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Questions and Answers
What term describes the combination of skills possessed by nurses in the Greco-Roman culture?
What term describes the combination of skills possessed by nurses in the Greco-Roman culture?
- Pharmaceutical specialists
- Combination therapists
- Multidisciplinary practitioners (correct)
- Holistic caregivers
Which symbol is associated with the medical profession, as represented in Greek mythology?
Which symbol is associated with the medical profession, as represented in Greek mythology?
- Caduceu (correct)
- Ankh
- Rod of Asclepius
- Staff of Hermes
What foundational element of health did Rome primarily recognize for maintaining good health?
What foundational element of health did Rome primarily recognize for maintaining good health?
- Hygiene and sanitation (correct)
- Physical exercise
- Herbal remedies
- Nutrition and diet
Which of these figures is regarded as the greatest physician after Hippocrates?
Which of these figures is regarded as the greatest physician after Hippocrates?
What type of medical knowledge was considered inadequate in Roman medicine?
What type of medical knowledge was considered inadequate in Roman medicine?
What significant role did deaconesses play in early Christian nursing?
What significant role did deaconesses play in early Christian nursing?
Who is recognized as the first visiting nurse and deaconess in the Christian tradition?
Who is recognized as the first visiting nurse and deaconess in the Christian tradition?
What initiative did Emperor Constantine the Great take to promote healthcare?
What initiative did Emperor Constantine the Great take to promote healthcare?
What was the main focus of nursing education during the Curriculum Era (1900-1940)?
What was the main focus of nursing education during the Curriculum Era (1900-1940)?
What was notable about St.Basil of Athens's contributions to healthcare?
What was notable about St.Basil of Athens's contributions to healthcare?
What characterized nursing during the Period of Intuitive Nursing?
What characterized nursing during the Period of Intuitive Nursing?
What was the belief about illness during the medieval period?
What was the belief about illness during the medieval period?
Which of the following practices was used by shaman or witch doctors in the healing process?
Which of the following practices was used by shaman or witch doctors in the healing process?
In Babylonian society, what did the Code of Hammurabi regulate concerning medical practice?
In Babylonian society, what did the Code of Hammurabi regulate concerning medical practice?
How did the Egyptians enhance their understanding of human anatomy?
How did the Egyptians enhance their understanding of human anatomy?
What role did family members play in nursing during the early periods mentioned?
What role did family members play in nursing during the early periods mentioned?
Which of the following was NOT a component of medical practice in the Near East?
Which of the following was NOT a component of medical practice in the Near East?
What did the Hebrews emphasize in their approach to care during the early periods?
What did the Hebrews emphasize in their approach to care during the early periods?
What was a significant focus of the nursing research emphasis era from 1950 to the 1970s?
What was a significant focus of the nursing research emphasis era from 1950 to the 1970s?
During which era did the transition from viewing nursing as a vocation to recognizing it as a profession occur?
During which era did the transition from viewing nursing as a vocation to recognizing it as a profession occur?
What were the two key milestones noted in the development of nursing education in the 1950s to 1970s?
What were the two key milestones noted in the development of nursing education in the 1950s to 1970s?
What was the primary focus of the theory era in nursing during the 1980s and 1990s?
What was the primary focus of the theory era in nursing during the 1980s and 1990s?
What does the theory utilization era in the 21st century emphasize?
What does the theory utilization era in the 21st century emphasize?
Which early belief attributed the cause of diseases to malevolent forces in the Philippines?
Which early belief attributed the cause of diseases to malevolent forces in the Philippines?
What was the main purpose of the Hospital Real de Manila established in 1577?
What was the main purpose of the Hospital Real de Manila established in 1577?
Which of the following best describes the focus of nursing education after the research emphasis era?
Which of the following best describes the focus of nursing education after the research emphasis era?
What aspects of medical knowledge were practiced in ancient China?
What aspects of medical knowledge were practiced in ancient China?
Which of the following was emphasized in Hindu sacred texts regarding health care?
Which of the following was emphasized in Hindu sacred texts regarding health care?
What was one of the earliest references to nursing mentioned in recorded history?
What was one of the earliest references to nursing mentioned in recorded history?
Who is credited with originating the acupuncture technique in ancient China?
Who is credited with originating the acupuncture technique in ancient China?
What was considered a religious duty in Buddhism with regards to health?
What was considered a religious duty in Buddhism with regards to health?
In ancient India, what did the Upanishads emphasize about the role of health practitioners?
In ancient India, what did the Upanishads emphasize about the role of health practitioners?
What significant medical procedure is associated with records from ancient India?
What significant medical procedure is associated with records from ancient India?
Which principle did Confucius advocate that influenced Chinese medicine?
Which principle did Confucius advocate that influenced Chinese medicine?
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Study Notes
Historical Eras of Nursing
Period of Intuitive Nursing or Medieval Period
- Nursing was instinctive and untrained, primarily undertaken by women as a natural nurturing role.
- Healing practices involved rituals and alternative methods to drive out evil spirits, including using herbs and incantations.
- Trephining, a practice of drilling holes in the skull, was used as a last resort to treat those believed to be possessed.
Nursing in the Near East
- Transition from nomadic to urban lifestyle saw nursing responsibilities remain with females in families, typically associated with religion and superstition.
- The Code of Hammurabi regulated medical practices in Babylonia, covering fees and treatment options.
- Ancient Egyptians advanced knowledge in anatomy through embalming and recorded diseases but did not have dedicated nurses or hospitals. Family members provided care.
- Hebrew practices emphasized hospitality and charity, with Moses promoting sanitation and laws regarding diseases, alongside roles for midwives and wet nurses.
Nursing in the Far East
- In China, Confucius's teachings influenced medical practices, which included dissection and pulse analysis.
- Emperor Shen Nung is known for the origin of acupuncture and elevated the status of physicians.
- India’s ancient texts, including the Vedas, emphasized hygiene, surgical techniques, and disease prevention, with references to early integrated healthcare roles.
- Sushruta’s contributions detailed qualifications for nursing roles, highlighting nursing as a composite of various caregiving functions.
Nursing of the Greco-Roman Culture
- Aesculapius represented healing in Greek mythology, emphasizing a holistic approach to medicine and care.
- Roman contributions included advanced sanitation systems, specialized medical fields, and battlefield first aid.
- Galen and Soranus were notable figures, with Galen's work emphasizing anatomy and disease prevention.
Transition from Pagan to Christian Nursing
- Early Christian teachings introduced empathy and systematic approaches to nursing, led by deaconesses in community service roles.
- St. Phoebe is acknowledged as a pioneer in visiting nurse roles.
- Emperor Constantine established hospitals and inspired bishops to set up care facilities, while St. Basil created extensive hospital complexes in Asia Minor.
Curriculum Era (1900-1940)
- Focus shifted to nursing education, outlining required courses and content for nursing students.
- Emergence of colleges and universities dedicated to nursing programs.
Research Emphasis Era (1950-1970s)
- Concentration on developing a theoretical foundation for nursing practice through higher education.
- Milestones included standardizing nursing master’s curricula and establishing doctoral education within nursing.
Graduate Education Era (1950-1970s)
- Transition from vocational training to a professional discipline, enhancing the knowledge base necessary for nursing practice.
Theory Era (1980-1990s)
- Development of nursing theories served as frameworks for both research and advanced practice.
- Marked a shift from nascent ideas to recognized paradigms in nursing.
Theory Utilization Era (21st Century)
- Focused on utilizing and developing new theories to improve evidence-based practice in nursing across research and education sectors.
History of Nursing Practice in the Philippines
Early Belief & Practices
- Diseases were frequently attributed to malevolent forces or rivals, with healing often performed by shamans or herbalists.
The Earliest Hospitals in the Philippines
- Hospital Real de Manila, established in 1577, cared primarily for the Spanish king’s soldiers and local civilians, marking one of the earliest formal healthcare institutions in the region.
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