History of Nursing PDF

History of Nursing Prepared by : Khozima Mohammed Alneelain University Fundamental of Nursing  Objectives: By the end of the lesson the students will be able to : 1. Describe major milestones from ancient caregiving to modern nursing education. 2. D...

History of Nursing Prepared by : Khozima Mohammed Alneelain University Fundamental of Nursing  Objectives: By the end of the lesson the students will be able to : 1. Describe major milestones from ancient caregiving to modern nursing education. 2. Discuss how figures like Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton shaped the profession. 3. Understand nursing's journey from informal care to a formal, scientific profession, including specialized fields and theories. 4. Explain the role of technology and evidence- based practices in modern nursing. 5. Recognize nursing's contributions to public health initiatives like vaccination and disaster response. 6. Analyze how events like the Crusades and World Wars shaped nursing practices and training.  Introduction Nursing has transformed significantly from how it was practiced in the past and is anticipated to keep evolving throughout the 21st century. To fully understand modern nursing and be prepared for future advancements, it’s essential to have knowledge of both its historical context and current practices.  The history of nursing is rich and deeply tied to the evolution of healthcare. This presentation will explore key milestones in the development of nursing, both globally and in Sudan. Definition of Nursing Florence Nightingale defined nursing nearly 150 years ago as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” (Nightingale, 1860/1969). Nightingale considered a clean, well- ventilated, and quiet environment essential for recovery. Often considered the first nurse theorist.  Virginia Henderson was one of the first modern nurses to define nursing. She wrote, “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death). That he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible” (Henderson, 1966).  In the latter part of the 20th century, various nursing theorists formulated their own theoretical frameworks to define nursing. These theoretical definitions are significant because they provide a deeper, more comprehensive view than basic definitions. They explain what nursing entails and describe the connections between nurses, nursing practice, clients, the environment, and the goal of achieving client health outcomes. Ancient Times Early Practices: In ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, and Rome, nursing was often performed by family members, servants, or slaves. Women were typically caregivers, and health practices were closely related to religion. Ancient Times Hippocrates: Known as the "Father of Medicine," he emphasized observing patients carefully. His ideas helped shape early healthcare. Middle Ages (5th - 15th Century) Church Involvement: Hospitals were created in monasteries (churches), where monks and nuns cared for people. Religious groups, like the Benedictines, were responsible for much of Europe’s healthcare. Middle Ages (5th - 15th Century) Knights Hospitaller and Crusades: During the Crusades, military groups cared for the sick and wounded, creating early versions of “battlefield nursing.” Renaissance to Enlightenment (16th - 18th Century): Hospitals: By the 17th century, hospitals became more common, though conditions were often poor, and nursing was largely performed by untrained individuals. Renaissance to Enlightenment (16th - 18th Century): Rise of Scientific Thinking: Advancements in medicine led to more scientific approaches to healthcare, setting the stage for modern nursing. Florence Nightingale (19th Century) Florence Nightingale: Considered the founder of modern nursing, Nightingale revolutionized nursing practice by emphasizing hygiene, sanitation, and patient- centered care during the Crimean War. Her work Florence Nightingale (19th Century) Nightingale School of Nursing: In 1860, she established the first scientifically based nursing school at St. Thomas' Hospital in London. Her teachings promoted nursing as a respectable profession for women. Early 20th Century Formal Education: Nursing education became formalized in many countries, with more nursing schools opening and standardizing curricula. Early 20th Century World Wars I and II: The global wars heightened the need for skilled nurses, leading to the rapid expansion of nursing roles. Women were mobilized to the front lines, and the wars spurred innovations in trauma care and surgery. Mid to Late 20th Century Specialization: Post- WWII, nursing began to diversify into specialized fields such as pediatric nursing, mental health nursing, and critical care nursing. Mid to Late 20th Century Advanced Practice: The 1960s and 1970s saw the rise of advanced practice roles, including nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse anesthetists. These roles expanded nurses' ability to diagnose, prescribe, and manage care. Mid to Late 20th Century Nursing Theories: Key nursing theorists like Virginia Henderson, Jean Watson, and Dorothea Orem contributed to the philosophical and scientific understanding of nursing, framing it as a discipline in its own right. Modern Nursing (21st Century) Evidence- Based Practice: Nurses are increasingly expected to base their care on the best available scientific evidence, improving patient outcomes. Modern Nursing (21st Century) Technology: The integration of technology, such as electronic health records and telemedicine, has transformed nursing, making documentation and patient management more efficient. Modern Nursing (21st Century) Global Impact: Nurses are now seen as essential to global health initiatives, participating in public health efforts like vaccination campaigns, disease prevention, and disaster response. Notable Contributions in Nursing History Clara Barton: Founded the American Red Cross. Mary Seacole: A Jamaican- British nurse who cared for soldiers during the Crimean War, independently of Nightingale. Lillian Wald**: Pioneer of public health nursing in the U.S. The History of Nursing in Sudan KM The History of Nursing in Sudan: A Journey of Resilience and Progress The history of nursing in Sudan is a testament to the resilience and dedication of healthcare professionals in the face of evolving challenges. From its humble beginnings rooted in informal family care to its current status as a vital component of Sudan's healthcare system, nursing in This Sudanjourney reflects not has undergone only the development a remarkable of healthcare transformation.. practices but also the changing social, political, and economic landscape of the country. KM O rigins of Nursing Care in Sudan 1 Pre- Colonial Era Nursing care was primarily provided by family members and community healers. Traditional medicine and cultural practices played a significant role in healthcare delivery. Early 20th Century 2 The arrival of British colonial rule marked the beginning of formalized healthcare services. Missionary hospitals started establishing the first nursing schools in Sudan. 3 1930s Sudan saw its first cohort of trained nurses, educated primarily in missionary hospitals. This marked a significant shift towards professional nursing care.  The Impact of Independence on Nursing Pre- Independence Challenges Post- Independence Growth International Collaboration Before 1956, nursing After gaining independence O rganizations like the education was limited and in 1956, Sudan faced an World Health O rganization primarily influenced by urgent need to develop its (WHO ) played a vital role in colonial practices. There was healthcare workforce. The supporting Sudan's efforts a shortage of trained government prioritized the to expand and improve Sudanese nurses, with most establishment of more nursing education and healthcare professionals nursing schools and practice. being expatriates. promoted nursing as a crucial profession. ‫اﻟﻣﻐﺗرﺑﯾن‬ Gender Dynamics in Sudanese Nursing Traditional Male Shift Towards Female 1 Dominance 2 Participation Historically, nursing in Sudan Post- independence, was a male- dominated Sudanese women began profession, reflecting cultural to enter the nursing norms and societal profession in greater expectations. numbers, challenging traditional gender roles. Changing Perceptions O ngoing Challenges 3 4 The increasing presence of Despite progress, gender- women in nursing related challenges persist, contributed to a shift in including work- life societal perceptions of the balance issues and profession, elevating its cultural expectations for status and importance. female nurses. Nursing During Times of Civil Unrest 1980s- 1990s Turmoil Nurses on the Front Lines Civil unrest during this period significantly impacted healthcare services, including Despite challenging conditions, Sudanese nursing. Many healthcare facilities were nurses continued to provide critical care, often damaged or destroyed, and resources were working in conflict zones and refugee camps. severely limited. Their dedication was crucial in maintaining basic healthcare services. Adaptability and Resilience Long- term Impact Nurses developed innovative ways to deliver The experiences during this period shaped care with limited resources, showcasing their the resilience of the Sudanese nursing adaptability and commitment to their profession. community and highlighted the need for better support and resources for healthcare workers. Standardization of Nursing Education Curriculum Development Efforts to standardize nursing education began with the development of a national curriculum, incorporating both local healthcare needs and international standards. Establishment of Nursing Colleges The government established dedicated nursing colleges across Sudan, providing more opportunities for aspiring nurses to receive formal education. Introduction of Specializations Advanced nursing programs were introduced, allowing nurses to specialize in areas  Summary Nursing has grown from a role grounded in basic caregiving to a dynamic, science- driven profession that plays a critical role in healthcare delivery worldwide.