Japanese Invasion of China 1937-1945
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant change in agriculture during the reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping?

  • Government-controlled markets were established for crop sales.
  • Private land was banned completely to improve food security.
  • Collective farms were expanded to increase production.
  • Farmers were allowed to rent land and sell their crops. (correct)

    • What was one of the primary focuses of the Four Modernizations initiated after Mao's death?

  • Development of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science. (correct)
  • Reinforcement of collective farming practices.
  • Continuation of class struggle.
  • Expansion of private land ownership.

    • What major consequence resulted from the abolition of bonuses and equal wages for workers?

  • Dissatisfaction among workers leading to economic decline. (correct)
  • Overall production levels remained stable.
  • Increased worker productivity.
  • Technician positions were strengthened.

    • Which political faction was Deng Xiaoping associated with during the power struggle following Mao's death?

    <p>The right faction led by Zhou Enlai.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward lead to in terms of economic conditions?

    <p>Significant economic decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Political Consultative Conference?

    <p>To propose the National Assembly as China’s official post-war government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role did the US play during the political conflict between KMT and CCP?

    <p>They supervised the truce teams in major cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy did Mao utilize to gain an advantage during the civil conflict?

    <p>Focusing on land reform policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mistake did Chiang Kai-shek make regarding troop concentration?

    <p>He failed to control communication between KMT units and cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Lin Biao's actions in Manchuria during the summer of 1947?

    <p>He secured control over railroads and led to mass GMD surrenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Mao's strategy regarding battles change during the civil war?

    <p>He instructed commanders to avoid battle when possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of the US airlift support for KMT troops?

    <p>It allowed KMT to sustain operations in Manchuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the collapse of North China’s KMT forces in October 1949?

    <p>Mao's forces surrounded Tanjin and Beijing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of Xi Jinping's 'Chinese Dream' by 2049?

    <p>Establishing a just and moral domestic order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of Xi Jinping's domestic agenda focused on cultural pride?

    <p>Eliminating Western values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reform aims to address the unaccountability associated with the ruling party?

    <p>Judicial reform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element does Xi Jinping’s legitimacy strategy emphasize?

    <p>Cultural historical identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a key critique of the current party regime?

    <p>Corruption stemming from accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Hukou system' primarily control?

    <p>The movement of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideology is NOT emphasized in the cultural aspect of Xi Jinping's agenda?

    <p>Western liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one societal contradiction mentioned regarding the ruling party?

    <p>Structural corruption due to unaccountable power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary role of the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution?

    <p>To fight against the Four Olds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the primary target of the Red Guards' attacks within the Chinese Communist Party?

    <p>Liu Shao-chi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did Mao take to restore order during the Cultural Revolution?

    <p>He sent Red Guards to the countryside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fate of Liu Shao-chi after being targeted by the Red Guards?

    <p>He died in prison without medical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Red Guards contribute to the destruction of traditional Chinese culture?

    <p>By denouncing their own families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a defining characteristic of the 'Cult of Mao' during the Cultural Revolution?

    <p>Every day workers read from Mao's 'little red book'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the Cultural Revolution have on law and order by 1967?

    <p>Law and order was partially broken down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What slogan did Mao use to signify the goals of the Cultural Revolution?

    <p>Bombard the headquarters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to Zhao after he attempted to end the hunger strike?

    <p>He was dismissed from his post and placed under house arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response of residents of Beijing after the decision to continue the protests was announced?

    <p>They blocked paths to Tiananmen Square.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the PLA commanders' decision to reclaim Tiananmen Square?

    <p>Shots were fired at unarmed protesters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Deng choose to use violent methods against the protesters?

    <p>To instill fear and show determination against opposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the ideological approach of the Chinese Communist Party under Mao?

    <p>Guardianship and hierarchy aligned with the mass line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one significant result of the Tiananmen Square massacre?

    <p>Repression of dissenting leaders and promotion of those in favor of violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the military approach to protesters reflect historical patterns in China?

    <p>It aligned with a tradition of extreme violent repression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one principle that Mao Zedong borrowed from the Leninist party structure?

    <p>A dual structure of party and government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the responsibility system introduced in 1978?

    <p>To encourage individual families to cultivate and sell produce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a result of the economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping?

    <p>Stricter state control over factory outputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key components of the new ten-year plan during the economic reforms?

    <p>Payment of bonuses for extra output by workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant changes took place in China's education system post-Cultural Revolution?

    <p>Special schools were established to enhance skills for economic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach did Deng Xiaoping take towards the military during his leadership?

    <p>He modernized the military with an emphasis on nuclear capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary impact of the Lin Biao incident on the Chinese populace?

    <p>Greater disillusionment with the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred regarding foreign investment during Deng Xiaoping's reforms?

    <p>Foreign investments were welcomed and encouraged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a fundamental belief of Deng Xiaoping related to China's political direction?

    <p>The Cultural Revolution's mass campaigns were detrimental and should end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Japanese Invasion of China

    • Japanese armies swept south into China, despite the United Front.
    • The Marco Polo Bridge incident initiated a full-scale war in 1937, lasting until 1945.
    • By 1938, one million Japanese troops occupied Chinese ports, industry, and commercial centers along the coast.
    • Chiang and the KMT retreated to Sichuan.
    • By the start of WWII, China had been largely conquered.

    Three Chinas?

    • Chiang and the KMT controlled Chongqing with authoritarian rule and secret police (e.g., Da Li).
    • CCP controlled areas like Yanan, also with authoritarian rule and a secret police (e.g., Kang Sheng).
    • Wang Jingwei formed a rival government with Japanese collaboration.

    China 1938-1945

    • Japan lacked resources to advance, and Britain/USA supplied Chiang.
    • The focus of the Pacific War with the USA diverted Japan from further incursions into China.
    • CCP and KMT fought Japan simultaneously, CCP more focused on Chinese nationalism instead of social reforms.
    • Even occupied areas remained somewhat controlled by China.

    Nanjing Incident

    • A significant event in Sino-Japanese relations, resulting in a brutal massacre of civilians in Nanjing.
    • The Japanese invaded in late 1937, leading to significant resistance from the KMT and heavy casualities.
    • John Rabe and Minnie Vautrin established a safety zone to protect Chinese civilians.
    • The incident involved six weeks of widespread murder, rape, and destruction.
    • The extent and exact number of deaths are disputed.

    CCP Victory and New Order

    • End of WWII saw Japan occupying coastal cities and Manchuria.
    • CCP controlled base areas in occupied regions.
    • KMT's capital in Chongqing.
    • USSR invaded Manchuria in accordance with the Yalta Agreement.

    Civil War: October 1949 - December 1949

    • Huaihai Campaign: Northeast absorbed troops.
    • Conquest of the South.
    • The CCP leadership ensured CCP victory.
    • Taiwan held by Chiang.

    Why did CCP Win?

    • Strong leadership throughout.
    • Support from the Long March.
    • Strong spirit of unity and brotherhood.

    Cultural Revolution

    • Mao concerned about CCP becoming bureaucratic.
    • Cultural Revolution launched to cleanse CCP.
    • Red Guards (students) took violent actions against perceived enemies.
    • Significant disruption to Chinese society and economy.
    • Rise and fall of Mao's policies.

    China Post Cultural Revolution

    • Mao's death led to struggle for control.
    • Reforms focused on strengthening Deng Xiaoping's principles.
    • Economic and domestic policies reform
    • Re-introduction of some central control from the past, to stabilise China.

    Democracy Movement

    • Students and intellectuals protested for democratic reforms.
    • Tiananmen Square became a focal point for protests.
    • The government's response was to use military force in an attempt to dispel the protests.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the Japanese invasion of China from 1937 to 1945, focusing on key events, territorial control, and the political dynamics between the KMT and CCP. Test your knowledge on the impact of the invasion and the roles played by various factions during this tumultuous period in history.

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