Disaster Module 3 PDF

MODULE 3 The systematic process of using administrative directives, organisations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster is called Disa...

MODULE 3 The systematic process of using administrative directives, organisations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster is called Disaster Risk Management. Disaster risk management ultimately aims to decrease risk by reducing exposure to hazard. lessen vulnerabilities and increase capacity, and hence build resilience to disaster. When disaster risks are assessed, the next step is to consider a wide range of options, available to prevent the disaster from occurring, protect people, their assets, and the environment, in the event that it occurs. The knowledge gaiñed from the assessment allows individuals and communities to anticipate the types of disaster thatare likely to affect them, and to think of ways to reduce the impact, or prevent it altogether. Disaster management functions are generally consisting of four stages of action. "The four stages or phases widely accepted are mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. "Mitigation and preparedness are phases prior to the occurrence of a disaster. Response and recovery are post disaster phases. Disaster Risk Framewvork Rskldentiflcation/ sessment Recovery Ha24d analy sAs & tron¢ ceing Rehabiatalion Vureralilay analy sis Recontructior t Dalamatton of rrsk DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENTSEVENT | Proven tion and mltigaion Prep aredncss Land use planing Earty waning Lard managemen! Evacuaton (Nor)structural me ases Emergency plnnng Risk identification and assessment: This involves determining and analysing the poteftial, origin, characteristics and behaviour of the hazard - e.g. frequency of occurrence/magnitude of consequences. Application of risk reduction measures in mitigation: Planning and implementation of structural interventions (e.g. dams, sea defence) or non-structural measures such as disaster legislation. Disaster preparedness and emergency management: Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of a hazard, including measures related to timely and effective warnings as well as evacuation and emergency planning. Recovery/Reconstruction: Decisions and actions taken in the post-disaster phase with a view to restoring the living conditions of the affected population. The four (4) cornerstones of Disaster Risk Reduction Four parallel and can be considered to reduce exposure to disasters and achieve a complementary lines of actions more sustainable approach to development: 1.Community / stakeholder participation 2. Public policy actions 3. Safer construction and urban development 4. 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The secondary are to decrease damage and economic losses inflicted on Public sector infrastructure and to reduce private sector loSSes. a. Mitigation measures for buildings Mitigation measures for buildinos are essentially aimed at preventing damage and fatalities due to earthquakes. These are generally referred to as structural and non-structural mitigation measures. i. Structural Mitigation: This refers to any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which includes engineering measures and construction ofhazard resistant and protective structures and infrastructure. Sructural mitigation essentially means ensuring that houses, offices and other commercial buildings can withstand the likely disaster. n many countries building regulations exist. But it is implemented only in big cities. Large number of victims in rural areas during and after earthquakes is due to faulty building construction. Even in the Latur earthqualke, buildings made of stones, weakly cemented together was the reason for huge loss. Structural vulnerabiMity is also high among the poorer sections of society. Their houses generally get damaged and blown away during a cyclonic storm. The concept of structural mitigation also includes those structures which have not collapsed but suffered minor damage during an early disaster. Structural retrofitting is done in buildings to resist against future disasters. While in big cities, buildings are designed and constructed according to building regulations like the Building Code of India, the concept of such resistant buildings should also penetrate in rural areas.. Non-Structural Mitigation: This refers to policies, awareness, knowledge development, public commitment, and methods and Operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and the provision of information, which can reduce risk and related impacts. Non-structural mitigation can be considered as having two components. A structure, like a multi-storey building, has load-bearing components such as slabs, foundation elements. Walls, partitions, parapets, sun shades etc., are non-load beams, columnsand Failure of a non-structural component will not result in the collapse of a building. bearing components. i. Within the building, there are many components like electrical systems (such as Titting), AC ducts, fire-protection systems etc., which mainly add load to the ducts for wiring, Iight bearing). Then there are amenities like tables, chairs. beds. cupboards. wall structure (are not load added as comfort components for functionality. mountings etc., which are IMItigation done for those elements other than structural load bearing elements is considered non-structural mitigation. All non-structural components must be adequately fixed to avoid during an earthquake. External elements Iike parapet walls. stone or tiletheirfacings falling off, due to vibration, need to be appropriately braced so that they don't fall off due to vibration. False ccilings and adequately secured with nuts or screws. suspended ducting etc., must be If there are wall-mounted elements like ACs, they need to be adequately anchored to the wall to prevent their falling off andinjuring people. of h and on A cupboard, for example, can fall off during an earthquake and injure people. It is advisable to fix them to the walls. Most of the other interior elements like tables etc., tend to move due to vibration and must be secured. Manychairs are on rollers in plush offices and will run on the floor if not secured. iii. Mitigation Infrastructure The major aspects of infrastructure are communication and transport. "During a disaster. we will generally not know what kind of damage will be caused to the infrastructure and what will be available. "Generally. one uses the road network and transport vehicles for evacuating people, transporting relief material. medical(ambulance) services etc., which are crucial in a disaster situation. "Many times. after a disaster, such road network may be damaged by landslides or flooding relief work difficult. making Alternative road networks or means of transportation must be designed as a mitigation strategy for making transportation possible. b. Control over Development Activities The government should have policies and practices in place for: Land use for various purposes: using the hazard mapping and vulnerability analysis. Agricultural crop patterns: Crop patterns must be studied and farmers advised to grow the kinds of crops that can withstand the impact of a disaster Alternate income schemes must be made available for people in case they lose their insurance schemes and similar means. livelihood,including Critical infrastructure must be ensured to save the heavy economic loss due to disasters. Water resource management schemes must be implemented to save water and to avoid flooding. Building houses in flood-plains must be avoided and commercial buildings on hill slopes avoided. must be Constructing houses is highly risky and must be approved based on thorough geological studies only i. Construction of Dams: Construction of dams and embankments is necessary to irrigate land, for power generation and providedrinking water to the population. alsoto "Dams and embankments also help to reduce the severity of floods. They are the benefit of many. constructed at huge cost for "However, there is also a negative aspect of such infrastructure. A dam displaces from the habitat that they have been living in for many thousands of people years. They lose their homes as many villages are likely to be drowned due to the water body created by the dam. These people also lose The massive water body also drowns many square kilometres of forest area, their livelihood. of the region. destroying the flora and fauna i. Land Use The pressure of population and economic development has altered the easy to monitor land use with modern technology like remote land use pattern over the years. It is sensing. "Some points of concern are: "Construction near river banks has become very common. It is reported that one reason flooding in TamilNadu in 2015 is the encroachment near river banks. for the heavv "Deforestation has been another major area of concern. Cuting of trees for various buildings on hill slopes has caused major landslides. This is also an purposes like protect us from pollution. ecological disaster because trees "Construction of many buildings for housing and other purposes prevents natural flow of rainwater. With insufficient storm water drains, this acts as a trigger for floods in construct buildings it is imperative that we take care of means to draBn rain most cities in India. When we water safely from such areas.  5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 1. C. agencies, hazards, The 3) 2) Disaster essential Ensure Have PrepareEnsure PrepareEnsuredisasters. The Preparedness respond Disaster disasters. IfThis professional Education human ensured measures conducted regularly. thatbeDesignextinguishing andmandatory location. Fire intrastructure All HazardousMitigulion )) materials mitigation Disaster-Oriented effectiveness material Emphasisemergency. Target-Oriented Task-Oriented community' s require publ1c industries is must have availability plans standard objectives basically sheltering andpublic to, bcings of a emergency preparedness tor major overn1mental different for preparedness and transportation and places and of resources is response their industrial Mun-Made warehousing awareness ready be measures is tires government and placedEventually, procedures of indicates the recover and stringent awvareness hazard of plans preparedness functioning. facilities must Preparedness: types of plans second infrastructure and like risks the Preparedness: Preparedness: can healthcare to and on to to implement asthe PREPARDNESS from, encompasses road cinema in other units must DIsasters various and structural supportevaluate of be and and all safety organisations these planning studied outlined measuresphase recovery aboutinfrastructure agencies the the of for ensure the usc relief preparedness are Considering measures ountermeasures types readiness. evacuation impacts halls, and the tasks Specific services a to: of man-made must control cities. audits providedbe be This Preparedness fo r under physical materials disaster earlier required organisations, the must non-structural of community' enable s auditoriums located and th e disaster of the be is Fireconducted preparedness addresses three by put also vulnerable groups availability and for are likely, knowledge mandatory. enforced the like prevention the the management hazards in away specific identifying and immediate disasters taken, management for enormous roads check so general to development plans place the capabilityjointly logistics facing communities imminent etc. for that from be mechanisms and for such groups categories: the This and Installation their industriesthedo depends likelihood publictaken. may teams, of and the mustmeasures shelters disasters the numbers audit city develop of relief plan community cycle. or safety railways be premises operation capacities isway limitsand are and of to of be and current and the checked reports. on activate women, target of able on of plan ofmust the occurrence activities availability that individuals simplestpeople vehicle ròadof must to the revisions, is are hazard fire and availability makedegree e specific, thchildren, be dense betterlikely developed can accidents take frequently. and processes. nothuman preparedness way drivers implemented use events contribute sufferdue to based of to into smoke to employee of for prepared to which of of a elderly medicines occur effectively to and this instance, or prevent account and information specific on conditions by Fire This pedestrians. tofatalities, alarms, habitat. formation. government training plan one and to in governments, drills in theregion. th e all must disaster. disabled. in of we and cope anticipate, man-madesatety strict remots their a mustindustries water be Suffici other with itmustsatety on and real the may made of betor Dis  Disaster preparedness provides a platform to design effective, realistic and coordinated planning, reduce. duplication of effortsand increase the overalleffectiveness of government, household and comnunity members' disaster preparedness efforts. Disaster preparedness activities embedded with risk reduction measures can prevent disaster situationsand also result in saving lives and livelihoods during any disaster situation, cnabling the affected population to get back to normalcy within a short time period. Disaster preparedness is acontinuous and integrated process resulting from awide range of risk reduction activities and resources rather than from a distinct sectoral activity by itself. It requires the contributions of many different areas - ranging from training and logistics, to health care. livelihood to institutional. development. a. Disaster Management Plan The first step in disaster preparedness is the making of a disaster management plan that honestly represents what the local government and communities are capable of doing to cope with adisaster. In the USA, such a plan is called an EOP or Emergency Operational Plan. The objectives of this plan are: ) ldentify agencies for the DM operations and their functions 2) Identify individual(s) to command the operations 3) ldentify individuals from different agencies, and their functions 4) Identify the method of coordination between different agencies, government and private 5) Identify the mcchanism for resources management, needs and availability of resources 6) Detail out the likely emergencies for the area, both man-made and natural 7) Ensure lexibility in the plan to be ableto modify it according to experiences gained The DMP should generally contain information such as: I) Objectives: How it helps citizens to cope with disasters 2) Disaster scenarios: Contains information about actual and likely disasters; how the public willbe informed and any unusual situations that may arise 3) Organisation and control: The existing disaster management structure, the person or official in command, the roles of other officials and their functions 4) Coordination and inter-relationships: Roles of government agencies, private agencies and other socialgroups and how they will interact to optimise the eflorts. 5) Resourees and logisties: The resources available and to be procured from outside and procurement times, warehousing and distribution 6) Health and medical care: From first aid to treating injuries, dealing with dead bodies etc. are to be dealt with. Preventive medical services and healthcare services must be detaled out, identifying the available infrastructure, and warchousing of medical supplies and their distribution. 7) Public information: Mentions the methods of carly warning to the public and continuous flow of informationas the event unfolds. 8) Communication: Communication channels between the central control and other government and private agencies must be known to everyone. This must find a place in the plan as this is acrucial element in disaster management. 9) Updating of plan: The updating of plan is also required bused upon the experiences gained by operating the plan in a disaster situation. Certain assunmptions made inthe planning may not becorrect and these can all be corrected by keeping the plan flexible and casily changeable.  must materials "The b. Early Wurning systems Wherever practicable, people must be made aware of a possible disaster in advance. This will give them time to prepare themselves for leaving their homes for safer areas. Many natural phenomena are predictable. It is possible to issue carly warnings to thepeople likely to be affected by the event. Objectives: ) Toinform the public about likely risks 2) To forecast in advance andcommunicate to all 3) To ensure speedy actions in concerned about impending disasters communication 4) Capacity and resilience building in the and response community for the expected risks Early warning, however, is not restricted to warning about impending disasters alone. system should idealy consist of: The early warning a. Hazardand vulnerability analysis for a region: this will give a risks the population is likely to be comprehensive idea aboutthe subjected b. Continuous monitoring for early detection of to alerts to the public impending disasters and issuing the necessary Ç. Developing a communication system and flow of disaster responders are immediately infornmed of the communication such that public and, d. Making efforts for capacity developing situation building for the identified risks in the community c. Evacuation Plans " In many instances like a cyclone (which is quite predictable disaster strikes will be to evacuate people from the areas now-a-days), a major task before the that the cyclone will affect. "There will be a storm surge in sea level and people living in higher reaches. low-lying areas will have to be taken to "Accompanying heavy rains can flood many areas which need to be identified. "An evacuation plan must be prepared and people must know and advance. should be informed of such plans in "Many people would be untvilling to leave their homes and belongings and shift to "The security of their homes and belongings is an issue that they temporary shelters. should be assured of. d. Sheltering Plans A basic need of displaced persons is a place to live in and be safe. "A disaster management plan-would have identified dedicated shelters or buildings like schools that can be used to accommodate people displaced from their homes. "Such temporary shelters must be sufficient to lodge the many thousands who may need them. "The shelters and sheltering plans will vary according to the disaster. "In earthquakes, tents in open areas may be more appropriate unless one can find