Contemporary World Module 1 PDF

CWRLD CONTEMPORARY WORLD  MODULE 1 Understanding Globalization 01 Define globalization MODULE 1 Identify the theories of 02 globalization Understanding Globalization 03 Trace the origins and hist...

CWRLD CONTEMPORARY WORLD  MODULE 1 Understanding Globalization 01 Define globalization MODULE 1 Identify the theories of 02 globalization Understanding Globalization 03 Trace the origins and history of globalization  Globalization creation of a “Borderless World” - the "acceleration and intensification of economic interaction among the people, companies, and governments of different nations." (Globalization 101.org.,2017) Globalization It is a process that increases either… homogeneity or heterogeneity  Homogeneity It is the quality or state of being all the same or all of the same kind “the cultural homogeneity of our society” (Oxford, 2018). It is often linked to cultural imperialism. Imperialism - broad concept that describes various methods employed by one country to gain control of another country and then to exercise control, especially political, economic, and territorial, over that country, and perhaps many other countries.  Heterogeneity the quality or state of being diverse in character or content “the genetic heterogeneity of human populations” and is often linked to cultural hybridization. cultural hybridization - is the blending of the elements from different cultures. Types of Cultural Hybridization 1. Glocalization 2. Creolization 3. Amalgamation GLOCALIZATION  It is the concept that in a global market, a product or service is more likely to succeed when it is customized for the locality or culture in which it is sold CREOLIZATION  It means more than just mixture; it involves the creation of new cultures ( Romberg, 2017)  It is the process of language mixing to produce new ones, used especially to refer to mixtures of local languages with European languages AMALGAMATION  It is the process in which separate organizations unite to form a larger organization or group  Theories of Globalization  World System Theory Eclectism Transformationalism Feminism Network Society Postmodernism Liberalism Constructivism Post Realism Marxism WORLD SYSTEM THEORY It focuses on the world as a unit rather than looking at individual countries. It divides countries into 3 regions: WORLD SYSTEM THEORY CORE PERIPHERY High income, rich & Low income, poor & developed states dependent states (USA, Canada, Japan) African Countries, and South America SEMI-PERIPHERY Middle income, the “in-between”, semi-industrialized states (South Korea, Philippines) TRANSFORMATIONALISM It is a perspective in the field of sociology that focuses on understanding social change and transformation. It emphasizes the idea that societies are constantly evolving and undergoing significant shifts in their structure, institutions, and values. NETWORK SOCIETY It refers to the phenomenon related to the social, political, economic, and cultural changes that have occurred due to the spread of the networks of digital and information technologies that have engendered the changes in the areas of globalization LIBERALISM It sees the process of globalization as market-led extension of modernization. It is a result of ‘natural’ human desires for economic welfare and political freedom. With the human drive to maximize material well-being and exercise basic freedoms. POLITICAL REALISM This theory focuses in questions of state power, the pursuit of national interest, and conflict between states due to its inherently acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of power Some of the scholars stand for a balance of power, where any attempt by one state to achieve world dominance is countered by collective resistance from other states MARXISM is principally concerned with modes of production, social exploitation through unjust distribution, and social emancipation through the transcendence of capitalism. Accordingly, to Marxists, globalization happens because trans-world connectivity enhances opportunities of profit-making and surplus accumulation. CONSTRUCTIVISM Globalization has also arisen because of the way that people have mentally constructed the social world with particular symbols, language, images and interpretation. Constructivists concentrate on the ways that social actors ‘construct’ their world: both within their own minds and through inter-subjective communication with others in which they form ‘in’ and ‘out’ as well as ‘us’ and ‘they’ group. POSTMODERNISM It highlight the significance of structural power in the construction of identities, norms and knowledge. Michel Foucault does strive to understand society in terms of knowledge power: power structures shape knowledge. Certain knowledge structures support certain power hierarchies. FEMINISM It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. Its main concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural subordination to men. Women have tended to be marginalized, silenced and violated in global communication ECLECTICISM Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.  ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION  Globalization is a complex concept that goes beyond international trade. It is an interconnectedness that spans continents, allowing each country to specialize in what it does best and rely on imports for products and services that would be less efficient to produce within their own borders.  The term ‘globalization’ has received much attention over the past century, though the concept is much older. Learning how globalization has evolved over the centuries can help leaders forecast the ways in which this interconnectedness could shape the future of business.  SILK ROAD (1ST CENTURY BC – 5TH CENTURY AD) SPIES ROUTES (7TH -15TH CENTURIES) AGE OF DISCOVERY (15TH -18TH CENTURIES) GLOBALIZATION W.1 (19TH CENTURY – WWI) GLOBALIZATION DURING THE WARS GLOBALIZATION IN THE MODERN ERA SILK ROADS (1st Century BC – 5th Century AD) Global trade was established as early as the 1st century BC when luxury goods from China began appearing in Rome. Mainly, the transactions that took place during this time consisted of extremely expensive items like silk and some spices. These trade routes involved many parties, from those that created the items, to those that transported them, and finally the buyers.  SILK ROADS (1st Century BC – 5th Century AD) Eventually, the silk roads ceased operating when the respective empires fell. However, they reemerged in the late medieval time as the Mongols took control of the area and reestablished the trade routes. SPICE ROUTES (7th – 15th Centuries) From the 7th to 15th centuries, spices made their way across Europe, Asia, and Northeast Africa. Primarily, the goods traded during this time were spices, like cloves, nutmeg, and mace which originated in the Maluku islands of Indonesia. Like silk, spices were luxury items, and trade volume remained low. However, the spice trade was conducted via ship — adding a new aspect to international trade. With the advent of spice routes, the connection between the East and West was strengthened as new sea routes were established. AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 18th centuries) Global trade began in earnest during the “Age of Discovery” when European merchants began seeking out new avenues for trade. The Americas were “discovered” during this time, and they opened the door for additional trade. Previously unavailable goods like potatoes, tomatoes, coffee, and chocolate were making their way to Europe during this time.  AGE OF DISCOVERY (15th – 18th centuries) With the expansion of trade routes, previously exclusive goods like spices became more readily available with fewer middlemen to drive up prices. In addition, the scientific discoveries of the time furthered a trade in knowledge as well as goods. During the so-called “Scientific Revolution” major strides were made in the fields of mechanics, astronomy, and shipping, and this information followed trade routes to spread throughout the world. GLOBALIZATION W.1 (19TH CENTURY – WWI) During the 19th century, the industrial revolution was in full force – popularizing inventions like the steam engine. In addition, other inventions like the cotton gin, harvesting equipment, assembly lines, and widespread access to electricity made the production of goods easier and less costly. Together, mass produced goods and superior modes of transportation fueled international trade. GLOBALIZATION DURING THE WORLD WARS The effects of the war were catastrophic, and many countries once again closed their borders. These factors slowed the spread of globalization. In the years between the world wars, reconstruction took precedence over trade. In addition, the Great Depression in the U.S. had global ramifications due to the increasingly interconnected financial economy. During World War II, countries once again closed their borders to trade and turned their resources to war. However, after the war globalization efforts made a comeback. GLOBALIZATION IN THE MODERN ERA After WWII, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT] was established. This agreement held from 1948 to 1994 when it was replaced with the World Trade Organization [WTO]. Along with setting rules and mitigating disputes, GATT helped to lower tariffs across the globe. With lower costs, and a governing body to oversee trade, globalization once again thrived.  GLOBALIZATION TODAY? The COVID-19 pandemic dealt another blow to globalization efforts. The lockdowns resulting from the pandemic had a significant impact on both manufacturing and transportation of goods. Supply chains were severely impacted, and some of these difficulties have lingered for more than two years. Both the rise of protectionism and the weaknesses exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have threatened the future of globalization.  CONCLUSION In conclusion, globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon that has had a profound impact on economies, societies, and cultures around the world. It has been shaped by various theories and has a complex history that spans centuries. While the future trajectory of globalization remains uncertain, it is evident that its effects will continue to shape our world. Understanding its theories and history is essential for policymakers, scholars, and citizens to navigate its complexities and leverage its opportunities for the betterment of societies worldwide.  THANK YOU Ms. Syvel Jay Silvestre - Tortosa, MPM 0919-004-9094 [email protected] C12 Faculty Room