DEVCOMM Midterm Reviewer PDF

**DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION** **CHAPTER 1: SOCIETAL PROBLEMS** As a developing **(Third World)** country, the Philippines faces numerous problems and issues that hinder its growth and development as a productive nation for its people. Despite the many development programs implemented by government...

**DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION** **CHAPTER 1: SOCIETAL PROBLEMS** As a developing **(Third World)** country, the Philippines faces numerous problems and issues that hinder its growth and development as a productive nation for its people. Despite the many development programs implemented by government agencies and the private sector over the years, the Philippines is still wallowing in societal problems. **THIRD WORLD LEGACY** Although the term **"Third World"** has been replaced by a more politically correct term **"developing,"** the problems and conditions represented by this phrase have not disappeared, nor in fact, diminished. The problems of the previous generations are still the same problems faced by the present generation. **COLD WAR ERA (1947 -- 1951)** **US vs SOVIET UNION** **FIRST WORLD** This term referred to **countries** aligned with the **Western bloc**, led by the **United States** and its **NATO** allies. These were considered capitalist, industrialized, and economically advanced nations. **SECOND WORLD** The Second World referred to **countries** aligned with the **Eastern bloc**, led by the **Soviet Union**. These countries were generally socialist or communist in political ideology. **THIRD WORLD** **Countries** that **did not align with either of the superpower blocs during the Cold War**. These countries were often newly independent nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. They were often characterized by political instability, lack of industrialization, and lower levels of economic development. **1970's** The term \'Third World\" has been replaced by a more politically correct term **\"Developing Countries\".** **DEVELOPING COUNTRIES** This term is commonly used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and economic growth. **UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES** This term is sometimes used interchangeably with \"developing countries,\" but it can carry a more negative connotation. **DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS** Indicators measure the improvement in people\'s lives and in the people. They become the basis of planning, implementing, and evaluating development programs and projects. They also establish development trends, indicate the investment environment, and become the basis for predicting future events. **MEASURING DEVELOPMENT** **(Two major institutions measure development)** **WORLD BANK** Gross National Income **(GNI)** per capita \$12, 696 or higher per capita = High- Income Countries **a.** Upper-Middle Income **b.** Lower-Middle Income **c.** Low Income **UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP)** Human Development Index **(HDI)** 0.800 = High-Income Countries **a.** Economic Growth **b**. Life Expectancy **c.** Health **d.** Education **e.** Quality of Life **SOCIETAL PROBLEMS** **POVERTY** It is regarded as the most harmful of all societal problems. It is a problem that brings along other virulent problems. **350 million** in India; **195 million** in China; **93.2 million** in Bangladesh; **72.4 million** in Brazil; **47.8 million** in Indonesia; **46.4** in Nigeria; **37.6 million** in Vietnam; **35.2 million** in the Philippines; and **157 million** more in other parts of the developing world. 58% of Filipino families rate themselves poor in Q2 survey. **UNEMPLOYMENT** You are **unemployed** when you do not earn a living. You are **underemployed** when your job requires skills that are way below what you trained for. Consequently, you are paid way below your worth. **OVERPOPULATION** The condition of having a dense population which leads to limited resources or a poor quality of life. 8 billion world population and is rapidly increasing. **INEQUALITY** Contrary to myth, all men are not created equal. Some are born rich; others are born boor. However, everyone should be equally provided with the opportunity to develop, to realize his or her full potential. **ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION** The alarming loss of natural and genetic resources which causes environmental and food security problems. In the past 50 years, 70 percent of our primary forests have been logged-over. Our agricultural lands are rapidly being transformed into industrial parks and residential subdivisions. This loss of arable land poses not only environmental problems but food security problems as well. **MALNUTRITION** It is defined as faulty nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients; it could either be undernutrition or overnutrition. **ETHNIC CONFLICT** This means contemporary wars are not being waged by countries but by cultures. **DEVCOMM RESPONSE** Development communication grew in response to these societal problems. One of its underlying assumptions is that these problems may be traced to root causes and these root causes may in turn be remedied by information and communication. **CHAPTER 2: UNDERDEVELOPMENT PROBLEMATIQUE** Policy scientist **Daniel Lerner** introduced the phrase "vicious cycle of poverty" in mid-1960\'s. No sustained economic growth is possible because of a countertendency in the social system. **CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETAL PROBLEMS** - PERVASIVE - INTERRELATED - CLUSTERED - RECURRING **PROBLEMATIQUE MAP** Problematique means a complex cluster of problems that are so virulent in nature that they can recur every so often. Identifying its symptom/s and root cause/s is needed to put an end to the problem. To do so, **Michael Molenda and Anthony Di Paolo** (communication scientists) developed the problematique method/map. **Symptoms are called "subordinate influential factors"** while **root causes are referred to as "superordinate influential factors."** **STEPS IN DOING THE PROBLEMATIQUE MAP** 1\. Identify a problem situation. 2\. Ask "Why?" -- list down the reasons that directly cause this situation. 3\. Go over these reasons one by one and ask yourself, "Why?" 4\. Continue the process by asking "Why?" for each reason identified until this question can no longer be answered. (**NOTE:** The factor identified should not go beyond the system.) **CHAPTER 3: PARADIGMS & PERSPECTIVES** **PARADIGM** a way of explaining things, a school of thought, a perspective, a particular model of reality adopted by a scientist or theoretician when conducting an inquiry. **DIFFERENT PARADIGMS** - Technological - Economic - Structural - Values - **TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGMS** **Root Cause:** Technological backwardness **Solution:** Adapting new Technology - **ECONOMIC PARADIGMS** **Root Cause:** Unsound Economic Policies **Solution:** Sound fiscal and monetary policies **FISCAL POLICY** The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy **MONETARY POLICY** Is a set of actions to control a nation's overall money supply and achieve economic growth. - **STRUCTURAL PARADIGMS** **Root Cause:** Existing Social Orders **Solution:** Revolution / Devolution **REVOLUTION & DEVOLUTION** Revolution -- overthrowing Devolution -- empowerment / decentralization - **VALUES PARADIGMS** **Root Cause:** Values as a people **Solution:** Change values for the better  **CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT DECADES** **FIRST DEVELOPMENT DECADES** Started in **1960's** measure of dev't is GNP. Development was a desired goal or end-state for countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Asia, Africa, and Latin America: **⚬** agriculture-based economies **⚬** post-colonial histories **⚬** ravaged by war. Focused on infrastructure and agricultural productivity. **GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)** The total money value of the goods and services produced by a country in a given year. **"Developing"** became a substitute for **"Underdevelopment"** In spite of recorded increases in GNP, there seemed to be very little improvement among the poor. **TRICKLE DOWN EFFECT** Would spread the benefits of economic development to every stratum of human society including the "poorest of the poor." **First World:** developed/ industrial-commercial **Second World:** communists/ centrally-planned economies **Third World:** developing **SECOND DEVELOPMENT DECADE** Started in **1970's** measure of dev't is man. Paradigm shift in perspective from the "economic" to the "humanistic." **Development** "the improvement of the quality of life of the individual." Man, himself, became the measure of development. **Development** should provide the necessary conditions for "the realization of the potential of human personality." **Indicators for development are:** 1. enough food, clothing, footwear, and shelter 2. meaningful employment, \(3) equality; and \(4) education. **THIRD DEVELOPMENT DECADE** Started in 1980's measure of dev't is landmark concerns. Widespread disillusionment on the slow pace of and frustrations in development work. Characterized by further refinements and focus. Realignment of priorities. **LANDMARK CONCERNS** **WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT** Role of women in development, recognizing women\'s roles in development is crucial, especially in patriarchal societies where men\'s contributions are often prioritized. **ENVIRONMENT** combatting the necessary evils in the development process like pollution and degradation. **SOCIAL DIMENSIONS** combatting the necessary evils in the development process like pollution and degradation. **INDIGENEOUS PEOPLES** spread of progress must not lead to the extinction of an entire ethnic culture or way of life. **SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT** convergence of economic, social, and environmental goals **CHAPTER 5: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG)** **\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1. NO POVERTY** Eradicating poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice and the key to unlocking an enormous human potential. Goal no.1 will make sure that everyone has access to food, shelter, clothing, healthcare and education so they can fully participate in society. **2. ZERO HUNGER** Hunger is the leading cause of death in the world. Our planet has provided us with tremendous resources, but unequal access and inefficient handling leaves millions of people malnourished. Goal 2 focuses on addressing poor agricultural practices, food waste and environment degradation to ensure no one goes hungry. **3.** **GOOD HEALTH AND WELL -- BEING** Over the last 15 years, the number of childhood deaths has been cut in half. This proves that it is possible to win the fight against almost every disease. **4. QUALITY EDUCATION** Education liberates the intellect, unlocks the imagination and is fundamental for self-respect. It is the key to prosperity and opens a world of opportunities, making it possible for each of us to contribute to a progressive, healthy society. Goal 4 is all about ensuring everyone has access to learn no matter who they are or where they are. **5. GENDER EQUALITY** Gender bias is undermining our social fabric and devalues all of us. It is not just a human rights issue; it is a tremendous waste of the world's human potential. Goal 5 on achieving that is equal access to education, health care and decent work, can only benefit societies. **6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION** One in three people live without sanitation. This is causing unnecessary disease and death. Although huge strides have been made with access to clean drinking water, lack of sanitation is undermining these advances. **7. AFFORDABLE CLEAN ENERGY** Renewable energy solutions are becoming cheaper, more reliable and more efficient every day. Our current reliance on fossil fuels is unsustainable and harmful to the planet, which is why we have to change the way we produce and consume energy. Goal 7 also underscores the need for clean and renewable energy to help combat climate change. **8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH** Economic growth should be a positive force for the whole planet. This is why we must make sure that financial progress creates decent and fulfilling jobs while not harming the environment. Goal 8 calls for more jobs that not only provide decent pay but stimulate the economy and provide equal opportunities for both men and women while protecting the environment. **9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION & INFRASTRUCTURE** A functioning and resilient infrastructure is the foundation of every successful community. To meet future challenges, our industries and infrastructure must be upgraded. Goal 9 states that for society to grow, it should encourage industries that bring opportunities to everyone while protecting the environment. **10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES** Too much of the world's wealth is held by a very small group of people. This often leads to financial and social discrimination. Goal 10 seeks to make sure everyone everywhere has a chance to live a healthy and happy life. **11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES & COMMUNITIES** The world's population is constantly increasing. To accommodate everyone, we need to build modern, sustainable cities. Cities are lively hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science productivity and much more. **12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION** Our planet has provided us with an abundance of natural resources. But we have not utilized them responsibly and currently consume far beyond what our planet can provide. Goal 12 wants to make us think twice about the things we use, the waste we create and how that impacts our planet. **13. CLIMATE ACTION** Climate change is a real and undeniable threat to our entire civilization. The effects are already visible and will be catastrophic unless we act now. Goal 13 about finding solutions like renewable energy and clean technologies to fix climate change. **14. LIFE BELOW WATER** Healthy oceans and seas are essential to our existence. They cover 70 percent of our planet and we rely on them for food, energy and water. Goal 14 is all about protecting the oceans, seas and all its species. **15. LIFE ON LAND** A flourishing life on land is the foundation for our life on this planet. Goal 15 is all about making sure that we stop all the things that threaten our global home. **16. PEACE, JUSTICE & STRONG INSTITUTIONS** Compassion and a strong moral compass are essential to every democratic society. Goal 16 is all about finding ways to make sure everyone lives in a peaceful society. **17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR GOALS** The Global Goals can only be met if we work together. To make all the goals a reality will require the participation of everyone. ***THESE 17 GOALS, THEY WILL BE MEASURE BY 2030*** **CHAPTER 6: DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION DEFINITIONS** DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION IS A COMMUNICATION WITH A HEART. **HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE** **\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ****QUEBRAL DEFINITION (1971)** Development Communication is the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality and the larger fulfilment of the human potential. **DR. NORA CRUZ QUEBRAL**\ MOTHER OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION **ART** - Creativity in Communicating Messages - Aesthetic aspect - Hard / Concrete Art - Conducting interviews / Phrasing questions **SCIENCE** - Social Science - Scientific Method - Research - Theories & Principles **HUMAN COMMUNICATION** - Interpersonal channels or mass media - Levels of Communication - People over technology **SPEEDY TRANSFORMATION** - Devcom: catalyst for social change accomplish change in a shorter time **PEOPLE** - Motivating individuals & groups of people beneficiaries & authorities change habits, lifestyle, perspective - **Three Domains:** Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor **POVERTY** - Greatest challenge not just about how or who must know "where" and "characteristics" Rural Poor & Urban Poor **GOALS THAT DEVCOM AIMS TO FULFILL:** - Dynamic state of economic growth - Greater social equality - Larger fulfillment of Human potential **QUEBRAL (1971)** Development Communication is the **art** and **science** of **human communication** applied to the **speedy transformation** of a country and the mass of its **people** from **poverty** to a **dynamic state of economic growth** that makes possible **greater social equality** and the **larger fulfilment of the human potential.** **QUEBRAL (2012)** Development Communication is the **science** of **human communication** linked to the **transitioning** of **communities** from **poverty** in all its forms to a **dynamic, overall growth** that fosters **equity** and the **unfolding of individual potential.** **LENT'S PERSPECTIVE** - Devcom: major government tool in developing countries - Devcom = media - Two value systems: **1. Watchdog** **2. lapdog** **CYBERNETIC DEFINITION** - Devcom: communication that prevents or corrects deviation from the prescribed social path - Devcom: negentropy - **Negentropy:** application of information to negate entropy - **Entropy:** tendency to go into a state of lesser organization  **VALUES OF DEVCOM** **PURPOSIVE** - Desired outcome in mind **PRAGMATIC** - Evaluate impact & accomplishment of purpose **VALUE -- LADEN** - Attach high -- positive value to every message **AREAS OF PRACTICE** - Community -- Communication - Development Journalism - Community / Development broadcasting - Educational Communication - Science Communication ***Whoever may read this, good luck to your midterm exam!!***