Easy Exam 4 Study Guide PDF

Microbiota of Skin Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium (common in acne), Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus; yeasts such as Candida Impetigo Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes [can be a mixture of both] Chickenpox & Shingles Varicella-Zoster Vir...

Microbiota of Skin Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium (common in acne), Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus; yeasts such as Candida Impetigo Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes [can be a mixture of both] Chickenpox & Shingles Varicella-Zoster Virus [HHV-3] People can acquire chickenpox from shingles lesion fluid exposure If a person who has never been infected with the varicella-zoster virus comes in contact with a person who has shingles, they will come down with chickenpox Scarlet Fever Streptococcus pyogenes (Pharyngitis/strep throat) If S. pyogenes produces erythrogenic exotoxin → scarlet fever can result ○ If not treated, S fever = Rheumatic fever Rash feels like sandpaper [hands, feet] Roseola “sixth disease” HHV-6 Higher fever → lasts up to 3 days ○ Maculopapular rash → 30% ppl; on 4th day rash appears 100% of US population is infected w/ HHV-6 by adulthood No treatment or prevention exist Measles “rubeola” Measles virus Maculopapular exanthem = rash MMR vaccine Supportive care Rubella “German Measles Rubella virus Rash: pink macules & papules ○ Teratogenic: Virus transmitted via mother to fetus in utero 1st trimester infection = miscarriage or defects/deficits MMR vaccine Smallpox Variola virus ○ Variola major: causes shock & toxemia ○ Variola minor: less fatal  Rash: macular, papular, vestibular, pustular (pharynx) Droplets Vaccine available for military No treatment Fifths Disease “slapped cheek” Parvovirus B19 “Erythema infectiosum” Rash begins in face & gets worse by any activity that highers body heat Very contagious but mild No vaccine or treatment Capitis: fungal invasion of scalp, hair of head, eyebrows, eyelashes Barbae: “barber's itch” effects the chin & beard of adult males (mainly animals) Corporis: extremely prevalent infection anywhere on the body’s glabrous (smooth/bare) skin Cruris: “jock itch” males groin, prenatal skin, scrotum, penis Pedis: “athletes foot” “jungle rot”; begins with blisters between toes that can burst, crust over, and can spread to the nails/foot Unguium: fingernails/toenails; being masses of keratin; first starts in white patches in the nail bed Molluscum Contagiosum Poxvirus Skin lesions → smooth, waxy nodules Direct contact or sex No treatment ○ May remove lesions or treat them with topical Normal Biota of CNS? NONE Aseptic meningitis “viral meningitis” No bacteria or fungi found in CSF Enteroviruses Majority cases occur in children Milder than bacterial or fungal meningitis Resolve by itself within 2 weeks Diagnosis = failure to find bacteria, fungi or protozoa in CSF No treatment Poliomyelitis Poliovirus Flaccid paralysis = respiratory failure Food-water-objects contaminated with feces & mechanical vectors Vaccines ○ Inactivated vaccine (IPV): Jonas Salk 1954  ○ Oral vaccine (OPV): Sabin 1960s Bill Gates spent $700 million to eradicate Polio Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa parasite) Pregnant women 33% chance of transmitting infection to fetus ○ Definitive host = adult form of disease Inhalation of cat fecal matter & undercooked meat Good hygiene (mask up to clean up after cat) Rabies “fatal encephalitis” Incubation period 1-2 months or more Wild animal bite, scratches, inhalation, droplets ○ Racoon, skunks, bats, coyote, fox Human rabies immune globulin Rabies vaccine begins with any wild animal bite Meningoencephalitis “brain eating amoeba” Amoeba Naegleria fowleri ○ fresh water Amoeba swims up nasal passages while in water ○ Burrows in nasal mucosa & migrates to brain ○ Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM): Mass destruction in brain & spinal tissues that causes hemorrhage & coma = death within the week No treatment ○ There is an antibiotic they have but its so harsh, it's used futility Paralysis Flaccid (muscles weak & limp): Polio [enteroviral] & Botulism [Clostridium botulinum] Rigid (muscles stiff & contracted): Tetanus [Clostridium tetani] Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi [spirochete] Erythema migrans = bullseye from tick bite ○ Stiff neck ○ Cardiac & neurological symptoms if not treated Deer ticks Wear protective clothing Antibiotics Infectious Mononucleosis “mono” Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) HHV-4 30-50 day incubation period ○ Fatigue is hallmark symptom  ○ Cervical lymphadenopathy ○ Enlarged spleen & liver 90% of world's population infected with EBV ○ Depends when you contract it: during teenage years? Mono Associated with Burkitt's lymphoma = most common childhood cancer in Africa Hemorrhagic Diseases Yellow fever ○ Aedes mosquito Dengue fever ○ Aedes mosquito Ebola and Marburg fever ○ Bats Lassa Fever ○ Rats Cat Scratch Disease Bartonella henslae 1-2 weeks after claw or bite from cat ○ Papules @ site of inoculation ○ Localized lymphadenopathy 40% of cats have pathogen (especially kittens) Antibiotic therapies ○ Aseptic cleansing of cat bite or scratch Pertussis “whooping cough” Bordetella pertussis Runny nose for 1-2 weeks ○ Severe coughing = paroxysm stage Droplet contact DTaP vaccine Supportive measures & antibiotics Atypical Pneumonia “walking pneumonia” Mycoplasma pneumoniae Lack of acute illness = not too sick to miss work, but don't feel good ○ Bronchitis Aerosol droplets in close living quarters Influenza Influenza A, B, and C viruses ○ Glycoprotein spikes: Hemagglutinin (H) used for attachment to host cells Neuraminidase (N) used to release virus from cell  ○ Antigenic shift: genetic recombination between diff strains infecting 1 cell ○ Antigenic drift: mutations in genes (1 AA) & allows virus to avoid immune response Inhalation aerosols & droplets, indirect contact w fomites ○ Winter air Vaccination ○ Inactivated = seasonal vaccine ○ Live attenuated = FluMist ○ 2009 H1N1 prompted new vaccine E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC) Enterohemmorrhagic E. coli (fecal-oral consumption) Mild gastroenteritis ○ 10% of pts develop hemolyticuremic syndrome (HUS) Inflammation & damage to kidneys ○ Blindness, seizure, stroke Contaminated or undercooked meat Never eat raw hamburger meat & wash veggies very well Supportive therapy Shigella Shigella dysenteriae → shiga toxin Dysentery: bloody stool ○ Nausea & vomiting Oral, direct contact (small ID), lax sanitation, malnutrition, crowding Good hygiene ○ Usually use antibiotics in severe cases (kills all bacteria in your gut) High Risk Foods Ground Beef Eggs Chicken, Turkey Milk Creamy dishes unrefrigerated Pork Taenia solium Taenia solium is a tapeworm ○ Pig: Taenia solium ○ Beef: Taenia saginata Vague abdominal pain, nausea, worms in feces Trichinosis  Trichinosis is a parasitic roundworm Eating pork & sometimes other wildlife Muscular & neurological symptoms ○ Cannibalism is only exception to humans passing to one another Infectious conditions that can result in lesions on genitals? Syphilis Genital herpes Viral sexually transmitted infections that cause wart-like growth? HPV Molluscum contagiosum HPV Human Papillomavirus Warts: tiny-flat bumps or condyloma acuminata (cauliflower) Cervical cancers are from HPV ○ Mouth & throat cancers as well ○ Young women = highest risk Direct contact (STI) Gardasil vaccine ○ Pap smear