DEVCOMM Midterm Reviewer PDF

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES This term is commonly used to describe COMMUNICATION nations that are in the process of...

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES This term is commonly used to describe COMMUNICATION nations that are in the process of industrialization and economic growth. UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES CHAPTER 1: SOCIETAL PROBLEMS This term is sometimes used interchangeably with "developing countries," but As a developing (Third World) country, it can carry a more negative connotation. the Philippines faces numerous problems and issues that hinder its growth and development as DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS a productive nation for its people. Despite the Indicators measure the improvement in many development programs implemented by people's lives and in the people. They become government agencies and the private sector over the basis of planning, implementing, and the years, the Philippines is still wallowing in evaluating development programs and projects. societal problems. They also establish development trends, indicate the investment environment, and become the THIRD WORLD LEGACY basis for predicting future events. Although the term “Third World” has been replaced by a more politically correct term MEASURING DEVELOPMENT “developing,” the problems and conditions (Two major institutions measure development) represented by this phrase have not disappeared, nor in fact, diminished. The problems of the WORLD BANK previous generations are still the same problems Gross National Income (GNI) per capita faced by the present generation. $12, 696 or higher per capita = High- Income Countries a. Upper-Middle Income b. Lower- COLD WAR ERA (1947 – 1951) Middle Income c. Low Income US vs SOVIET UNION UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FIRST WORLD PROGRAMME (UNDP) This term referred to countries aligned Human Development Index (HDI) with the Western bloc, led by the United States 0.800 = High-Income Countries a. Economic and its NATO allies. These were considered Growth b. Life Expectancy c. Health d. Education capitalist, industrialized, and economically e. Quality of Life advanced nations. SOCIETAL PROBLEMS SECOND WORLD The Second World referred to countries POVERTY aligned with the Eastern bloc, led by the Soviet It is regarded as the most harmful of all Union. These countries were generally socialist societal problems. It is a problem that brings or communist in political ideology. along other virulent problems. 350 million in India; 195 million in THIRD WORLD China; 93.2 million in Bangladesh; 72.4 million Countries that did not align with either in Brazil; 47.8 million in Indonesia; 46.4 in of the superpower blocs during the Cold War. Nigeria; 37.6 million in Vietnam; 35.2 million in These countries were often newly independent the Philippines; and 157 million more in other nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. They parts of the developing world. were often characterized by political instability, 58% of Filipino families rate themselves lack of industrialization, and lower levels of poor in Q2 survey. economic development. UNEMPLOYMENT 1970’s You are unemployed when you do not The term 'Third World" has been earn a living. You are underemployed when your replaced by a more politically correct term job requires skills that are way below what you "Developing Countries". trained for. Consequently, you are paid way below your worth. OVERPOPULATION PROBLEMATIQUE MAP The condition of having a dense Problematique means a complex population which leads to limited resources or a cluster of problems that are so virulent in nature poor quality of life. 8 billion world population and that they can recur every so often. Identifying its is rapidly increasing. symptom/s and root cause/s is needed to put an end to the problem. INEQUALITY To do so, Michael Molenda and Contrary to myth, all men are not Anthony Di Paolo (communication scientists) created equal. Some are born rich; others are developed the problematique method/map. born boor. However, everyone should be equally Symptoms are called “subordinate influential provided with the opportunity to develop, to factors” while root causes are referred to as realize his or her full potential. “superordinate influential factors.” ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION STEPS IN DOING THE PROBLEMATIQUE MAP The alarming loss of natural and genetic 1. Identify a problem situation. resources which causes environmental and food 2. Ask “Why?” – list down the reasons that security problems. In the past 50 years, 70 directly cause this situation. percent of our primary forests have been logged- 3. Go over these reasons one by one and ask over. Our agricultural lands are rapidly being yourself, “Why?” transformed into industrial parks and residential 4. Continue the process by asking “Why?” for subdivisions. This loss of arable land poses not each reason identified until this question can no only environmental problems but food security longer be answered. (NOTE: The factor identified problems as well. should not go beyond the system.) MALNUTRITION It is defined as faulty nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients; it could either be undernutrition or overnutrition. ETHNIC CONFLICT This means contemporary wars are not being waged by countries but by cultures. CHAPTER 3: PARADIGMS & DEVCOMM RESPONSE Development communication grew in PERSPECTIVES response to these societal problems. One of its underlying assumptions is that these problems PARADIGM may be traced to root causes and these root a way of explaining things, a school of causes may in turn be remedied by information thought, a perspective, a particular model of and communication. reality adopted by a scientist or theoretician when conducting an inquiry. CHAPTER 2: UNDERDEVELOPMENT DIFFERENT PARADIGMS PROBLEMATIQUE Technological Economic Policy scientist Daniel Lerner Structural introduced the phrase “vicious cycle of poverty” Values in mid-1960's. No sustained economic growth is possible because of a countertendency in the social system. TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGMS CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETAL PROBLEMS Root Cause: Technological backwardness PERVASIVE Solution: Adapting new Technology INTERRELATED CLUSTERED ECONOMIC PARADIGMS RECURRING Root Cause: Unsound Economic Policies Solution: Sound fiscal and monetary policies FISCAL POLICY TRICKLE DOWN EFFECT The use of government spending and Would spread the benefits of economic taxation to influence the economy development to every stratum of human society MONETARY POLICY including the “poorest of the poor.” Is a set of actions to control a nation’s overall money supply and achieve economic First World: developed/ industrial-commercial growth. Second World: communists/ centrally- planned economies STRUCTURAL PARADIGMS Third World: developing Root Cause: Existing Social Orders Solution: Revolution / Devolution SECOND DEVELOPMENT DECADE Started in 1970’s measure of dev’t is REVOLUTION & DEVOLUTION man. Paradigm shift in perspective from the Revolution – overthrowing “economic” to the “humanistic.” Devolution – empowerment / Development “the improvement of the decentralization quality of life of the individual.” Man, himself, became the measure of development. VALUES PARADIGMS Development should provide the Root Cause: Values as a people necessary conditions for “the realization of the Solution: Change values for the better potential of human personality.” Indicators for development are: (1) enough food, clothing, footwear, and shelter (2) meaningful employment, (3) equality; and (4) education. THIRD DEVELOPMENT DECADE Started in 1980’s measure of dev’t is landmark concerns. Widespread disillusionment on the slow pace of and frustrations in development work. Characterized by further refinements and focus. Realignment of priorities. CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT DECADES LANDMARK CONCERNS FIRST DEVELOPMENT DECADES WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT Started in 1960’s measure of dev’t is Role of women in development, GNP. Development was a desired goal or end- recognizing women's roles in development is state for countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin crucial, especially in patriarchal societies where America. men's contributions are often prioritized. Asia, Africa, and Latin America: ENVIRONMENT ⚬ agriculture-based economies ⚬ post-colonial combatting the necessary evils in the histories ⚬ ravaged by war. Focused on development process like pollution and infrastructure and agricultural productivity. degradation. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) SOCIAL DIMENSIONS The total money value of the goods and combatting the necessary evils in the services produced by a country in a given year. development process like pollution and degradation. “Developing” became a substitute for “Underdevelopment” In spite of recorded INDIGENEOUS PEOPLES increases in GNP, there seemed to be very little spread of progress must not lead to the improvement among the poor. extinction of an entire ethnic culture or way of life.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 5. GENDER EQUALITY convergence of economic, social, and Gender bias is undermining our social environmental goals fabric and devalues all of us. It is not just a human rights issue; it is a tremendous waste of the world’s human potential. Goal 5 on achieving CHAPTER 5: SUSTAINABLE that is equal access to education, health care DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG) and decent work, can only benefit societies. 6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION One in three people live without sanitation. This is causing unnecessary disease and death. Although huge strides have been made with access to clean drinking water, lack of sanitation is undermining these advances. 7. AFFORDABLE CLEAN ENERGY Renewable energy solutions are becoming cheaper, more reliable and more efficient every day. Our current reliance on fossil fuels is unsustainable and harmful to the planet, which is why we have to change the way we 1. NO POVERTY produce and consume energy. Goal 7 also Eradicating poverty is not a task underscores the need for clean and renewable of charity, it is an act of justice and the key to energy to help combat climate change. unlocking an enormous human potential. Goal no.1 will make sure that everyone has access to 8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH food, shelter, clothing, healthcare and education Economic growth should be a positive so they can fully participate in society. force for the whole planet. This is why we must make sure that financial progress creates decent 2. ZERO HUNGER and fulfilling jobs while not harming the Hunger is the leading cause of death in environment. Goal 8 calls for more jobs that not the world. Our planet has provided us with only provide decent pay but stimulate the tremendous resources, but unequal access and economy and provide equal opportunities for inefficient handling leaves millions of people both men and women while protecting the malnourished. Goal 2 focuses on addressing environment. poor agricultural practices, food waste and environment degradation to ensure no one goes 9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION & hungry. INFRASTRUCTURE A functioning and resilient infrastructure 3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL – BEING is the foundation of every successful community. Over the last 15 years, the number of To meet future challenges, our industries and childhood deaths has been cut in half. This infrastructure must be upgraded. Goal 9 states proves that it is possible to win the fight against that for society to grow, it should encourage almost every disease. industries that bring opportunities to everyone while protecting the environment. 4. QUALITY EDUCATION Education liberates the intellect, 10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES unlocks the imagination and is fundamental for Too much of the world’s wealth is held self-respect. It is the key to prosperity and opens by a very small group of people. This often leads a world of opportunities, making it possible for to financial and social discrimination. Goal 10 each of us to contribute to a progressive, healthy seeks to make sure everyone everywhere has a society. Goal 4 is all about ensuring everyone has chance to live a healthy and happy life. access to learn no matter who they are or where they are. 11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES & COMMUNITIES The world’s population is constantly increasing. To accommodate everyone, we need to build modern, sustainable cities. Cities are CHAPTER 6: DEVELOPMENT lively hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science COMMUNICATION DEFINITIONS productivity and much more. 12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION IS A Our planet has provided us with an COMMUNICATION WITH A HEART. abundance of natural resources. But we have not utilized them responsibly and currently consume HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE far beyond what our planet can provide. Goal 12 wants to make us think twice about the things we use, the waste we create and how that impacts our planet. 13. CLIMATE ACTION Climate change is a real and undeniable threat to our entire civilization. The effects are already visible and will be catastrophic unless we act now. Goal 13 about finding solutions like renewable energy and clean technologies to fix climate change. 14. LIFE BELOW WATER QUEBRAL DEFINITION (1971) Healthy oceans and seas are essential Development Communication is to our existence. They cover 70 percent of our the art and science of human planet and we rely on them for food, energy and water. Goal 14 is all about protecting the oceans, communication applied to the speedy seas and all its species. transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a 15. LIFE ON LAND dynamic state of economic growth that A flourishing life on land is the makes possible greater social equality foundation for our life on this planet. Goal 15 is all about making sure that we stop all the things and the larger fulfilment of the human that threaten our global home. potential. 16. PEACE, JUSTICE & STRONG DR. NORA CRUZ QUEBRAL INSTITUTIONS MOTHER OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION Compassion and a strong moral compass are essential to every democratic ART society. Goal 16 is all about finding ways to make Creativity in Communicating Messages sure everyone lives in a peaceful society. Aesthetic aspect Hard / Concrete Art 17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR GOALS Conducting interviews / Phrasing The Global Goals can only be met if we questions work together. To make all the goals a reality will SCIENCE require the participation of everyone. Social Science Scientific Method THESE 17 GOALS, THEY WILL BE MEASURE BY Research 2030 Theories & Principles HUMAN COMMUNICATION Interpersonal channels or mass media Levels of Communication People over technology SPEEDY TRANSFORMATION Devcom: catalyst for social change accomplish change in a shorter time PEOPLE Motivating individuals & groups of people beneficiaries & authorities change habits, lifestyle, perspective Three Domains: Cognitive, Affective, VALUES OF DEVCOM Psychomotor PURPOSIVE POVERTY Desired outcome in mind Greatest challenge not just about how PRAGMATIC or who must know “where” and Evaluate impact & accomplishment of “characteristics” Rural Poor & Urban purpose Poor VALUE – LADEN Attach high – positive value to every GOALS THAT DEVCOM AIMS TO FULFILL: message Dynamic state of economic growth AREAS OF PRACTICE Greater social equality Larger fulfillment of Human potential Community – Communication QUEBRAL (1971) Development Journalism Development Communication is the art Community / Development and science of human communication applied broadcasting to the speedy transformation of a country and Educational Communication the mass of its people from poverty to a Science Communication dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality and the larger fulfilment of the human potential. QUEBRAL (2012) Development Communication is the science of human communication linked to the transitioning of communities from poverty in all its forms to a dynamic, overall growth that fosters equity and the unfolding of individual potential. LENT’S PERSPECTIVE Devcom: major government tool in developing countries Devcom = media Two value systems: 1. Watchdog 2. lapdog CYBERNETIC DEFINITION Devcom: communication that prevents or corrects deviation from the prescribed social path Devcom: negentropy Negentropy: application of information to negate entropy Whoever may read this, good luck to your Entropy: tendency to go into a state of midterm exam!! lesser organization