Earth Science Midterm Reviewer PDF

EARTH SCIENCE  Week 1  Theories about Origin of the Universe 1. Cosmic Inflation- “rapidly expanding”- Alan Guth 2. Steady State- “no beginning & no end in time; Density is constant”- Fred Hoyle 3. Big bang- “caused by ancient...

EARTH SCIENCE  Week 1  Theories about Origin of the Universe 1. Cosmic Inflation- “rapidly expanding”- Alan Guth 2. Steady State- “no beginning & no end in time; Density is constant”- Fred Hoyle 3. Big bang- “caused by ancient explosive force; Density decreases over time”- Georges Lemaître  Theories about the Origin of The Solar System 1. Accretion- “formed by nebula; gradual increased in size” 2. Protoplanet- “smaller blobs” 3. Capture- “Jean’s Theory- acquisition of the moon by way of 1st -passing by, 2nd – direct impact” 4. Modern Nebular- “dense disk”  Solar System and its Planets 1. Terrestrial – “solid 2. Jovian- “gaseous & ice”  Week 2  Subsystems of the Earth  Atmosphere 1. Exosphere- “outermost” 2. Thermosphere- “hottest; contains ions in ionosphere; Aurora” 3. Mesosphere- “coldest; protective layer; meteors are burned” 4. Stratosphere- “contains ozone layer” 5. Troposphere- “densest layer”  Tropopause- boundary of troposphere & stratosphere  Stratopause- boundary of stratosphere & mesosphere  Mesopause  Thermopause  Geosphere 1. Lithosphere- “crust + uppermost solid mantle” 2. Asthenosphere- “ductile region” 3. Mantle 4. Outer Core- “fluid” 5. Inner Core- “solid”  Mojo- boundary of crust and uppermost solid mantel  LAB discontinuity- boundary of lithosphere and asthenosphere  Gutenburg discontinuity- boundary of mantle and outer core  Lehmann discontinuity- boundary of inner and outer core  Hydrosphere- “ total amount of water on earth”  Biosphere- “set of all life forms on earth”  Biomes of The Earth  Tundra- “coldest”  Taiga- “cold climate w/ vegetation”  Temperate forest- “moderate climate with deciduous trees”  Tropical rainforest- “hot & humid”  Grassland 1. Prairie- “grasses w/ few trees” 2. Savannah- “grasses w/ scattered trees & warm climate”  Chaparral- “contains drought resistant shrubs w/ small trees”  Desert- “arid & dry”  Week 3  Minerals and Rocks  Minerals  Homogenous- single composition  Naturally Occurring- occurs without human intervention  Inorganic solid- not derived from any living organism  Definite chemical composition- substance that has fixed & specific ratio of elements or compound  Ordered internal structure- uniform structure  Two Ways of Crystal Formation 1. Evaporation 2. Cooling- EXTRUSIVE  Lava  Fast cooling  small crystals INTRUSIVE  Magma  Slow cooling  large crystals  Physical and Chemical Properties 1. Color- least property used in identifying mineral 2. Streak- “streak test” use the powder of the mineral 3. Luster- mineral reflection; Metallic & Non- metallic 4. Hardness- scratch resistance 5. Fracture- breaks unevenly; Cleavage- breaks evenly along its weakest plane 6. Crystal form- shape 7. Specific gravity- density of mineral over density of water 8. Acid test- minerals reaction with acid 9. Magnetic 10. Taste 11. Smell 12. Elasticity- ability to be stretch and return to its original form 13. Malleability- minerals being molded thru applied force 14. Double Refraction  Week 4 Ferrous- w/ Iron Metallic  Mineral Resources Nonferrous- w/o Iron Nonmetallic  Mineral Occurrence- prospected place that may contain valuable minerals w/ enough number & size  Mineral deposit- concentration/ number of minerals in mineral occurrence  Ore deposit- concentration/ number of economically valuable minerals  Magmatic- ore from solidified molten rocks  Hydrothermal- ore from beneath the ocean waters exposed with heat and pressure  Sedimentary- ore from sedimentary rocks  Placer- ore from the surface of sedimentary rocks w/ higher specific gravity  Residual- ore from the soil formed thru laterization *Leaching- removal of mineral cover thru percolation of water *Relief- elevation *Laterization- weathering that leads to replacement of alkali & silica content by iron & aluminum oxide, forming the Laterites  Aggregate- fillers  Week 5  Renewable  Solar- light to electricity  Photovoltaic/ Solar cell- direct conversion of light to electricity  Concentrated Solar Powe/ CSP- steam to electricity Concentrated heat from sunlight + water  Steam  Turbine spinsgenerator produce electricity  Wind- air to electricity  Windmill- propeller to electricity Air + propeller Propeller spins generator produce electricity  Hydroelectric- water to electricity  Large Hydroelectric Dam- water flow to electricity Water flow from reservoir + turbine Turbine spinsgenerator produce electricity  Tidal Power System- water flow to electricity High & Low Tide + turbine Turbine spinsgenerator produce electricity  Geothermal- earth to electricity  Geothermal Power Plant- steam to electricity Hot water from the ground  Steam  Turbine spinsgenerator produce electricity  Biomass- organic matter to electricity  Biomass Power Plant- steam to electricity Burning of organic matter Heat + water  Steam  Turbine spinsgenerator produce electricity  Nonrenewable  Fossil Fuel  Coal- highly combustible that is formed thru coalification *Surface Mining- on the surface a) Mountaintop mine b) Contour mine c) Highwall/ Auger mine d) Area mine *Underground Mining- below the surface a) Slope mine b) Shaft mine  Petroleum- came from ancient marine organisms  Natural Gas- hydrocarbon usually made up of CH4; highly flammable *Fossil Fuel Power Generation- steam to power Burning of coal, oil, gas Heat + water  Steam  Turbine spins production of power mechanical energy  Nuclear Energy  Nuclear Power Plant- nuclear fission to electricity Nuclear fission of Uranium Heat + water  Steam  Turbine spins production of electricity  Take Note! Nuclear energy is renewable but the element used in producing nuclear energy is nonrenewable  Week 6  Soil Resources  Soil Components  Minerals  Organic Matter  Water  Air  Soil Formation- thru weathering of rocks *Factors Affecting Soil Formation  Parent Material- rocks where soil came from a) Matured Rock hard Less chance of weathering less soil formation b) Young Rock soft high chance of weathering more soil formation  Climate a) Temperature cold Less chance of weathering less soil formation hot high chance of weathering more soil formation b) Precipitation less rainfall Less chance of weathering less soil formation more rainfall high chance of weathering high soil formation  Topography a) Slope flat Less chance of weathering less soil formation steephigh chance of weathering high soil formation b) Elevation low high temperature High weathering more soil formation Highlow temperature low weathering less soil formation  Organism a) Animals- burrowing b) Plants- root wedging  Time a) Older  harder  Less chance of weathering less soil formation b) Younger softer high chance of weathering more soil formation  Soil Textural Triangle a) Sand- largest; diagonal towards silt b) Silt- medium; diagonal towards sand c) Clay- smallest; horizontal towards silt  Soil Profile- soil layers and its components a) O horizon/ organic layer- humus b) A horizon/ topsoil- humus & minerals c) E horizon/ eluviation layer- leached minerals & organic matter d) B horizon/ subsoil- denser deposited minerals & metal salts e) C horizon/ parent rock- partially weathered rock f) R horizon/ bedrock- unweathered parent rock  Soil Orders- soil classifications *8 Major Soil Classifications in the Philippines a) Ulti & Oxi b) Alfi & Incepti c) Andi & Enti  d) Verti & Histo Take Note! Read the description of every soil classification  Solid Waste a) Municipal- community/ urban b) Agricultural- farm c) Industrial- factories *Generation of Industrial waste I. Mining operations- tailings II. Milling operations- grinding and crushing ores III. Water pumping operations- washing and cleaning ores d) Mining- mining sites I. Overburden- removal of soil & rocks from ore II. Tailings- toxic waste from extraction of ore III. Slag- cutting of ore thru melting  Methods of Waste Disposal a) Landfill- burying b) Incineration- burning c) Mulch- covering the soil with organic waste Compost- mixing the soil with organic waste d) Source Reduction- reduce using materials that turns easily into waste e) Recycling- reusing  Week 7  Water Resources  Residence time- life span of water a) Larger water reservoir  longer residence time b) Smaller water reservoir  shorter residence time  Saltwater Reservoir- ocean is the largest *Layers of Ocean a) Surface layer- most favorable for marine organism b) Deep zone- 80% of the ocean *Thermohaline Circulation- current or movement of ocean water that depends on the heat and salinity of water. Example: Atlantic (higher salt content) and pacific ocean water doesn’t mix because of their thermohaline difference. *Thermocline- sudden decrease of temperature between the surface layer and the deep zone  Freshwater Reservoir a) Glaciers and Ice sheets- largest freshwater reservoir Surface water reservoir *Types I. Lakes- large inland water II. Ponds- smaller version of lakes III. Wetlands- land areas that are usually covered with water i. Marsh – w/ grasses & reeds ii. Swamp – w/ trees IV. Estuary – where freshwater and saltwater meets  *Stream Channels- moving body of surface water a) River – well defined channel b) Tributaries- channel with multiple connections of small streams c) Watershed- land area where all accumulated water is drained in a singular outlet going towards a particular water reservoir d) Divide- invisible line that separates one watershed to another e) Overland flow- downward movement of precipitated water on hills b) Groundwater reservoir *Occurs because of rock’s Porosity and Permeability known as the Aquifer  Flood- happens when a usual dry land area suddenly covered by water *Types a) Fluvial/ Riverline- overflowing river b) Flashflood- fast moving caused by overflowing of river c) Coastal – overflowing of coastal water d) Pluvial/ Surface Water Flood- caused by excessive rainfall usually happens in urban  Groundwater- Stream Relationship a) Losing/ Influent stream- stream water flows into the ground b) Effluent stream- stream water flows out from the ground  Water Resource Management & Conservation a) Dams b) Rainwater harvesting c) Bamboo Drip Irrigation System “Review well mga boss”