for **fireworks** - **Printing** was invented by **Bi Sheng** **Contributions of Japan** - **Kabuki --** Japanese Play - **Haiku --** poem with three unrhymed lines containing five, seven, and five syllables - **Social Classes -- Emperor, Shogun, Samurai** - **Japan Culture / Cool Japan -- anime!!** - **Robotics** - **Origami** - **Karate** - **Sumo --** ceremonial wrestling - **Ikebana --** flower arrangement - **Bonsai --** refers to dwarf potted trees **Contributions of Korea** - **Tripitaka (Buddhist Scriptures) at Haeinsa** - **Movable Type printing** - **Taekwondo** **Southeast Asian Contributions "land of the spices"** - **Food: rice, spices, fish, vegetables, fruits** - **Spoliarium by Juan Luna** - **Angkor Wat -- Temple in Cambodia** - **Borobudur -- world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia** **Please don't rely on the reviewer itself :'\] always check the materials provided!! Goodluck on the exams!!**