Evolution of Nursing PDF

EVOLUTION OF NURSING HISTORICAL ERAS OF NURSING PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING OR MEDIEVAL PERIOD -NURSING WAS “UNTAUGHT” AND INSTINCTIVE -NURSING WAS A FUNCTION THAT BELONGED TO WOMEN -It was viewed as a natural nurturing job for women. -No training is evident -based on experi...

EVOLUTION OF NURSING HISTORICAL ERAS OF NURSING PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING OR MEDIEVAL PERIOD -NURSING WAS “UNTAUGHT” AND INSTINCTIVE -NURSING WAS A FUNCTION THAT BELONGED TO WOMEN -It was viewed as a natural nurturing job for women. -No training is evident -based on experience and observation -Illness was caused by evil spirits. *SHAMAN OR WITCH DOCTOR -Had the power to heal by using white magic, hypnosis, charms, dances, incantation, purgatives, massage, fire, water, and herbs as a mean of driving illness from the victim. *TREPHINING -Drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia was a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted. NURSING IN THE NEAR EAST -Man’s mode of living changed from nomadic style to an agrarian society into an urban community life. -Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sisters, or mothers -Care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition, and magic added astrology and numerology in medical practice -There was a birth of the three religious ideologies: Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism I. BABYLONIA *CODE OF HAMMURABI -Provided laws that covered every fact of Babylonian life including medical practice. -The medical regulations established fees, discouraged experimentation, designed specific doctors for each disease, and gave each patient the right to choose between the use of charms, the use of medications or a surgical procedure to cure his disease II. EGYPT -Introduced the art of Embalming, which enhanced their knowledge on human anatomy. -Developed the ability to make keen clinical observations and left a record of 250 recognized diseases -There were no mentioned nurses, hospitals, and hospital personnel. Slaves and patient’s family nursed the sick. III. HEBREWS -Moses wrote the five books of the Old Testament -Emphasized practice of hospitality to strangers and the act of charity. -Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and ritual of circumcision of the male child (BOOK OF LEVITICUS) -Refer to nurses is as a midwife, wet nurse or child’s nurse whose acts were compassionate and tender. -Moses as father of sanitation NURSING IN THE FAR EAST I. CHINA -Confucius advocated the golden rule of treating others as you would like to be treated. Medical knowledge included dissection techniques, studies of the circulatory system, method of physical diagnosis, massage, the therapeutic use of baths, and the significance of pulse rates -Emperor SHEN NUNG originated the acupuncture technique. -Physicians were held in high esteem often at the level of the gods since they base diagnosis on some 200 types of pulses and observation -Drugs used in ancient China are still in use today such as Iodine, liver preparations and opiates II. INDIA -Elaborate municipal drainage system existed *HINDUISM Sacred books: 1. Vedas -VEDA OF LONGEVITY, hygiene and prevention of sickness is stressed and small pox inoculations, material medica, psychiatry, medical, surgical and pediatric practice are mentioned 2. Upanishads -Hindus practiced a theme concept which included the physician, the nurse, and the patients. -Records indicate that instrument such as the tissue forceps, scissors, and catheters were used for surgical procedures, including plastic surgery. -Drugs and diet were prescribed in addition to intervention. *BUDDHISM -Gautama founded many religious communities which later become a source of help to King Asoka. -Prevention of disease was of prime importance and hygiene procedures were considered a religious duty -priest-physician was the medical practitioner SUSHURUTU -Made list of function and qualifications of nurses. -For the first time I the recorded history there was reference to the nurse’s taking care of patients. -These nurses were described as combination of pharmacists, physical therapists, cooks, and masseurs NURSING OF THE GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE I. AESCALUPIAN MEDICINE IN GREECE -Caduceu, a symbol of medical profession wherein Greek Mythology, Apollo’s son, is Aesculapius, was the God of healing and was depicted holding as staff entwined with serpents of wisdom -Temples and sanatoria were erected in lovely settings, where fresh water, fresh air, sunshine and wholesome food were available. -Asepsis was not understood but the physicians recognized an advantage to treating wounds with boiled clear water or wine -Hippocrates, born in Greece is given the title “Father of Scientific Medicine” II. ROMAN EMPIRE -Physician’s of the Hippocratic School became slaves of the Romans. -Rome recognized hygiene and sanitation as the foundation of good health. -Aqueducts, sewerage systems, and bath houses to promote good health -First aid was given on the battle field, ambulance service was provided. -Roman medicine had a high degree of specialization such as urology, gynecology, and eyes, ears, nose, and throat. -Physicians performed many surgical procedures such as plastic surgery. However, their knowledge of drugs was considered to be inadequate -Soranus, a member of the Methodist School and author of medical book and was considered one of the most famous gynecologist and obstetrician -Galen, born in Asia Minor, was considered the greatest physician after Hippocrates. excelled in Anatomy and Physiology; firmly believed in physical therapy and in the prevention of disease; one of the most remarkable of all physicians TRANSITION FROM PAGAN TO CHRISTIAN NURSING -Teaching and works of Christ had a profound effect upon nursing and medicine- many basic nursing services were introduced with empathy and understanding -Christian orders of women were called deaconesses (352 A.D.) and functioned as visiting nurses and social workers and were women of high social status, appointed by the bishops of the church - St. Phoebe is remembered as the first visiting nurse and the first deaconess and was introduced to the Christian world by St. Paul and her duties were to minister sick -Emperor Constantine the Great--Founded a large hospital and used his influence in calling together the Congress for the First Council of Nicea in 325 A.D.; the creed by the council that each attending bishop would build a hospital in every city where a cathedral had been erected; -St. Basil of Athens--Built the largest hospitals in Asia Minor about 370 A.D. It was a huge complex of buildings, housing lepers, children, the aged, and the possibly others in separate dwellings known as the Basillas, it resembled the large hospital of today. CURRICULUM ERA (1900-1940) - Focused on what curriculum content should student nurses study to be nurses. -What COURSES nursing students should take -COURSE SELECTION AND CONTENT for nursing programs -Colleges and universities emerge RESEARCH EMPHASIS ERA (1950-1970s) -Focused on what is the focus of nursing research -Nurses sought degrees in higher education -Focused on the research process and the long-range goal acquiring substantive knowledge to guide nursing practice - Awareness for the need of concept and theory development coincided with two other milestones TWO MILESTONES: -THE STARDAIZATION OF CURRICULA FOR NURSING MASTERS EDUCATION -DOCTORAL EDUCATION OF NURSING GRADUATE EDUCATION ERA (1950- 1970s) -Focused on what knowledge is needed for nursing practice. -Tandem with the research era -Transition from vocation to profession THEORY ERA (1980-1990s) -Focuses on how do these frameworks (nursing theories) guide research and practice. -Accelerated as early works developed as frameworks for curricula and advanced practice guides began to be recognized as theory -Transition from pre-paradigm to paradigm THEORY UTILIZATION ERA (21st century) -Focused on what new theories needed to produce evidence of quality care. -Emphasis shifted to theory application in nursing practice, research, education and administration -emphasis to produce evidence for quality professional practice HISTORY OF NURSING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES I. Early Belief & Practices -cause of disease was primarily believed to be due to either another person (enemy, witch, evil spirit) -Babaylan (priest physician -Albularyo (herb doctor) II. The Earliest Hospitals in the Philippines (1577) Hospital Real de Manila -Established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s soldiers & Spanish civilian. -Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande (1578) San Lazaro Hospital -Founded by Brother Juan Clemente -Administered by hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios -Exclusive for patient w/ leprosy (1586) Hospital de Indios -Established by the Franciscan Order -Service was in generally supported by alms contribution from charitable persons (1590) Hospital de Aguas Santas -Established in Laguna; near a medical spring -Founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order (1596) San Juan de Dios Hospital -Founded by Brotherhood of Misericordia. -Administered by Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios -Support was delivered from alms & rent. -Rendered general health service to the public III. Nursing During the Philippines Revolution -In the late 1890’s war between Philippines and Spain. The emergence of filipina nurses brought about the development of Philippines Red Cross. IV. Hospitals and Nursing Schools -In 1907 American began training Filipino students. Nursing students in the Philippines studied many of the same subjects as nursing in the U.S. The curriculum in the Philippines “was never a mirror-image reproduction of the American nursing curriculum. V. Hospital School of Nursing’s Formal Training (1901-1911) 1906 -Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City) -Saint Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila) -Philippine General Hospital of Nursing (Manila) 1907 -St. Luke’s Hospital of Nursing (Quezon City) -Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila)- -Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing VI. Public Health Nursing Development 1931 – 1941 -Nursing institution increased their requirement (1933) -An applicant must be able to complete secondary education to enter nursing education *Nursing During World War II -Made public health nurses in Manila assigned to devastated areas -31 nurses were taken prisoners by the Japanese army and confined at the Bilibid prison -Released by Director of the Bureau of health *The First Colleges Nursing in the Philippines 1. University of Sto. Thomas (1877) 2. Manila Central University (1947) 3. University of the Philippines (1948) 4. Far Eastern University (1955) 5. University of the East (1958) *General Values of Filipino Nurses 1. work ethic 2. spirituality 3. sensitivity 4. interpersonal relationships 5. respect and reverence 6. modesty 7.Language 8. close family ties