EALS Midterms PDF

Earth and Life Science FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH System - interconnected set of components that WEEK 1 functions. THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE...

Earth and Life Science FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH System - interconnected set of components that WEEK 1 functions. THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE How does Earth’s system work? Movement or transfer of matter and energy Big Bang Theory - galaxies increase but not expand because of the expanding universe. Close System - only energy is transferred. Open System - both energy and matter is Singularity - area predicted to be the core of a transferred. black hole with very high temperature and density. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Steady State Theory - universe has always been Troposphere Stratosphere expanding. Mesosphere - Universe expands = new stars and galaxies Thermosphere are formed Exosphere Oscillating Universe Theory - universe contract Troposphere - clouds appear after all the energy are used up in expansion. - Lowest layer - “Pulsating theory” The Big Crunch - once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another universe will be born Altitude Temperature ACCRETION HYPOTHESIS Accretion - gradual increase in the size of an Stratosphere - Converting the UV energy to heat object by the build up of matter due to gravity - Ozone layer Homogenous - accreted from materials of same composition after condensation Heterogenous - when Earth accreted during condensation, forming a differentiated planet as it Altitude Temperature grew in size. Mesosphere - meteors burn up Moh’s scale - used to determine hardness - Coldest temperature Color - clue to their identification - Can have impurities Streak - mineral’s color in powdered form - Can be different from the color of the mineral and can be colorless Crystal Form - Internal structure of mineral Bonding types: covalent, ionic, metallic Altitude Temperature Cleavage - property to break along specific planes of weakness Thermosphere - Northern and southern lights occur Fracture - irregular/ without definite pattern or - Ionosphere - layer of electrically charged atoms direction and molecules CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MINERAL AND ROCKS Silicates - contain silicon and oxygen Ex: quartz Carbonates - carbonate anion with other elements Altitude Temperature Ex: calcites Exosphere - air is thin Native elements - uncombined with anything - Satellites Ex: gold and diamond _________________________________________ TEMPERATURE IN EXOSPHERE _ Week 2 THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROCKS Igneous - formed from cooling of magma Extrusive - expelled from earth - volcanic Intrusive - inside the earth’s crust Day Night - plutonic Sedimentary - preserves a record of the environment PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS AND that existed ROCKS Clastic - little pieces of broken shell Luster - ability of mineral to reflect light Chemical - dissolved materials precipitate Metallic - polished metal, shiny gold Organic - accumulation of plants or animal Non-Metallic - grassy, silky, transparent to debris translucent Hardness - resistance of mineral to abrasion Metamorphic rock - bonds or stripes Metamorphism - extreme heat and pressure Weathering - process that break up solid rocks Shearing - pushing in opposite directions Physical Weathering - mechanical weathering Continental Drift Theory - continents once been a - Breaks large masses of rock to smaller super-continent grains 1. Frost Wedging - break-up of rock by Pangea - “all earth” the pressure of water freezing in cracks. - 200 million years ago, all the continents on 2. Abrasion - breakdown of rocks caused Earth were actually one huge "supercontinent" by impact and friction. surrounded by one enormous ocean. 3. Burrowing Animals - animals excavate to the ground to create space Laurasia and Gondwana - pangaea was split into two for habitation. landmasses Chemical Weathering - process by which - 120 yrs ago rocks are broken down by chemical reactions. Oxidation - response of oxygen with minerals TYPES OF FAULTS Ex: rusting Normal Fault - hanging wall moves downward with respect to the foot wall Mass Waisting - the movement of rock and soil down - Extensional force “away” slope under the influence of gravity. _________________________________________ _ Week 3 Magmatism - the formation of magma under Earth's surface. Reverse Fault - hanging wall moves upward with respect to the foot wall. Decompression Melting - pressure decreases but - Compressional force temperature remains the same Flux Melting - when rock is close to its melting point - Water and carbon dioxide helps break chemical bond in chemicals Strike-slip Fault - slides past each other or moves Extrusion - the deeper the magma chamber, the opposite stronger the explosion - Shearing force TYPES OF STRESS WHICH AFFECTS THE BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS Compressional - squeezes and pushes rocks together Tensional - stretches and pulls rock apart _________________________________________ _ PLATE TECTONIC THEORY → explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent - the older plate goes Plate Boundaries - where plates meet under. - the lithosphere of the earth is divided into a - Forms volcanic arcs small number of moving plates whose 1. Sea Mounts - under sea level and no movements cause seismic activity longer active. 2. Volcanic Island arc - above sea level abd Divergent Boundary - spreading boundaries forming a chain of islands. - Plates move apart from one another - Below sea-level: mid-oceanic ridge - Above sea-level: rift valley Continental-Continental Convergent - two continental plates converging between a boundary - Collision of the plates pushed upward Convergent Boundary - the zone where two - Older plate slightly sink beneath the other plates meet - Himalaya mountain range - The convergence can be between: a) an oceanic plate and a continental plate, and b) two continental or c) two oceanic plates. Oceanic-Continental Convergent - the denser oceanic plate goes under the continental plate that sinks in the subduction zone Relative Dating - relative age relationships most commonly, vertical position Superposition - younger rocks lie over older rocks Half Life - how long it takes for half of a sample of UNCONFORMITIES the isotope to decay. Disconformity - place where a a parallel rock layer ______________________________________ is mislaid Week 5 - Sequence of rock layers is pushed up GEOLOGICAL PROCESS AND HAZARDS because of forces Earthquake - sudden movement of the earth’s lithosphere causes the ground surface to shake Focus - point inside where earthquake started Epicenter - vertically above the focus Magnitude - total amount of energy released - depicts the absolute or relative direction - Measured by seismograph Intensity - how much ground shakes at a specific Nonconformities - igneous or metamorphic place and decreases with distance from epicenter rocks were exposed to erosion before being covered - Measured by PHIVOLCS by younger sedimentary rock PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismography Tsunami - giant waves caused by quakes and volcanic eruption - Low-lying coastal areas are most vulnerable Landslide - down-slope movement of earth material Angular Unconformities - horizontal rock layers lie on top of tilted or folded rock layers Fire - often linked with broken electrical and gas Constructive Wave - swash is stronger than lines backwash - Common byproducts of earthquake - Low energy waves HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS Destructive Wave - stronger backwashes → atmospheric hazards that could cause loss of life - Pulls material away from the shoreline and into the sea resulting in erosion Coastal Erosion - loss of displacement of land Flood - water overflows onto normally dry land along the coastline Inland Flood - far away from coast Flashflood - fast occurrence TYPES OF EROSION River Flood - bodies of water rise and Abrasion - rock fragments against the cliffs overflow Coastal Flood - along the coast by seawater Hydraulic pressure - trapping air into cracks Urban Flood - lack of drainage in city area Attrition - process of erosion during rock Storm Surge - “Daluyong ng bagyo” collision and transportation - the rise in seawater level caused solely by a storm. Waves scouring - waves breaking at the base of the cliffs swirl around the base and cause the Tornadoes - violently rotating column of air elimination of movable rock. touching the ground. Wave pounding - collapse of the cliff face because Rip Currents - currents of water flowing away of the absolute force of a wave the shore that can pull people. ______________________________________ Week 6 MARINE AND COASTAL PROCESSES AND HAZARDS Waves - occurs when the force of wind blows over surface of water. - Transports energy, not water Swash - wave washes up unto shoreline Backwash - water retreats back into the sea