DRRR-Reviewer 1st Quarter (PDF)

**1 -- BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK** - Philippines is a **disaster-prone country** - It is part of **the Pacific Ring of Fire or "Circum-Pacific Belt"** - **70%** of the volcanoes is considered to be active - **90%** of the earthquakes is the deadliest earthquakes - Al...

**1 -- BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK** - Philippines is a **disaster-prone country** - It is part of **the Pacific Ring of Fire or "Circum-Pacific Belt"** - **70%** of the volcanoes is considered to be active - **90%** of the earthquakes is the deadliest earthquakes - Also located **at the edge of the Pacific Ocean** - Almost **20 disturbances that visits the Philippines** **When does a natural event become a hazard?** - If it can cause already damage in a community **When does a hazard become a disaster?** - If there is already a damage in a **POPULATED community** - If an earthquake occurs in a community that has no population, it's not considered as a disaster **Hazard** - it may cause damage or distraction to a community **Disaster** -- a sudden, calamitous event that may cause quite harm, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property **According to the Disaster risk Reduction Resilience Manual** - These are the emergencies that cannot be handled by those affected without the outside assistance **The World Health Organization (WHO)** defines disasters as - Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community area. **REPUBLIC ACT 10121** - Disaster is a serious disruption in the functioning of a society causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope within its own resources **4 Phases of Disaster Risk Reduction Management** 1. Preparedness 2. Mitigation 3. Response 4. Recovery **When is an event a disaster?** - At least 20% of the population affected and in need of emergency assistance of those dwelling units have been destroyed - At least 40% of the means of livelihood such as vehicles and the like are destroyed - Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at least a week - Widespread destruction of crops, poultry, fishponds and livestock - Epidemics **[Characteristics of Disasters]** 1. Disasters are inherently unexpected 2. Disasters cannot be managed 3. Disasters create demands beyond the capacity of a government **Rapid on-set** -- examples like earthquakes and typhoons **Slow on-set** -- can take many years such as global warming, drought **Classification of Disaster** 1. **Natural Disaster** -- an event resulting from natural process of the earth - Examples: tornado, flood, earthquake, tsunami, flood 2. **Man-made of Human Induced Disaster** -- consequences of technological or human hazards - Examples: stampedes, fires, industrial and transport accidents, nuclear explosions **[3 Categories of Man-made:]** 1. Technological Disasters 2. Social Disasters 3. Environmental **Types of Disasters** 1. **Natural Disasters** - Geological Disasters - Hydrological Disasters - Climatological Disasters -- logical, long-term patterns - Meteorological Disasters -- weather pattern, short -- term changes, - Biological Disasters - Space Disasters 2. **Man-made or Technological Disasters** - Environmental Degradation - Pollution - Terrorism - Accidents 3. **Natural Disasters** - Food insecurity - Epidemics and Pandemics - Displaced Populations **Disaster Risk** -- expectation value of deaths, injuries and property losses that would be caused by a hazard **According to UNISDR** -- Disaster risk is the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, assets and services that could occur in community over a specific time period **[Magnitude of the disaster depends on:]** 1. The severity of the natural event (hazard) 2. The quantity of exposure of the elements at risk (lives and properties) 3. Vulnerability level or quality of exposure **[Elements of Disaster Risk]** 1. **Hazard** -- is a potential damaging physical event, phenomenon, human activity that may cause the loss of injury, property damages social and economic disruption 2. **Vulnerability** -- the characteristics of community system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effect of hazard 3. **Exposure** -- refers to the degree to which a community is likely to experience hazard at different magnitude - Risk increases as the frequency or severity of hazard increases, people's vulnerability increases and people's capacity to cope decreased (inversely proportional) **2 - RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS** 1. Severity of exposure 2. Gender and family 3. Age 4. Economic status of country **[Other Factors:]** 1. **Climate Change** -- can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways\-\-- by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns 2. **Environmental Degradation** -- it is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs 3. **Globalized Economic Development** -- it resulted in increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale 4. **Poverty and Inequality** -- is both a driver and consequence of disasters, and the processes that further disaster risk related poverty are permeated with inequality 5. **Poorly-planned and Managed Urban Development** -- a new wave of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new opportunities for resilient investment emerge. 6. **Weak Governance** -- are investment environments in which public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and public services. **3 - DISASTERS AND ITS EFFECT** A **HAZARD** is a dangerous situation or event that carries a threat to humans A **DISASTER** is an event that harms humans and disrupt the operations of society **HAZARDS** can only be considered disaster once it affected human If a **DISASTER** happened in an unpopulated area, it is still a hazard **[Effects of Natural and Man-Made Disasters to Human]** 1. Displaced Populations 2. Health Risk 3. Food Scarcity 4. Emotional Aftershocks **[Ways on how to plan ahead of a disaster]** 1. Check for hazard at home 2. Identify safe place indoors and outdoors 3. Educate yourself and family members 4. Have disaster kits/supplies on hand 5. Develop an emergency communication plan 6. Help your community get ready 7. Practice the Disaster Preparedness Cycle **4 -- VULNERABILITY** According to the **International Federation of Red Cross and Crescent Societies (2019):** - Vulnerability in this context can be defined as the diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made hazard **Wikipedia, 2019:** - Vulnerability refers to the inability (of a system) to withstand and the effects of a hostile environment **Vulnerability** - Describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that makes it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. These are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic and environmental factors According to **UNESCO/UNDRO (1982),** definition of hazard and risk terminology: - Vulneravility is the degree of loss to a given element or set of element at risk resulting from the occurrence of a hazardous phenomenon of a given magnitude - It is expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) 1 (total loss) **Concept of Vulnerability** **Vulneravility = Exposure + Resistance + Resilience** **Exposure**: at risk property and population **Resistance**: measures taken to avoid, prevent or reduce loss **Resilience**: ability to recover prior state or achieve desired post disaster state **Example of Vulnerability** - The people of the eastern part of the Philippines are more vulnerable to typhoon because: - High exposure of typhoon - Low resistance - low resilience **Characteristics of Vulnerability** 1. Vulnerability is a **state of being at risk** 2. Vulnerability is a **situation specific** 3. Vulnerability is a **hazard specific** **Factors Affecting of Vulnerability of One's Community** 1. **Population density near a hazard event** - **Population:** refers to the number of individuals inhabiting in a particular space at the same time - **Population density:** refers to the number of individuals living in an area in relation to the size 2. **Capacity and efficiency to reduce disaster risk** - Community that is less vulnerable has the capacity to reduce disaster risk because: - It can provide accessibility and availability of services and facilities during and after disasters - It has the ability to anticipate, adapt, and respond to possible disaster **Types of Sectors of Vulnerability** Main Types of Vulnerability: 1. **Physical and Environmental Vulnerability --** refers to the "human made environment" of agriculture forestry, and aquaculture **Factors affecting Vulnerability:** - Geographic pattern - Geological and environmental characteristics of the community 2. **Social Vulnerability** -- refers to the susceptibility of the population, the social institutions or organizations that ensure the sustenance of families and communities and society - Educational attainment - Knowledge and awareness - Special categories of vulnerable groups of people 3. **Economic Vulnerability** -- pertains to the assets, and resources of the community that are susceptible to disasters, including the production and services that ensure the well-being of people - Sources of livelihood - Household income and savings **How do we reduce vulnerability** 1. Implementing building codes 2. Insurance and social protection 3. Emphasizing economic diversity and resilient livelihoods 4. Knowledge and awareness rising 5. Preparedness measures **5 -- HAZARD AND ITS TYPES** **Hazard** - is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone. Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or an adverse effect (for example, to people as health effects, to organizations as property or equipment losses, or to environment). A hazard is a threat. A future source of danger. It has the potential to cause harm to: 1. **People** -- death, injury, disease and stress 2. **Human activity** -- economic, educational, etc. 3. **Property** -- property damage, economic loss 4. **Environment** -- loss fauna and flora, pollution, loss of amenities **Different Types of Hazard** 1. **Natural Hazards** -- arise from natural processes in the environment a. Hydro-meteorological and climatological hazards b. Geologic hazards c. Biological hazards d. Astronomical hazards 2. **Quasi-natural Hazards --** arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities a. Pollution or desertification b. Smog and fog 3. **Technological (or man-made) hazards** -- these arise directly as a result of human activities a. Accidental release of chemicals b. Toxic and pesticides to floral and fauna A **typology based on Hewitt and Burton (1971)** 1. **Atmospheric** **Single Element** - Excess rainfall - Hail - High wind speeds - Extreme temperatures - Typhoons - Thunderstorms - Tornadoes - Heat stress 2. **Hydrologic** **Single Element** - Floods: rivers and coastal - Wave action - Drought 3. **Geologic** - Mass-movement - Landslides - Mudslides - Earthquakes - Volcanic eruption - Rapid sediment movement 4. **Biologic** - Epidemic in humans - Epidemic in plants - Epidemic in animals - Locusts 5. **Technologic** - Transport accidents - Industrial explosions - Accidental release of toxic chemicals - Nuclear accidents - Collapse of public buildings **Hazard Signs and Symbols** 1. **Flame** -- flammable, self-heating, emits flammable gas, pyrophoric 2. **Health Hazard** -- reproductive toxicity, respiratory sensitizer, target organ toxicity, aspiration toxicity 3. **Exploding Bomb** -- explosives, self-reactives, organic peroxides 4. **Skull and Crossbones** -- fatal or toxic, acute toxicity 5. **Corrosive** -- indicates hazardous products, can damage or destroy metal, cause irreversible damage to the skin (burns, blisters) 6. **Gas under pressure** -- chemical under pressure 7. **Environment** -- air toxicity, aquatic toxicity, hazardous to the ozone layer **6 -- HAZARD: ITS IMPACT, IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT** **Impact of Hazard** 1. **Physical Impact** - physical injuries, destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation systems, roads, destruction of housing and building 2. **Psychological Impact** - grief and psychological illness, marital conflict, depression, chronic anxiety 3. **Socio-cultural Impact** - Displacement of population, loss of cultural identity, forced of adoption of new sets of culture 4. **Economic Impact** - Loss of job due to displacement, loss of harvest and livestock, etc. 5. **Environmental Impact** - Loss of forest due to forest fires, loss of natural rivers, disturbance of biodiversity 6. **Biological Impact** - Epidemic to people, flora and fauna, chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents **Hazard Analysis** - It is the identification, study, and monitoring of any hazard to determine its potential, origin, characteristics, and behaviour (UNISDR, 2007) **The purpose of this analysis is to:** 1. Provide description of the hazards 2. Help in setting priorities corresponding to the need for protection 3. Assist in designing the appropriate DRRM, system, plan, programs, and services **Tools in doing a hazard analysis:** 1. **Community hazard and disaster history construction** - The existing hazards and the disasters that the community experienced are identified 2. **Hazard and vulnerability mapping** - Areas in the community that are vulnerable are then located in the map 3. **Factor Analysis** - Describes the characteristics of the hazard in terms of the following - **Frequency** - **Duration** - **Speed of onset** - **Intensity** - **Probability** - **Forewarning** - **Manageability** **Hazard Identification** - Is the process of determining all physical and non-physical agents in the workplace or specific environment **Risk Assessment** - Is a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact **Steps:** 1. **Identify the hazards** a. **Observation** -- use you senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch-combined with knowledge and experience b. **Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDRs) --** obtain them from, manufacturers and supplies. It gives information on possible harm from hazardous substances and precautions that need to be taken c. **Hazard and Risk Surveys** -- interview other people about their safety concerns as far as the workplace is concerned. Utmost consideration should be given to children or visitors who could be at risk d. **Discussion groups** -- useful for identifying hazards and recommending solutions e. **Safety audits** -- a committee must be assigned to periodically check safety in the area 2. **Asses the Risk** -- once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and possible severity of injury or harm will need to be assesses before determining how best to minimize the risk 3. **Make the changes** -- once risk are assessed, next step is to make decision for some necessary changes. It includes removing the hazard and replacing it with something less hazardous, safety barriers, etc. 4. **Checking the charges made --** to make sure risk has been minimized, and a further hazard has not been created, the new safety measures may need to be carefully tested before work begins again. **7 -- NATURAL SIGNS OF IMPENDING TSUNAMIS** 1. **Feel an earthquake --** severe ground shaking from local earthquakes may cause tsunamis 2. **See ocean water disappear from beach bay** -- water may receed from the coast, exposing the ocean floor as a fast-moving wall of water. This is called **"drawback"** 3. **Hear an unusual roaring sound** -- can create a loud "roaring" sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft **8 -- DIFFERENT VOLCANO RELATED HAZARDS** **Volcano** - Is a vent or chimney that connect molten rock (magma) from withing the earth's crus to the earth's surface **Parts:** - Ash cloud - Vent - Lava - Crater - Sill - Summit - Ash - Throat - Conduit - Magma **Types of Volcano** 1. **Shield Volcanoes** - Form very large, gently sloped volcanoes with a wide base, are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows 2. **Composite Volcanoes** - Sometime called **stratovolcanoes**. They are typically steep-side, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows and may rise as much as 8,000 feet above their bases 3. **Cinder Cones** - **Simplest type of volcano** - Built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent 4. **Lava domes** - Formed by relatively small, bulbous masses or lava and are too viscous to flow any great distance; consequently, on extrusion, the lava piles over and around its vent **Classification of Volcano** 1. **Active Volcanoes** - It can erupt at **any time** - Has a very high chance of erupting again - [Examples: taal, mayon, Pinatubo] 2. **Dormant Volcanoes** - Have **not erupted in the recent past** - [Examples: camiguin, mount hibok-hibok, mount apo] 3. **Extinct Volcanoes** - Have **minimal chance of eruption** in the future - It is considered extinct if there has been no eruption for thousand of years - [Examples: Mt. Butay in Camiguin] **How and why do volcano erupts?** - Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface. - When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas (H₂O, CO₂, S) it has in it as to how it erupts. - Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive eruption! - Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive eruption - Where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow). **Two Major Volcanic Eruption Style** **Explosive volcanic eruptions** - can be catastrophic - Have severe environmental and climatic effects - Hazardous - Three products from an explosive eruption - **Ash fall** - **Pyroclastic flow** - **Pyroclastic surge** **Classification of Volcanic Eruption** 1. **Effusive eruptions** - are characterized by outpourings of lava on to the ground. 2. **Volcanic hazards** - are observable facts that are arising due to volcanic activity such as volcanic eruption. These have potential threat, for seeable crisis that directly affect to human beings, animals, properties, infrastructure, tourism, and even political stability to mention some within a specific period of time. 3. **Volcanic eruption** - is one of the dangerous event that may happen because it results to different hazards such as: Ballistic projectiles, Ash fall, Pyroclastic flows, Lava flows, Volcanic gases, Debris Avalanche or Volcanic landslide and even Tsunami. **VOLCANIC HAZARDS** a\. Ballistic Projectile b\. Ashfall or Tephra fall c\. Pyroclastic Flows d\. Lava Flows e\. Volcanic Gases f\. Debris Avalanche/Volcanic Landslide g\. Tsunami **Ballistic Projectile** - are rock fragments that are ejected from volcano\'s mouth that are comparable to cannonballs. These reach its projectile up to 5 kilometers or 3 miles. **Ash fall or Tephra fall** - are minute volcanic particles such as pulverized rock, minerals and silicon which has f ne to coarse grain. This is formed during explosive volcanic eruption when dissolve gages in magma escape violently into the atmosphere **Pyroclastic Flows** - contain a highly-density mix of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gases. They move at very high speed down volcanic slopes, typical following valleys. It consists of two parts: a lower (basal) flow of coarse fragments that moves along the ground, and a turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow **Lava flows** - are streams of molten rocks that are poured or oozed from an erupting vent (Quebral 2016). Lava flows rarely threaten human life because it moves slowly. It is mostly characterized as quite effusion of lava **Debris Avalanche or Volcanic landslide** - massive collapse of volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption **Tsunami** - sea waves or wave trains that are generated by sudden displacement of water (could be generated during undersea eruptions or debris avalanches **9 -- SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION** **What are the natural signs of impending volcanic eruption?** 1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds and occurrence of volcanic tremors 2. Increase steaming activity; change in color or steam from white to gray due to entrained ash 3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at near the crater 4. Ground swells (inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion 5. Localized landslide, rock falls and landslides from the summit area that are not attributed to rain 6. Noticeable increase in drying up of vegetation around the volcano's upper slope 7. Increase in temperature of hot springs, wells and crater lake near the volcano 8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano 9. Dying up springs/wells 10. Development of new thermal areas and or reactivation of old ones' appearance of solfataras (craters with sulfur gas) 1. **Ground deformation** - any surface changes on a volcano (subsidence/sinking, tilting, bulging); often use of tiltmeters as well as satellite imaging which results to less exposure on the ground or safer for volcanologists. 2. **Seismic activity** - when magma rises, it breaks rock along the way. Thus earthquakes generated. Monitoring of quakes/ tremors is done using a seismometer that determines which patterns of seismic waves precede an eruption. 3. **Gases** - monitor types and rate of emission of different gases. Concentration of gases are sometimes high enough to create acid rain that kills vegetation around the volcano. Collection of samples from the vents directly with use of remote sensing instruments that identify and quantify the presence of gas 4. **Sensory observation** - (by the people near the volcano) **a. Visual** **b. auditory**