Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction PDF

READ I N E S S A ND RI S K REDU C T I O N AO FABIE, RN, LPT FF O LIVER BAC UL JE Welcome Learning Present Outcomes disaster along physical, Clarify...

READ I N E S S A ND RI S K REDU C T I O N AO FABIE, RN, LPT FF O LIVER BAC UL JE Welcome Learning Present Outcomes disaster along physical, Clarify the psychological meaning of State the , socio- disaster effects of cultural, and disaster on economic, political, disaster human life Identify and the risk different biological Explain the Stress how pespectives areas/loca risk and when an factors event tions underlying becomes a exposed to disasters disaster hazards that may lead to  DEFINITION OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK  A “sudden, calamitous event, bringing great damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center – ADPC, 2002 Its origin can be natural, such as earthquakes, floods and hurricanes, or of human origin, such as explosions, nuclear accidents and terrorist acts  “a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of the affected people to cope, using their human resources” (Adelman, 2011) Socio- cultural Disas Disas ter ter “the probability that a Risk community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of its nature, construction and proximity to a hazardous area” (ADPC, 2012)  It is derived from the interaction of social and environmental processes, from the combination of physical hazards and the vulnerability of exposed elements Disaster risk signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future Disaster Natural Human- induced  originate from the different “forces” of nature (geological, meteorological, hydrometeorological and biological). Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and cyclones affect many countries in Asia particularly in the  Human-induced disasters – occur due to people’s actions against human, material and environment. These include transport and industrial accidents, such as, air and train crashes, chemical spills, and building collapses. Terrorism is also categorized as human – made disasters Disasters can take many different forms and the duration can range from an hour to days or weeks of ongoing destruction. (Hewith and Burton, 1971) Natural Types of Disasters Tornadoes Tsunamis Agricultural Wildfires diseases and pests Sinkholes Storm surge Emergency Drought and water disease shortage – El Niño Earthquakes (pandemic Hurricanes and influenza) tropical storms Extreme heat Landslides and Floods and debris flow Thunderstorms and flash floods lightning La Niña  Power service disruptions and blackout Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast Radiological emergencies Chemical threat and biological weapons Cyber attacks Explosion Civil unrest Human – induced and  Risk Factors underlying Disasters A number of factors make it more likely that those affected will have more severe or Summari longer lasting zed risk stress reactions factors after disasters made by ADPC, 2012 Severity of the exposure The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. At highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next are those in close contact with victims. At lower risk of lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure, such as news of effects than men does. Recovery is more stressful when children are present in the same home. Also, conflicts between family members or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover  Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed after disasters. Other factors specific to the Recovery survivoris worse if survivors: Were not functioning well before the disaster Have had no experience dealing with disasters Must deal with other stressors after the disaster Have poor self – esteem and think they are uncared for by others  They think they have little control over what happens to them Lack the capacity to manage stress Other factors have also been found to predict worse Bereavement (death of someone close Injury to self or another family member Life threat feelings like that during the disaster Being separated from family Great loss of property displacement Developing There is a strong body countries of evidence that these risk factors can be made worse if the disaster occurs in a developing country Disasters in the Philippines have more severe mental health impact than Low or Negative Social Support  The support of others can be both a risk and a resilience factor. Social support can weaken after disasters. Effects of Disasters o n Human  Where Am I going now? Where shall I Live ? Displaced Populations  can Immediate disrupt effect accessibil ity of health Populat care and ion education, displac as well as ement food HEALTH RISKS ter-borne diseases dysentery tric related disease gue Hemorrhagic Fever spirosis and typhoid fevers  Food Scarcity  food often becomes scarce. Thousands of people around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and  can be particular ly traumatic for young children. tional Aftershocks Post- traumatic stress How and When an Event Becomes a Disaster ?  An event, either human-induced or natural, becomes a disaster when it is sudden or progressive, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses.  Yolanda is a natural phenomenon Strength 290 km/hr m surge was sudden and unexpe 7000+ people perished Tacloban flattened to the Ondoy Willie Revillame 2009 ForConduct Discussion, Action a research or present a paper of some and Research events in the Philippine context that turned to a disaster. Classify such events whether they are /Locations Exposed to Ha Areas/Locations Exposed to: Coastal areas Storm Surge, tsunami or tidal wave Reclaimed areas Flooding, sinkhole Near fault lines Earthquake On foot of denuded Mudslide/Landslide mountains Near volcanoes (danger Volcanic eruption – zones) pyroclastic materials, lahar flow, lava flow and ash fall River banks and esteros Flooding, flash floods  Exposed to Human- induced Exposed Areas/Locations Hazard to: Near Oil Depots Oil spill, pollution Near Mining Projects Toxic waster – heavy metal, lead, mercury, nitric acid, etc Near Chemical Plants Chemical fumes, chemical waste Near Nuclear Plants Nuclear waste, possible technical failure, leaks, or worse accidental explosion Near Factories Factory waste, pollution  A disaster tersecological is a result from Different of vast Perspe breakdown in the relation between humans and their environment; a serious or sudden event on such a scale that the stricken community needs extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside help or international aid. Disaster is analyzed from different perspective as follows  Physic al Perspectiv  Disaster is defined as a phenomenon that can cause damage to physical elements such as buildings, infrastructu res, including people and  Physical effects are the most visible and quantifiable effects of a disaster. Considered in data recording Assessment of disaster is focused on the following common questions: How many families are affected? (displacement, injury, death) How many houses are damaged or washed out? (in case of super typhoons) Psychological Perspective Psychological research has shown that disasters can cause serious mental health consequences and takes in the form of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) psychological context rrence involving unexpecte rollable event rather than Term experience sychological effects of a di Emotional Shock, terror. Irritability, effects blame, anger, guilt, grief/sadness, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling happy,  concentration, decision-making ability, memory impairment, disbelief, confusion, nightmares, decrease self esteem, self- efficacy, self-blame, intrusive thoughts, sical effects Fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, CV strain, startle response, hyper arousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune response, headaches, GI upset, decreased appetite, rpersonal effects Increased relational conflict, social withdrawal, reduced relational intimacy, alienation, impaired work performance, decreased satisfaction, distrust, externalization of blame, of vulnerability, feeling abndoned – Cultural Perspe  cultural background may affect their responses to disasters at the different stages of disaster management  a disaster is analyzed based on how people respond having a parameter their social conditions and cultural settings. These two factors are important determinants of the degree of risks, resilience and vulnerability of those affected. onomic Perspecti  natural event that causes a perturbation to the functioning of the economic system, with a significant negative impact on assets, production  is the value indirect of what has losses is been damaged crucial in or destroyed by assessing the disaster disaster seriousness Should be seriously Done by considered in evaluating disaster the main risk indirct  Political Governmentality or deliverance of government services to Perspective constituents can be a plus or minus factor in disaster risk reduction and management. Government interventions should be present in the following phases of DRRM 1) Prevention, 2) Mitigation, 3) ronmental Perspec  convergence of hazards and vulnerable conditions. Disasters not only reveal underlying social, economic, political and environmental problems, but unfortunately contribute to worsening them. The Millennium Declaration recognizes the risk to development stemming from disasters and calls on the global community to “intensify our collective efforts to A disaster is:  Exposure and Vulnerability  Learning Outcomes Enumerate different elements exposed to hazards Explain the meaning of vulnerability Discuss why certain structures are more vulnerable to specific hazard than others Determine the elements that are exposed to a particular hazard  weather and climate events depends strongly on the level of vulnerability and exposure to these events. Understanding the multi-faceted nature of vulnerability and exposure is a pre-requisite for determining how natural hazards and climate events contribute to the occurrence of disasters, and for designing and implementing  Elements Exposure – refers to the Exposed to Hazard “elements at risk” from a natural or human-induced hazard uman beings events. Dwellings/households and communities Buildings and structures Public facilities and Public and infrastructure assets transport system Agricultural commodities and environmental assets  What is Defined as “the Vulnerability characteristics and ? circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard  Reasons Why Certain Sectors of Society are More Vulnerable to Disasters than Others seen as the result of a process in which various different things cause a population to be more vulnerable. These can be divide into demographic and socio- 1. Demographic factors The more dense the population, Population the more efficient a response density should be, considering the number of people that might be affected by a disaster. Densely populated cities require some amount of education on disaster preparedness, government  Very old and very young Age of populations are less mobile population and able to respond to hazard events well. This makes them more vulnerable compared to others, and this requires more attention from the government and other support agencies especially during Regardless of density, populations may be ibution of populati distributed within the hazard area, e.g. elderly people on lower floors apartment buildings, or concentration of highly vulnerable people in poorer areas of a city. This must be seriously considered in human settlement planning cio-economic factors Low income populations are less likely to be well Weal prepared. Part of th preparation is having a Survival Kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for at least 3 to 5 days. Poor families will find Education programs such as MMDA shake drill can instruct ducation populations on how to deal with hazard events, like the “Big One” – anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime. However, even the proponents of the oncs-a-year drill agree that such activity will not be enough to get everybody prepared. Hence, they are encouraging schools to make this  In highly centralized ture of society government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods  Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with erstanding the area hazard effects compared to established populations. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in Disaster Preparedness Planning , and this will give greater advantage to the established or original ommunity Preparedness Rigorous and applied building codes protect most buildings uilding from Codes collapse during earthquakes. This should considered by the government in the issuance of building permits and licenses for land development. In the 1990 Baguio earthquake, most of the deaths occurred in collapsed buildings, ific monitoring Established and early monitoring wa system canSystems prepare people for onslaught of any kind of disaster. The coming Super Typhoon Yolanda was forecasted by PAGASA. However, the magnitude of storm surge that it caused was not effectively predicted due to lack of advanced monitoring munication Networks Communication plays a very important and crucial role in times of disaster. Communication plan is a very salient component of Emergency Planning that should not be left out.  Preparation Emergency is the key element of prevention. Planning Preparation for a disaster is embodied in an Emergency Plan. Where monitoring and communication are in place, the emergency planning is likely to prepare a person or a group (family) for such events and take action based on data, rather than prediction  Dealing with the Part of preparation after-effects nsurance cover for disaster, individual purchase insurance policies to mitigate their losses, thus preparaing them better for similar future These are trained for community preparedness. Emergency The availability of such Personnel personnel will vary depending on the time of day location of the hazard event. The Philippines should take into consideration the training for more emergency personnel as part of Outside help in the form of Aid humanitarian aid is necessary during a disaster. However, it reques should be fast and efficient. Foreign aids in the form of monetary t and material aid poured immediately after the onslaught of typhoon Yolanda. However, due to inefficiency and mismanagement, aids were not able to reach those afflicted on time and up to date distribution and accounting of  Poor design and construction of rability buildingsof andSpecific other Hazards infrastructure Inadequate protection measures of assets Lack of public information and awareness Limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and Disregard for wise environmental management (ADPC, 2012)  4 main types of May be determined by aspects 1. vulnerability such Physical as population density levels,(UNISDR) vulnerability remoteness of a settlement, the site, design, and materials used for critical infrastructures and for housing United Nations International Strategy for Refers to the inability of 2. Social people, organizations and societies vulnerabilityto withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of cultural values. It is linked to the level of The level of vulnerability is 3. Economic highly dependent upon the economic vulnerability status of individuals, communities and nations. The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being negatively impacted Natural resources depletion 4. Environmental and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive to about. Mitigation measures like reforestation and natural resource protection and conservation must be  Risk Factor s Signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future from the interaction Derived of social and environmental processes, from the combination of physical hazards and the vulnerabilities of exposed elements Earthquakes Engineering d Vu l Tsunami Economic ar Floods Social Cyclone bi ln i t Bushfire Landslides az Volcanoes er y H RIS a K Exposure People Buildings Business Infrastructure Risk Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerabil Capacity different natural hazards that may occur in an area at any given period of time. The base indicates the different elements exposed to hazard/disaster. On the right side, factors and elements of vulnerability  Philippine Exposure and abilities to Natural Disa 10 cities found in the PH han half of the 100 cities m d to earthquakes, storms, 10 cities most at risk of disasters are: 1.Port Vila (Vanuatu) 2.Tuguegarao (Cagayan Province) 3.Lucena (Quezon Province) 4.Manila 5.San Fernando (Pampanga) 6.Cabanatuan (Neuva Ecija) 7.Batangas 8.Taipei (Taiwan) 9.San Carlos  Philippine Vulnerabilities to The Natural Disasters Philippines lies in the Pacific typhoon bet and we are visited by an average of 20 The rugged typhoons nature of every our year landscape makes our communities very vulnerable to landslides, The Philippines mudflows, and other is an archipelagic disasters country with many small islands Many of the areas are at low or below sea level, and this makes vulnerable to flooding and worst, inundation with rise in sea level Vulnerable to storm surge because of the long coastline at about 32, 400 kilometers Poor institutional and societal capacity to manage, respond and recover from natural Considered hazard “high events risk ” in terms of the ability to manage and mitigate the impacts of natural hazard and in part due to “entrenched corruption and levels of poverty” (Rappler, 2014) Basic Concept of Hazard Define and elucidate hazards Give and picture examples of the types of hazards Explain the impact of various hazards on different exposed elements Hazards are those elements of the physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him (Burton et al, 1978 “A source of potential harm or situation with a potential to cause loss.” Standards Australia “A natural event that has the (2000) potential to cause harm or loss.” Asian Disaster Preparedness “A phenomenon or situation, which Center has the potential to cause the disruption or damage to people,  General Classification atural hazards of Hazards Such as earthquakes or floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment si-natural hazards Such as smog or desertification that arise through the logical (human-induced) h Such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from nuclear plant. These arise directly as a result of human activities  Types of Hazard Hewitt and Burton, 1971 pology of hazard  Atmosp (single hericelement) Excess Rainfall Freezing rain (glaze) Hail Heavy snowfalls High wind speeds Extreme temperature  Atmosp ombined hericelements/events) Hurricanes Glaze’ storm Thunderstorm Blizzards Tornadoes Heat and cold stress Hydrologic Floods – river and coastal area Wave action Drought Rapid glacier Geologic Mass movement Landslides Mudslides Avalanches Earthquake Volcanic eruption Rapid sediment movement Biologic Epidemic in humans Epidemic in plants Epidemic in WELCOME EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS  OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE VARIOUS POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS MAKE AN EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN FOR THE FAMILY RELATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS TO EVERYDAY LIFE. Natural Quasi-Natural Technologica Human-induce Atmosph Hydrolo eric gic Geolog Biolog ic ic Techno logic LET US WATCH THI VIDEO! at is an earthquake? Also known as quake, tremor or tremblor is the perceptible shaking of the surface f the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy n the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. (US Geological Science-  What are the potential hazards? Geologists explain that an earthquake is a type of hazard that depends on the strength of seismic activity, along with such factors as local A large earthquake will always be followed by a sequence of aftershocks that normally aggravates its effect on human and material elements  Ground The Earth shakes with the shaking/moti passage of earthquake waves, which radiates energy that had been on “stored ” in stressed rocks, and were released when a fault broke and the rocks slipped to relieve the pent-up stress. und or Surface Ruptu surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface when fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface. Any structure that is built across the fault is at risk of being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past each other. iquefaction Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. It normally occurs ound subsidence subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface, often occurs during earthquakes. This may be due to downward vertical displacement teral Spreading Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to move downhill, causing cracks to open up, that  Tsuna mi also known as seismic sea wave is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including Landslide landslides are frequently triggered by strong ground motions. They are important secondary earthquake hazard. The term landslide includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris ROUNDSHAKING/GROUN MOTION OUND/SURFACE RUPTU LIQUEFACTION ROUND SUBSIDENC TSUNAMI LANDSLIDES EVACUATION PLAN Video Question is? WHAT CAN WE DO TO PREPARE AND PRESERVE OURSELVES IN AN EVENT OF AN EARTHQUAKE? GROUP 1: MAKE A SONG WITH ONE OR TWO STANZAS THAT DEPICTS EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS PLAN GROUP 2: MAKE A POEM ABOUT AN EARTHQUAKE AND RELATE IT TO YOUR EVERYDAY LIFE. GROUP 3: MAKE A SKETCH/DRAW AND ACTUAL SCENARIO OF AN EARTHQUAKE IN A SCHOOL SETTING GROUP 4: MAKE AN EARTHQUAKE An earthquake can strike anytime and anywhere. Its intensity can only be determined after it strikes. No matter how and what science can do it still cannot predict as to when the earthquake will strike. Philippine history will teach us a very valuable lesson that we should not neglect. Sometime in the 1990s, The death toll of that incident was too great to even speak of. On August of 1976, a great tidal wave believed to be the after and immediate effect of an underwater earthquake took the lives of some four thousand (4,000) people in Pagadian City and the nearby shorelines. The recent strike being in Cotabato The knowledge we have today that Science has provided us can only make us prepare for such a disaster and to protect our lives and property when this disaster strikes. The best thing we can do is to put God as our priority in our lives. If we do such, our safety  Multiple Which among the following is Choices described as the lowering of the ground surface, often during earthquakes? a.Tsunami b.Earthquake-induced landslide c.Liquefaction Among the following , which best describe liquefaction? a.A phenomenon in which the strength of a soil is reduced by shaking or rapid loading? b.An offset of the ground surface when fault ruptures c.An intense shaking of the ground Vertical offsets: Dip- Slip and Strike- Slip:__________. a.Lateral offsets b.Horizontal offsets c.Transverse offsets d.Diagonal offsets Also known as seismic sea wave. a.Tsunami b.Strom surge c.Tidal wave d.None of the above What does PHIVOLCS stands for? a.Philippine Volcanology and Seismology Service b.Philippine Volcanology and Seismology Society c.Philippine Volcanology and Seismology Assignment Make a map of the Philippines and identify the faults according to al Signs of an Impending Ts 1. Animal Behavior Some zoologist believe that some animals like elephants have the ability to sense subsonic Rayleigh waves from an As observed earthquake in Sri or a Lanka during tsunami the Indian Ocean Tsunami, the elephants’ reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to 2. Drawback This is an observable natural sign of an impending tsunami that is noteworthy. In fact, drawback can serve as a brief warning. In 2004, Tilly smith, 10, of Surrey, England, and her family survived when a tsunami struck Maikhao beach in Phuket, Thailand Drawbacks are Formed All waves have a positive and negative peak, i.e. a ridge and a trough If the first to arrive at shore is ridge, a massive breaking wave or sudden flooding will be the first effect noticed on land. A typical wave period for damaging tsunami is about 12 minutes. This means that if the drawback phase is the first part to arrive, the sea will recede, with areas below sea level exposed after 3 minutes. During the next 6 minutes During thethetsunami next 6wave trough builds minutes, the into a ridge, and during this time the tsunami waves changes from ridge to sea is filled in and destruction occurs a trough on land. causing flood waters to drain and drawback to occur again. This may sweep victims and debris some distance from land. The  Search and read the account about Super Typhoon Yolanda. Based from our discussion of drawback, what d o you think really occurred in Tacloban, Leyte in November 2013? Was it a Storm Surge or a Tsunami? Explain your answer. What to Do Before, During and After an Earthquake Before and Earthquake 1.Engage yourself in training activities that promote safety and disaster preparedness 2.Participate in government-initiated earthquake drills and During an Earthquake 1.Stay indoors if you are within a structurally sound building or home 2.If you feel the building is not safe, quickly open the door for exit 3.If you’re caught inside a room or building, duck, hold and cover 4.Stay away from glass windows, shelves, cabinets and other heavy After an Earthquake 1.Take the fastest and safest way out of the building 2.Do not use elevators 3.Do not enter damage buildings 4.Do not use telephones unless necessary Volcanic Hazards arning Outcomes 1.Explain Various Volcano- related hazards 2.Differentiate among different volcano-related hazards 3.Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption 4.Interpret different volcano hazard maps Volcanoes can be exciting and fascinating because of their natural formation, but they can also be very dangerous. Any kind of active volcano is capable of creating harmful or deadly hazards, whether during an eruption or a period of quiescence. Understanding a volcano is the first step in mitigating volcanic hazards. ious volcano-Related Hazar Volcanologist are always working to understand how volcanic hazards behave, and what can be done to avoid them. USGS bulletin enumerates a few of the more common volcanic hazards, and some of the ways in which they LAHARS Lahars are specific kind of mudflow made up of volcanic debris. They can form in a number of situations, namely 1.) when small slope collapse gather water on their way down a volcano, 2.) through rapid melting of snow and ice during an eruption, 3. ) from heavy rainfall on loose volcanic debris, 4.) when a volcano erupts through crater tive Characteristics of L 1.Lahars move rapidly down valleys like rivers of concrete. 2.Lahars can occur with or without volcanic eruption. 3.Lahars pick up materials as they travel, which can cause damage to structures in their path 4.Lahars and excess sediment cause serious economic and  ASH FALL Volcanic ash consists of pulverized rock, minerals fragments of and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2mm (0.079 inches) in diameter The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products (correctly referred to as tephra), including particles larger than 2mm. tating Effects of Ash fa Ash fall rarely endangers human lives, but it can have devastating effects on the things that people rely upon from day to day living Ash fallout to the ground can pose significant disruption and damage to buldings, transportation, water, and wastewater, power supply, communications equipment, agriculture, and primary production leading to potentially Pneumonoultr amicroscopic silicovolcan oconiosis  Pyroclast Contain a high-density mix of hot ic lava Flows blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gas. Move at a very high speed down volcanic slopes typically following valleys Consist of two parts: a lower (basal) flow of coarse fragments that moves along the ground, and ;A turbulent cloud of ash that rises astic flows form in differen Collapse of eruption column: during a highly explosive eruption, the column ejected upwards into the atmosphere cools and can become too coo and dense to maintain upward momentum Boiling over from eruptive vent: during an explosive eruption, material is erupted without forming a high plume and rapidly moves down slopes Collapse of lava domes or flows: the fronts of lava flows or domes can become so steep that they collapse due to gravitational force. lcanic Gases Magma Contains dissolved gases , which provide the driving force that causes most volcanic eruptions. As magma rises towards the surface and pressure decreases, gases are released from the liquid portion of the magma(melt) and continue to travel upward and are eventually released into the atmosphere ul Effects of Volcanic Gase 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) trapped in low-lying areas can be lethal to people 2. and animals Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory system. 3. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is very toxic in high concentrations 4. Hydrogen halides HF, HCl, HBr) are strong, toxic acids. ava Flows Are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting Is vent.erupted during either non-explosive activity or explosive rs affecting lava movement 1. The type of lava and its viscosity 2. Steepness of the ground over which it travels 3. Whether the lava flows as a borad sheet, through a confined channel, or down a lava 4. Rate of lava production at tube. the vent tating Effects of Lava Flow 1. Lava flows may instigate other types of hazards. 2. Everything in the path of a lava flow will be knocked over, surrounded, buried, or 3. ignited When lava erupts beneath a glacier or flows over snow and ice, melt water from the ice and snow can result in far- 4. If it enters a body of water or water reaching lahars enters a lava tube, the water may boil violently and cause an explosive shower of molten spatter over a wide area.