Exam 3 Study Guide (Unit 4) PDF

**Exam 3 Study Guide (Unit 4)** **Know quiz questions/answers (2 questions from each quiz)** **Gottman's Four Horseman -- what each is and which is the greatest indicator of the end of the relationship (watch the Gottman videos on D2L)** Criticism Contempt -- greatest indicator Defensiveness S...

**Exam 3 Study Guide (Unit 4)** **Know quiz questions/answers (2 questions from each quiz)** **Gottman's Four Horseman -- what each is and which is the greatest indicator of the end of the relationship (watch the Gottman videos on D2L)** Criticism Contempt -- greatest indicator Defensiveness Stonewalling **Effective communication -- what it is** Agreement between verbal messages (the content/"what" of the message) and nonverbal messages (the relational or "how" of the message) **Power in relationships -- types and definitions** Power refers to the influence one partner has over decisions, behaviors, and dynamics within the relationship Positional -- based on role/status Personal -- based on personal attributes Relational -- how power shifts based on interaction **Common areas of conflict for couples** Sex, finances, values, time together, household responsibilities, family (in-laws) **Conflict styles and their definitions** Competing -- prioritizing one's needs over others, often at the expense of collaboration Accommodating -- putting others' needs first to maintain harmony, sometimes at the cost of personal needs or fairness Avoiding -- sidestepping conflict entirely, which can prevent tension temporarily but may also hinder resolution Compromising -- seeking a middle ground, both parties make concessions for a mutually acceptable solution Collaborating -- focuses on fully addressing all parties' concerns through open discussion, aiming for a win-win solution that fosters long-term satisfaction **Healthy ways of managing conflict** Take partner's feelings into consideration, listen, stay calm, avoid blame, deep breathing, taking a walk, accepting partner's influence, dialogue (discuss) about problems, practice self-soothing, focus on the solution **Financial conflicts -- why they occur** Different goals and values regarding money - It is about money itself, but it is about much more than that too! **Frequency of dual-income households over time** Frequency has remained stable from the late 90s to the late 2010s -- about 52-58% **Working hours for men vs. women in full-time jobs** Across all groups, men work more hours in full-time jobs **Time poverty -- definition** Time poverty -- not having enough time to do everything **How division of household labor has changed over the past few decades** Men are doing more and women are doing less, but the burden still falls on women **Mental load -- definition and where it falls** Mental load -- invisible labor/behind the scenes work (cognitive and emotional) that helps manage the household In heterosexual relationships, it often falls on women **Impacts of division of labor** Power in relationships -- employed women have and exert more power Relationship satisfaction -- when men do more household labor, women feel more satisfied Sexual intimacy -- egalitarian couples have more frequent and satisfying sexual relationships **Ways for couples to manage finances, which is which** Shared/Joint finances -- completely shared, everything in one account, all expenses come from shared account Split finances -- completely separate, everything in separate accounts. Partner 1 pays for some things, Partner 2 pays for others Equal splitting-- money for shared expenses (rent/mortgage, utilities, etc.) goes into shared account, other money goes into separate accounts. Expenses are split 50/50 Percentage of income -- if Partner 1 makes 65% of income, they pay for 65% of expenses and partner 2 makes 35% of income and pays for 35% of expenses - More equitable than equal splitting Living completely off of one income, saving/investing the other **Fixed vs. variable expenses** Fixed expenses -- stay the same each month Variable expenses -- can vary from month to month **Facts about relationship violence (slide -- "Understanding relationship violence")** It gets worse over time It is learned behavior Survivors are not to blame It is about power & control -- not love Most survivors need help to escape - Having a support system is very important Leaving is one option, but may not be the best option (sometimes very dangerous) The abuser/violent person is the only one that can stop the abuse/violence **Models of family violence -- which model suggests/explains what** Individualistic Explanations -- violence may be related to mental health disorders, alcohol, drug, or substance abuse, etc. Ecological Model -- cultures approve of violence and don't support families, which leads to violence Feminist Model -- gender inequality and cultural concepts of masculinity (dominance) cause violence Social Stress and Social Learning -- structural stress (income, illness, etc.) and cultural norms contribute to family violence Social-Exchange -- costs of being violent do not outweigh the rewards **Power and control wheel -- know each type and their definition along with examples (know each part of the wheel)** **Definitions of each type of abuse, including abuse and violence** Emotional Abuse (from CDC): Threats/coercion, intimidation, humiliation, social isolation, withholding resources, and controlling what a person can and cannot do Intimate Partner Violence (from CDC): physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional harm by a current or former partner or spouse Sexual Violence (from CDC): Forced sex acts/contact against a person's will, including due to a person's inability to understand the act because of illness, disability, alcohol/drugs, or intimidation/pressure Stalking (from CDC): Harassing or threatening behavior, including harassing phone calls, written messages or objects, and appearing at a person\'s home or place of business Neglect: The absence of adequate physical, emotional and social care or poor-quality care Child Abuse: Non-accidental or intentional physical or emotional injury Sibling abuse: Abuse by one sibling to another Elder abuse: Abuse to an elderly person. Abuse can be physical, psychological, verbal, sexual, or financial **Types of intimate partner violence and definitions** Situational Couple Violence (common couple violence) - Usually erupts during an argument and does not result in serious injury Intimate Terrorism - One partner tries to dominate and control the other Violent Resistance - "Self-defense" violence; usually perpetrated by women Mutual Violent Control - Both partners trying to violently control each other **Prevention and intervention strategies for family abuse/violence -- know the difference and examples of each** *Prevention: Stopping something before it happens* Prevention strategies for relationship abuse/neglect/violence: Eliminate social stress (e.g., poverty, inequality and discrimination, unemployment, inadequate health care) Reduce sexism, provide equal opportunities for all genders Adequate day care Promote sex and relationship education and family planning End social isolation and increase supportive networks Break the family cycle of violence (therapy?) Address/remove cultural norms that legitimize and glorify violence *Intervention: acting to improve/change a situation* Intervention strategies Mandatory reporting of suspected child/elder/vulnerable adult abuse by professionals such as teachers, doctors, therapists Intervention by the law/police Abuser programs -- most common is mandated group intervention programs Therapy **Uncoupling -- what it is, what happens** Uncoupling -- process of separation Not a single event, a process **Initiators and non-initiators of divorce -- differences between groups and likelihood of remarriage** Initiators -- the ones that suggested separation/divorce -- more likely to remarry Non-initiators -- did not necessarily want to separate/divorce -- less likely to remarry **Stations of divorce -- what they are and what happens in each station** Emotional divorce - When one or both spouses disengage from the marriage Legal divorce - Court-ordered termination of a marriage Economic divorce - Dividing property, money, and resources Co-parental divorce - Dealing with issues of child custody, visitation, and support Community divorce - Juggling of ex-in-laws and friends Psychic divorce - When one feels like a separate individual **Legal process of divorce** Annulment - Marriage is deemed to have never met the legal definition of marriage (not actually divorce, but the legal marriage is dissolved) Fault-Based Divorce - A person blames his or her spouse for the failed marriage (Common reasons: Adultery, cruel and inhuman treatment, mental cruelty, habitual drunkenness, and desertion) No-Fault Divorce - Divorce without blaming or accusing the other, or proving the other responsible for the failure of their marriage -- most common now, all states permit this **Definitions of alimony and child support** Alimony - monetary payment to a former spouse to meet their economic needs Child support -- monetary parent made by the non-custodial parent to the custodial parent to assist in child-rearing expenses **Impact of divorce on men vs. women** Both likely to experience negative outcomes (psychological distress, lower happiness, less satisfying sex life, etc.). Women are more likely to receive positive consequences (improvements in self-confidence, career opportunities, social lives, happiness) **Differences between children and adolescents in dealing with divorce** - Younger children may experience a wide range of emotions - Some may blame themselves, one parent or the other, or other factors - If blame is set on one parent, they will typically display anger towards that parent - Adolescents often find parental separation to be traumatic - Some blame both parents - Many distance themselves from one or both parents - This group is particularly upset when parents start dating again - Peer and social support is very important! **When is divorce best for children?** In highly conflictual relationships. When parents are constantly in high conflict, kids do better when they divorce **Stages of divorce for children and what happens in each stage** - Initial crisis - Very stressful, unhappy time of conflict following the decision to separate - Conflict can escalate - Parents are coping and likely not spending as much time helping the kids cope as the kids need - Transition and short-term aftermath - Begins about a year after separation, extreme emotional responses have typically diminished or disappeared - Family has restructured, social and economic changes have occurred - Restabilization - Stage lasts from the end of year 1 until about year 5 - Changes are a regular part of daily living **Custody situations for children -- sole, joint physical, joint legal, combined, split** Sole -- one parent has complete custody Joint physical -- parents share time with kids (kids move from household to household) Joint legal -- parents make legal, medical, education, religious, etc. decisions together Combined -- both joint legal and physical custody Split -- one kid lives with one parent, the other kid lives with the other parent (very rare!) **Divorce statistics for first marriages vs. later marriages -- do rates increase, decrease, or stay the same?** Approximately 35-45% of marriages end in divorce Higher divorce rates for 2^nd^, 3^rd^, 4^th^, etc. marriages than for first (likelihood increases with each marriage) **Impact of single-parent families on income level and differences by gender of single-parent** Single-parent families are typically headed by women Single-parent families are more likely to experience low income or poverty than two-parent families (especially when headed by women) **Ways that single parent families are created** Births to unmarried women Divorce Death of a spouse **Transitional and intentional single parent families -- what they mean, examples of each** Transitional -- only last for a short time Intentional -- decide to have and/or raise children on their own **Odds of remarrying for men and women and changes to their odds** Men are more likely to remarry Women are less likely to remarry and their odds of remarrying decrease as they age **Social father -- what it is** Male relative, family associate, or partner that acts like a father to the children **Binuclear family -- definition** Post-divorce family with two nuclear families, one headed by one parent, one headed by the other (usually post-divorce, sometimes throughout childhood if parents were never married) **Subsystems of binuclear families** Former spouse -- co-parenting relationship between the exes Remarried couple Parent-child -- can include a step-parent and step-child Sibling, step-sibling, half-sibling Parent/step-parent **Benefits of blended/stepfamilies for children** Additional role models to choose from Greater flexibility due to exposure to new ideas, values, and alternative politics Stepparents may serve as extra support for concerns Children may gain additional siblings Children may have additional extended kin (grandparents, aunts/uncles, etc.) Economic situations may improve Happily married parents, new relationship role models **Developmental stages for stepfamilies** - Research suggests it takes seven years to complete the developmental process - Early Stages - Fantasy -- new stepparents expect to instantly love and be loved by their stepchildren - Immersion -- reality sets in (the fantasy isn't happening!) - Awareness -- each family member must understand that their family has changed - Middle Stages - Mobilization -- family members recognize differences and openly resolve conflict - Action -- the family takes steps in recognizing themselves as a family - Later Stages - Contact -- relationships between family members become genuine, establishment of stepparent role - Resolution -- family becomes solid and no longer characterized by earlier troubles **Experiences of different age groups (child, preteens, teens) for blended/stepfamilies** Young children may feel guilty about developing new relationships and may have guilt about the divorce Preteens typically seek more independence by pulling away from family and may have resentment that becomes focused on the stepparent Teens may resent changes in the household and not welcome new responsibilities or relationships - Increased likelihood of strained relationships