Disaster Risk and Reduction Notes

DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION (DR3) - Having more than 20 volcanoes found all over the country Basic Concept of Disaster, Hazard, and Disaster > A disaster, as defined by UNISDR (2009) and Risk...

DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION (DR3) - Having more than 20 volcanoes found all over the country Basic Concept of Disaster, Hazard, and Disaster > A disaster, as defined by UNISDR (2009) and Risk adapted by RA 10121 - A disaster is a serious disruption of the - has a big emphasis on disasters arising functioning of a community or a society from hazards in particular, natural involving widespread human, material, hazards, so it is very important to economic, or environmental losses and understand how these natural hazards impacts which exceeds the ability of the are part of the natural cycle affected community or society to cope using its own resources Natural Processes (shapes and changed our - UNISDR - United Nations International environment) Strategy for Disaster Reduction. - RA 10121 - Philippine Disaster Risk Plate tectonics –leads to the formation Reduction and Management Act of 2010 of: Mountains, volcanoes, seas or > Highlights from the definition: oceans, etc. - Serious disruption Atmospheric processes –leads to the = an event to be something which formation of: Clouds, precipitation, significantly changes the normal wind, etc. = most of the affected community will Biological accumulation –leads to: Reef perceive as removing them from the building, colony formation, forestation, normal etc. - Exceeds the ability of the affected Human activities –leads to: community (or society) to cope Urbanization, extracting resources, = to handle consequences by making geoengineering, etc. use of all their available resources. = a community’s copping capacity Disasters > Typhoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Disasters are often described as the result of Super Typhoon Yolanda. the combination of the exposure to a hazard. - One of the most powerful tropical The conditions of vulnerability that are cyclones ever recorded. present. The insufficient capacity or - Devastated portions of Southeast Asia, measures to reduce or cope with the particularly in the philippines potential negative consequences. Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, - One of the deadliest philippine disease and other negative effects on human typhoons on record, killing atleast 6,300 physical, mental and social well-being. people in the Philippines alone. > The Philippines is one of the most hazardous countries in the world - More than 20 tropical cyclones in a year - Earthquakes almost everyday Disasters and Hazards = Disaster risk can be reduced when something Disasters can be caused by natural or manmade is done to address vulnerability and exposure. hazards. A disaster may also be viewed as the = The definition of disaster risk reflects the struggles and challenges they face in getting concept of disasters as the outcome of their lives back to normal. continuously present conditions of risk. Factors that contribute to the vulnerability of a = A disaster risk reduction is the concept and community: practice of reducing disaster risks through - Poverty systematic effort - Education - Human-induced environmental changes Nature of Disasters - Global issues Not all events turn into disasters that The philippines will never be free from hazards sometimes there is no need for a due to its location response. - Located in the tropics ( faces Disasters have two main classifications: hydrometeorological hazards) Natural and Manamade - Located within the “ring of fire” (seismic - Natural disasters are related to and volcanic hazards) natural processes that occur on earth with or without warning Hazards - Manmade disasters often occur A hazard, as defined by the UNISDR (2009) and once a precursor sets in adapted by RA 101121 - A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, Natural Human-Induced substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or 1. Geological hazards 1. Biological hazards other health impacts. occur on earth’s refer to threat from crust. They pose a viruses or bacteria, - A hazard (in itself) cannot be considered threat to life and medical waste, a disaster property. microbiological (earthquakes, samples, or toxic Disaster Risk landslides, volcanic materials and = can help lessen the impact of a disaster eruptions, and chemicals that can = Disasters are often described as, a result of tsunamis) harm human life. the combination of: 2. Hydrometeor- 2. Technological ological hazards hazards can be - The exposure to a hazard could be industrial in origin. - The conditions of vulnerability that are atmospheric, They may be results present. hydrological, or from accidents, - The insufficient capacity or measures to oceanographic in collapsed structures, reduce or cope with the potential nature. and explosions in the negative consequences industry. = disaster risk can be seen as intersection of 3. Socio-natural hazards are the result hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. of the interaction of  natural hazard with Effects of Disasters overexploited land or >>> Disasters can make changes in ones life other environmental depending on its impact. (Primary, secondary, resources. or tertiary effects) 1. Primary - those coming directly from the GEOLOGIC incident itself (water damages due to Earthquake floods or collapsed structure) Volcanic eruptions 2. Secondary - stems from the primary Tsunami effects (earhquake can cause collapsed Landslaides structures as a primary effects, but fires Floods can break out too) Subsidence 3. Tertiary - long-term effect of a hazard (permanent relocation of a community HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL due to an earthquake) Typhoons The effects of disasters can also be classified Tornadoes into four groups: Drought = People Thunderstorms = Homes Storm surges = Infrastructure = Economy ANTHROPOGENIC Hazardous materials Basic Concept of Exposure and Vulnerability to Acid rain Hazards Global warming Concept of Exposure: BIOLOGICAL - refers to people, property, systems, or Insect infestation other elements present in hazard zones Epidemic that are thereby subject to potential Wildfires losses. - the degree to which the elements at risk Levels of disaster response are likely to experience hazard events of It is important to know the different different magnitudes levels of response and responsibilities, - Possible to be exposed, but not depending on the development of the vulnerable disaster. 1. Self (you) The term susceptibility is often used to indicate 2. Family and neighbors that an element is exposed to a hazard. 3. Civil Defense AREA HQs Exposure is viewed as the total value of 4. Local emergency operational center elements at risk. It is expressed as the number 5. National and international support of human lives and value of the properties that are potentially affected. The government plays a great role in DR3: environmental factors which increase 1. Zoning laws in building of residences susceptibility to hazards. (must be enforced in a strict fashion) - Multi-dimentional (physical, social, 2. Relocation of exposed communities economic, environmental, institutional, must be carefully planned and human factors define vulnerability) 3. Forced evacuations before an impending - Dynamic - vulnerability changes over strong typhoons or volcanic eruptions time must be done to prevent loss of llife - Scale-dependent - vulnerability can be 4. Stronger laws about conservation of the expressed at different scales from environment and natural resources also human to household to community to must be made and enforced to make country resolution sure that the environment could - Stie-specific - each location might need withstand natural hazards that may its own approach come Three Essential Components of Exposure: = Elements (at risk or exposed) - people, objects, and other elements that may be adversely affected by hazardous phenomena, in a particular area, either directly or indirectly Factors that influence vulnerability: - Involves specific elements which we 1. Physical vulnerability - the potential for must be able to identify and give a name physical impact on the built to environment and population - Tangible or intangible 2. Social vulnerability -the potential - Anyone or anything that has a value impacts of events on groups such as the = Hazards poor, single-parent households, - Elements at risk are present in the pregnant or lactating women, the hazard zones time during which a handicapped, children, and elderly; specific hazard event or set of hazard consider public awareness of risk, the events can occur ability of groups to self-cope with = Losses catastrophes, and status of institutional - Elements at risk that are subject to structures designed to help them cope. potential losses for them to be subject 3. Economic vulnerability -the potential to potential loss impacts of hazards on economic assets and processes (i.e., business Basic Concept of Vulnerability interruption, secondary effects such as Vulnerability to natural hazards can be increased poverty and job loss); corrected with proper preparation and vulnerability of different economic planning. Vulnerability refers to the physical, sectors. social, economic, and  4. Environmental vulnerability -the - To resist, absorb, accommodate and potential impacts of events on the recover from the effects of hazards environment. DRR MANAGER Coping Capacity or Capacity to Cope >>> Must manage the different components such as exposure, vulnerability, and coping Capacity, as defined in UNISDR (2004) and in RA capacity that affect risk to hazards. 10121: >>> Mitigation is the primary task of a disaster risk reduction manager Capacity is a combination of all strengths and - The EMC (emergency management resources available within a community, society cycle) can greatly help in making the or organization that can reduce the level of risk, community more disaster-resilient. or effects of a disaster. = Prevention-mitigation = Preparedness Capacity, as defined in UNISDR (2009) : = Response = Recovery Capacity is the combination of all the strengths, - Emergency management refers to the attributes and resources available within a ability of an individual or institution to community, society or organization that can be prevent or mitigate, prepare for, used to achieve agreed goals. respond to, and recover from a crisis - Capacity may include infrastructure and The first phase in the EMC is the physical means, institutions, prevention-mitigation phase societal coping abilities, as well as >>> Prevention-mitigation efforts become more human knowledge, skills, and structured, formalized, and purposeful collective attributes such as social The second phase in the EMC is the relationships, leadership, and preparedness phase. management >>> In the preparedness phase, the community - May be described as capability develops their own system for command - Identified for further actions management - Capacity involves managing resources The third phase in the EMC is the response EXAMPLES phase. - ownership of lands >>> During the response phase, the emergency - adequate food and income sources management plan becomes operational - local knowledge The fourth and last phase in the EMC is the - good leadership and management recovery phase, is a constantly ongoing process >>> The type and extent of recovery activities Being Resilient needed may vary, depending on the nature and - The ability to resile from or spring back scope of the emergency from a shock Earthquake Hazards The inner layer is called the asthenosphere, is hotter and, as such, in more easily deformed. Earth is made up of plates that collide, move away, and slide over or under each other. The outer layer is called lithosphere, composed of large blocks referred to as tectonic plates The moving plates - In 1595, Dutch cartographer (mapmaker) Abraham Ortelius noticed the similarities in the continental coasts of Africa and South America. He suggested that the two continents were once connected and only moved apart through time - In 1912, Alfred Wegener, an interdisciplinary scientist, proposed his theory of continental drift which he primarily based on his observations of ancient rocks, fossils, and mountain ranges across the Atlantic Ocean. >>> This led to the conclusion that the two = Plate tectonics continents were once connected and have = The movements of the plates slowly drifted apart through the ages. The continuously shape Earth and, as a Theory of continental drift theory by ABRAHAM result, bring about earthquakes and ORTELIUS form mountain ranges, among others. = Making earthquakes and other - Geologist Harry Hess suggested in 1960, geological hazards an ever-present that the ocean floor can be viewed as danger gint conveyor belts that carry the continents Earth has three layers: = Theory of seafloor spreading 1. The hottest and innermost layer is known as core. Active Faults 2. The thick second layer is called mantle. - Philippines is not free from these faults 3. The thinner layer covering the mantle is - Cause Earthquake called crust. Subduction Zones - Areas where tectonic plates converge Earth is further classified into two distinct zones - Causes a tectonic plate to slide under another based on the strength and the rigidity of the and sink into the mantle because the denser rocks. (The innerlayer and the outerlayer) oceanic crust slides beneath the lighter continental crust. (results of volcanic acts, earthquakes, or tsunamis) Earthquake and earthquake hazards landslides. - Sudden movement of the ground that releases Landslide includes a wide range of ground elastic energy stored in rocks and generates movement such as rock seismic waves fall, rockslide, debris slide, and shallow debris - Waves move outward from the source, the flow. spot where the earthquake began, and vibrates the groun Liquefaction Occurs when sand or soil and groundwater are The spot where the earthquake began is mixed during the shaking of moderate or strong called the focus of an earthquake earthquake. (similar to quick sand) - Usually located between where two plates meet or collided Surface rupture - Seismic radiates (waves) outward When an earthquake event occurs, ground in all directions rupture happens only at the area where the The point on earths surface located fault zone moves directly above the focus of an earthquke - Surface rupture is an offset of the is called the epicenter of an earthquake ground surface when fault rupture extends to the surface Ground Shaking Can be seen as both hazard created by earthquakes, and trigger for other hazards such Tsunami as liquefaction and landslides Mostly refer to a tidal wave, it has little or - Vibration of the ground when nothing to do with the tides on the ocean earthquake occurs (intensity) 2 Types of Tsunami: 1. A tsunami that is caused by an Landslides earthquake from nearby trenches is Strong earthquake and ground shaking greatly called a locally generated tsunami increases the likelihood of landslides in areas (arrives under 10 mins after shaking) susceptible to ground failure. 2. A tsunami that is generated by an If the ground is saturated with water, the earthquake from sources that shaking will result in more  are located farther from the impact is The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and called a far field tsunami. (takes hours Seismology (PHIVOLCS) before the waves arrive) adapted its own scale called PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale. Seiche It is a standing wave in an enclosed or >>> The PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale partially-enclosed body of water measures how an earthquake is felt based on its effect on an area. Flooding It is represented by Roman numerals Flooding can also be a result of an earthquake (1, one) being the weakest (scarcely perceptible) and X (10, ten) being the Fire strongest (completely devastating) A major secondary hazard associated with an earthquake has been the possibility of fires - Intensity 1 breaking out after an earthquake; causes can be ➔ Scarcely perceptible (perceptible - Candles, damaged gas lines, or fallen to people under favorable electrical wires circumstances - Intensity 2 Intensity and magnitude ➔ Slightly felt (felt by people at rest - Magnitude is the measure of an indoors) earthquake size. This remains - Intensity 3 unchanged with respect to the distance ➔ Weak (felt by many people from the earthquake origin. indoors especially in upper floors (seismograph) of buildings) - Intensity 4 Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter ➔ Moderately strong (felt generally The richter scale is a system to measure the by people indoors and by some magnitude of an earthquake. people outdoors.) - Intensity 5 - Intensity describes the degree of ➔ Strong (felt by mst of the people) shaking caused by an earthquake at a - Intensity 6 given place ➔ Very strong (many people are - The intensity decreases with distance frightened) from the earthquake origin or epicenter. - Intensity 7 ➔ Destructive (people are The modified mercalli scale and the PHIVOLCS frightened and run outdoors) earthquake intensity scale - Intensity 8 The modified mercalli scale measures intensity ➔ Very destructive (people find it or how strong the effects of an earthquake is. difficult to stand even outdoors) - Intensity 9  ➔ Devastating (people are forcibly 4. Stay in bed if you are there when thrown to ground) earthquake strikes - Intensity 10 ➔ Completely devastating AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE (practically all humanmade 1. Go out safely structures are destroyed) 2. Expect aftershocks 3. Listen look and listen radios news Hazard Maps chuchu Helpful in making emergency plans, essential in 4. Use telepopono for calls emergyeny understanding the risk present in an area, 5. Dont help injury people (char help them shows the different degrees in hazards (low, becuz we are good) moderate, high), and shows vulnerability and 6. Give first eaid probability of an earthquake in the country. Survival Kit Precautionary and safety measures A collection of materials that contains necessary items during an emergency - Essential items and other useful items Volcanic hazards - Volcanoes are mountains that have the capacity to erupt at any time - Underneath earths surface, magma or molten rock is slowly being forced through the cracks or weaknesses on BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE Earth 1. Store weed killers, pesticides, and - When the magma is outside the flammable products securely volcano, it is the lava 2. Strap or bolt heavy furnitures - When lava deposited outside of Earth's 3. Check stability of objects crust, it cools down and forms volcanic 4. Awareness and education rocks. 5. Participate earthquake drills - This process could take a long time since lava is a poor conductor of DURING THE EARTHQUAKE heat. It thickens as it hardens while 1. Duck, cover, and Hold -my hand