GESOCSCI 4 Contemporary World Globalization PDF

**GESOCSCI 4** **CONTEMPORARY WORLD** ***GLOBALIZATION*** **Globalization** is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which enta...

**GESOCSCI 4** **CONTEMPORARY WORLD** ***GLOBALIZATION*** **Globalization** is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy**.** Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history to long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World, and some even to the third millennium BC.  \- The term first appeared in the early 20th century, \- developed its current meaning some time in the second half of the 20th century, \- came into popular use in the 1990s. \- Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s, \- in the late 19th century and early 20th century drove a rapid expansion in the connectivity of the world\'s economies and cultures. **TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION** 1. Political Globalization 2. Cultural Globalization 3. Economic Globalization ***Economic globalization*** ***Cultural globalization***  ***Political globalization*** *Financial globalization:* *Sociological globalization:* *Technological globalization:* *Geographic globalization:* *Ecological globalization:* **GLOBALIZATION: good or bad** ***Positive Aspects of Globalization:*** 1\. improved standard of living; 2\. competition results to low prices and good product quality; 3\. developing countries reap benefits without going through the growing pains; 4\. governments cooperate to achieve common goals; and 5\. greater access to foreign culture creating more choices. ***Negative Aspects of Globalization:*** 1\. outsourcing take away jobs; 2\. some cultural beliefs fade or disappear; 3\. diseases spread; 4\. lack of regulation lead to environmental degradation; 5\. poor countries adopt policies not applicable to them. ***STATE*** A **State** is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government to which the great majority of people render obedience and enjoys freedom or sovereignty from external control. **ELEMENTS OF STATE** 1\. **People** -- population *Plato,* not too small nor great but has no unity 2\. **Territory** -- the definite portion of the earth over which the state's jurisdiction extends. *Terrestrial, aerial, fluvial, maritime* 3\. **Government** -- the agency through which the will of the state is enforced. 4\. **Sovereignty** -- is the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed. **Internal,** rule w/in its territory **External**, not controlled by others **THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE STATES** 1\. **Divine Right Theory**. The state is of divine creation and the rulers were ordained by God to rule. 2\. **Force or Necessity Theory**. The state was created when some strong warrior imposed his will on the other members of the community. He protects them; they support him. 3. **Paternalistic Theory**. The state was formed through the enlargement of the family. 4. **Social Contract Theory**. The state was created when people entered into a voluntary agreement to live together (the social phase) and to establish a government (the political phase). **STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM NATION** 1\. A **state** is a *political concept*; While a nation is an *ethnic concept*. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2\. A State *can't exist without people*; A nation *can exist stateless*. 3. A nation could be *living in many states*; A State can be *composed of many nations.* The Arabs, a national group living in many states The United States, a multi-national state. 4\. A state *cannot be subjected to external control* while a nation *may or may not be subject to external control*.  **STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM GOVERNMENT** 1. Usually regarded as identical, thus the acts of government are regarded as acts of the state; 2\. A state cannot exist without a government, but it's possible for a government to exist without a state of its own; 3\. A government may change, its form may change, but the state, as long as its essential elements are present, remains the same. **RIGHTS OF STATE** 1\. **Right of existence and self defense**- the right of a state to use force against an aggressor state when and to the extent it appears to it and it reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend itself from such aggressor's imminent or act of unlawful force. 2\. **Right of Independence**- It is the right of a state to be free from dependence, dictation, subjection, control and intervention of another state or exterior power. 3\. **Right of Equality**- based on the doctrine that states are equal as international persons regardless of differences in size, population, power, degree of civilization etc. 4\. **Right of legation**- it is the right of a state to enter into diplomatic relations with other states by receiving and sending diplomatic representatives. 5\. **The Right of Property and Domain**; 6\. **The Right to Acquire Territory and Increase of Domain**; 7\. **The Right of Jurisdiction**; **MODES OF ACQUIRING TERITORY** 1. **Discovery** \- oldest method of acquiring title to territory; \- not sufficient to establish legal title; \- discovered area must be physically occupied. \- If a state has made a settlement, it has a right to assume sovereignty over all adjacent vacant territory, which is necessary to the integrity and security of the settlement.  2. **Occupation ** \- is the intentional acquisition by a state over a territory which at the time of claim not under the sovereignty of any state. Two requirements: \(1) the territory subject of claim must not be under the sovereignty of any state (*terra nullius*); and 2. the state must have effectively occupied the territory, that is, the state claiming the territory must have exercised immediate occupation (*corpus occupandi*) on the territory after it displayed its intention to occupy (*animus occupandi*). 3. **Prescription** \- means continued occupation over a long period of time by one state of territory actually and originally belonging to another state. Four requirements of prescription: (1)the possession must be exercised in the form of actual exercise of sovereign authority; \(2) the possession must be for a long period of time; \(3) the possession must be public; and \(4) the possession must be peaceful and uninterrupted. The *peaceful and continuous display* is also an essential element although as compared to occupation, prescription requires a stricter proof and longer period of the display of authority. Moreover, any protest or objection by the losing state destroys the peaceful display of authority of the claiming state. 4. **Cession** \- is the transfer of territory usually by treaty from one state to another. \- Concomitant of transfer of territory is the transfer of sovereignty from the owner state to another state. \- And since cession is a bilateral transaction, the parties involved are states. \- Cession may also be in the form of exchange of territory or in the form gift or donation or devise. 5. **Conquest** \- is acquiring territory by the use of force. The practice before was after conquest, the conqueror annexed the conquered territory to his state. \- Thus, conquest first takes place followed by annexation. \- But with the establishment of the United Nations, *conquest is no longer acceptable* in the international community. 6. **Accretion** \- is the attainment of sovereignty over new land due to slow movement of natural forces. Example of this is the gradual movement of a river bed. \- On the other hand, if the natural forces happened suddenly, like creation of an island in territorial waters due to volcanic eruption, it is referred as *avulsion*. 7. **Reclamation** \- is the process of creating new land from oceans, riverbeds, or lake beds. **FACTORS THAT AFFECT STATE POWER** 1. AREA AND LOCATION 2. CLIMATE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 3. SIZE AND QUALITY OF POPULATION 4. EVENTS IN HISTORY 5. INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES 6. ALLIANCES AND OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS INTERNATIONAL PRESTIGE, MILITARY STRENGTH, ETC. **IDEOLOGIES** An **ideology** is a consistent pattern of opinion on particular issues that stems from a core belief or set of beliefs. The term was coined by French philosopher *Count Antoine Destutt de Tracy* who used it to refer to a new science of ideas. An ideology is basically a *plan to improve society.* People who *favor* giving the government a bigger role in the area of economic security are Economic/Fiscal Liberals. People who *oppose* giving the government a bigger role in the area of economic security are Economic/Fiscal Conservatives. People who *favor* giving the government a bigger role in the area of social lives Social Conservatives. People who *oppose* giving the government a bigger role in the area of social lives are Social Liberals. **CLASSICAL LIBERALISM** \- began in 1776 with the publication of the book *The Wealth of Nations* by **Adam Smith**, the father of modern economics. \- The **central thesis** of The Wealth of Nations is that capital is best employed for the production and distribution of wealth under conditions of *governmental non-interference, or laissez-faire, and free trade.*  In Smith\'s view, The concept of government maintaining a laissez-faire attitude toward commercial endeavors, Smith proclaimed the principle of the **"invisible hand"**: *Every individual in pursuing his or her own good is led, as if by an invisible hand, to achieve the best good for all.* Therefore any interference with free competition by government is almost certain to be injurious.  This became the ideology of liberalism (from the Latin **liber**, meaning free). The view of liberalism is that : In the late 19th Century, it split into two ideologies: **modern conservatism and modern liberalism**. CLASSICAL LIBERALISM: 1. 2. **Modern Liberalism** \- was a reaction to the defects of the *laissez-faire system.* \- it argued that since the free market was not completely self-regulating , and the competition was not perfect (*for manufacturers tend to rig the* *market and monopolies arose*}, \- it proposes that the government should step into the marketplace to guarantee a level playing field for everyone. \- **The laissez-faire system produced an underclass (the poor)** who suffered the most during economic depressions. \- Even class positions turned out to be inherited because children of better-off families got a good education and the right connections. **Thomas Hill Green** \- an advocate of liberalism in the 1880s argued that while liberalism tries to achieve a free society, economic developments take away that freedom. \- Contracts prove to be unfair if the bargaining power of the two parties is unequal. **Classic conservatism** proposes that the best practices and institutions in history should be *conserved* and *change should be gradual.* **Edmund Burke** argued that people are only partly rational, because they also have widely irrational passions. Therefore society needs traditions, institutions and standards of morality in order to contain the irrational passions of man. **Thomas Hobbes** \- In his classic treatise *Leviathan*, Thomas Hobbes argued that man's natural state was war. \- Governments, particularly a monarchy, was necessary to restrain man's bestial tendencies because life without government was a "*state of nature*." \- Without written, enforceable rules, people would live like animals---foraging for food, stealing and killing when necessary. \- To escape the horrors of the natural state and to protect their lives, Hobbes argued men must give up to government certain rights. \- governments had to intrude on people's rights and liberties to control society and provide the necessary safeguards for property. **Modern Conservatism** is the ideology that continues its allegiance to Adam Smith's original doctrine of minimal government. **Milton Friedman** \- Milton Friedman (Nobel Laureate) argued that Smith was right and that the *free market is still the best environment.* \- Conservatism emphasize the *marketplace as the means of distributing economic benefits.* \- It also looks up to the government in upholding conservative values. \- Advocates included **US President Ronald Reagan** and **British PM Margaret Thatcher.** **Socialism/Communism** **François-Noel Babeuf** François-Noel Babeuf who advocated *economic equality and common ownership of land* is the **Father of modern socialism.** His ideas were adapted and moderated by the so-called utopian socialists including *Claude Henri de Rouvroy*, *comte de Saint-Simonde* (1760-1825) and **François Marie Charles Fourier** (1772-1837). **Louis Blanc** Louis Blanc (1811-1882), was active in worker uprisings in 1848, **Socialism/Communism** is sometimes labeled **Marxism** after its *founder, Karl Marx* (1818-1883). \- Marx and his associate **Friedrich Engels broke** with the more benign utopian socialists, asserting that a radical transformation of society could only be attained by open class conflict. \- Marx and Engels opened their **Communist Manifesto** (1848) with the bold assertion "*All history is the history of class struggle.*" This statement is based on two premises: In history, change and progress are produced by a constant clash of conflicting economic forces---or, to use the term borrowed from German philosopher **Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel** (1770-1831), by a process Marxists call *dialectic materialism*. Marxist theory: Main feature of modern industrial capitalism is the streamlining of society into two antagonistic classes---the *capitalists* who own the means of production, and the *proletariat*, who have no choice but to work long hours for subsistence wages. **Vladimir Lenin** Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), the founder of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the foremost leader of the *Russian Revolution of 1917;* violent mass action is necessary to bring about radical change. **Social Democracy** as an ideology was articulated in the book **The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism** by ***Eduard Bernstein.*** **Nationalization** is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Social democracies are no longer socialist states as much as they are welfare states. Welfare states however, have to impose high taxes in order to pay for welfare measures. **Anarchism** is an ideology that stresses belief in the ability of men and women to establish functioning communities without the need for the apparatus of state. **MIKHAIL BAKUNIN AND PETER KROPOTKIN** Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) and Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) claim that *the state is a parasite and an enemy of the people.* They encouraged the abolition of private property and the exposition of fraud in the guise of religion. They glorify revolution as the only way to effect change. **Anarcho-syndicalist.** This praises the role of trade unions, advocates general strikes and prefers civil disobedience. **Nationalism** is defined as devotion to the interests or glory of one's own country. It is weak on content as an ideology because it does not take a definite ideological position on such issues as **unemployment, economic growth or mass poverty.** The extreme form of nationalism is **fascism** which held sway in Italy and Germany in the 1930s to the 1940s. In both, it was identifiable by "*the uniform, the flair for spectacle, the hatred for democracy, the one party state, and the single dictator.*" **Hitler** utilized German racism by extolling the Germans as a distinct and superior race. **Fascism** **Fascism** is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, as well as strong regimentation of society and of the economy. is a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition. **CLASSIFICATION OF IDEOLOGIES** Ideologies follow a system of classification described as **left, right, and centre.** This is based on the sitting arrangement of the **French National Assembly** **of 1789** where members are seated in a semi-circular chamber. Today, "*left*" means an ideology that favors equality, welfare programs and sometimes, government intervention in the economy. The "*right*" stresses individual initiative and private economic activity. The "*center*" tries to moderate the views of the left and the right.  **Populism** is an ideology that favours an activist government as a means of promoting economic security as well as the personal values of people. **Libertarianism** is an ideology that rejects the view of the government as an instrument of traditional values and of economic security. **POLITICAL SPECTRUMS**