TCW Midterms Reviewer PDF

TCW REVIEWER Globalization according to various disciplines: UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE Historians CONTEMPORARY WORLD more interested in determining whether CHAPTER 1: INTROD...

TCW REVIEWER Globalization according to various disciplines: UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE Historians CONTEMPORARY WORLD more interested in determining whether CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY globalization is really a modern OF THE GLOBALIZATION phenomenon Globalization Economist A phenomenon used to describe the look into changing patterns of international growing interdependence of the world’s trade and commerce as well as the unequal economies, cultures, and populations distribution of wealth. brought about by cross-border trade in Political Scientist goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. focus more on the impact of the forces of globalization, such as the international non- Globalization according to some scholars: governmental organization and international Giddens organizations, on the state and vice versa. intensification of worldwide social GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS, CONDITION, relations which link distant localities in such AND IDEOLOGY a way that local happenings are shaped by Globalization as a process events occurring many miles away and vice versa. globalization is viewed a multilateral set of social processes the generate and increase Robertson “worldwide social interdependence and a concept that refers both the compression exchanges while at the same time fostering of the world and the intensification of the in people a growing awareness of consciousness of the world as a whole. deepening connections between local and the distant” Harvey Globalization as a condition globalization as the compression of time and space and the annihilation of ❖ Supra-territoriality distance. social connections that transcend territorial geography Sunny Levin Institute ❖ Transplanetary globalization as a process of interaction establishment of social links between and integration among the people, people located at different places of our companies, and governments of different planet. nations a process driven by international trade SIX IDEOLOGIES ABOUT GLOBALIZATION and investment and aided by information technology. globalization benefits everyone in the long run. Grupo de Lisboa (DeSoussa Santos) globalization is inevitable and argue that internationalization and irreversible. multinationalization are phases that nobody is in charge of globalization. precede globalization because the latter globalization is about liberalization and heralds the end of the state system as the global integration of markets nucleus of human activities. globalization furthers the spread of activities and developments in democracy globalization have taken place outside the globalization requires a global war on formal structures of the nation-state. terror Does it mean that all countries around the globe Universalization are becoming the same? denotes a process of spreading various Globalization is not simply homogenization; objects, practices and experiences to the On the contrary, it enhances cultural identity. different parts of the world. First, people are not mere objects of cultural If Western modernity spreads and destroys influences, but subjects who can reject or local cultures, this variant of universalization integrate culture. is called Westernization, Americanization or Besides, with the development of science Mcdonaldization. and technology, people are closer than Theoretical Paradigms associated with before. Globalization The sense of “togetherness” brought with globalization is not at all in conflict with 1. World Systems Paradigm diversity. principal proponent of this theory is In the new era of globalization, people Immanuel Wallerstein become much more concerned about the views globalization not a recent uniqueness and particularity of their own phenomenon but a virtually synonymous culture. with the birth and spread of world capitalism Globalization promotes interdependencies adheres the idea that capitalism has various countries have built economic created a global enterprise that swept 19th partnerships to facilitate these movements century leading to the present time. over many centuries followers of this paradigm argue that through the growing interdependence of globalization is not at all a new process but the world’s economies, cultures, and something that is just continuing and populations, evolving. brought about by cross-border trade in Characteristics of World System Paradigm goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. The centrality and immanence of the inter- state system and inter-state rivalry to the Other important concepts related to Globalization maintenance and reproduction of the world system. This system creates a geographic division of labor. Glocalization Core Nations this term is used to describe a product or are those most modernized nations, service that is developed and distributed having diversified economies and stable globally but is also adjusted to internal politics. accommodate the user or consumer in a local market. Regarded as powerful and developed centers of the system. Liberalization Comprises of Western Europe, North America, and Japan. this refers to the removal of barriers and restrictions imposed by national Peripheral Nations governments to create an open and borderless world economy. referring to those nations in the world system that are forced to specialized in the export Internationalization of unprocessed raw materials and food to the core nations. this refers to activities by entities such as This also refers to regions that have been corporations, states, international forcibly subordinated to the core through organizations, private organizations and colonialism or other means. even individuals with reference to national It includes Latin America, Africa, Asia, the boarder and national governments. Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Semi-peripheral Nations - three planks: transnational production, transnational capitalist, and transnational these are nations that fall in between the state. core and peripheral nations being most industrialized than the 3. The Network Society School of Thought peripheral but less industrialized in than This paradigm does not subscribe to the of the core. contention that capitalism fuels states and regions that were previously in globalization; the core and are moving down the hierarchy, Instead, it put forth the premise that or those that were previously in the technology and technological change are periphery and are moving up. the causes that comprise globalization. Like, Argentina, China India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Iran. Manuel Castells Rise of the Network Society(1996-1998) 2. Global Capitalism Theory - features his technologistic approach of this theory treats globalization as a novel to globalization stage in the evolving system of the world - advance the notion of the new economy capitalist New Economy hence, this theorist tends to speak of - informational, knowledge-based capitalist globalization - global, in that production is organized on focus on new global production and financial a global scale system - networked, in that productivity is emphasize the rise of processes that generated through global networks of cannot be framed within the nation- interaction state/inner-state system he views networked enterprise makes According to Sklair (2000, 2002), this theory material the culture of the international, espoused the “transnational practices” global economy (TNPs) as operational categories for the - as it transforms signals into analysis of the transnational phenomena. commodities by processing knowledge Like for example TNPs: monetary remittances migrant entrepreneurship 4. Space, time, and globalization collective transfer of resources or products. Anthony Giddens Example of Transnational Capitalist Class: the conceptual essence of globalization is Executives of transnational Corporations time-spaced distanciation Globalizing bureaucrats - the intensification of worldwide social Politicians, Professionals relations which link distant localities in Consumerist Elites in the media such a way that local happenings are Commercial sector shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. Moreover, according to Robinson (2003, - social relations are lifted out from local 2004) context of interaction and restructured - Globalization creates new forms of across time and space transnational class relations across borders and new forms of class cleavages David Harvey globally and within countries, regions, The Condition of Post-modernity (1990) cities, and local communities, in ways - argues that globalization represents a quite distinct from the old national class new burst of time-space compression structures and international class conflicts produced by the very dynamics of and alliances. capitalist development. Saskia Sassens 6. Global Culture Paradigm emphasize the rapid growth of the mass The Global City (1991) media and resultant global cultural flows and - has had an exceptionally broad impacts images in recent decades across the disciples and left an evoking the images famously put forth by incredible mark on the emergent fields of Marshall McLuhan of the global village. globalization studies. focuses on phenomena such as - views world-class cities as sites of major globalization and religion, nation and production, finances or coordinating of the ethnicity, global consumerism, global world economy within an international communications, and globalization of tourism. division of labor, and more research on globalizing cities. George Ritzer proposes that a new spatial order is coined the now popularized terms emerging under globalization based on the McDonaldization network of global cities, led by New York, - describe the sociocultural processes by London, and Tokyo. which the principles of the fast-food - sites of specialized services for restaurant came to dominate more and transnationally mobile capital that is so more sectors of US and later world central to the global economy society. Roland Robertson MISCONCEPTION ABOUT GLOBALIZATION introduced the concept of glocalization (Scholte, 2008) - the ideas about home, locality, and Globalization as Internationalization community have been extensively spread around the world in the recent differentiation between globalization and years, so that the local has been internationalization globalized. - internationalization involves activities - stress upon the significance of the local or across national borders the communal can be viewed as one - globalization includes human activities ingredient of the overall globalization that do not require reference to a state’s process. borders. scholars argue the interpreting globalization as internationalization is a 5. Transnationality and Transnationalism repetition of past trends. Transnationalism Globalization as Liberalization refers to an umbrella concept encompassing a wide variety of transformative process, liberalization refers to the removal of practices and developments that takes place barriers imposed by governments, simultaneously at the local level and global allowing for a more open and borderless level. economy. Scholte argues that this confines the Transnational study of globalization to neoliberal Defined broadly as the multiple ties and policies interactions - Liberalization - Economic - Privatization - Political - Deregulation - Social and cultural – that links people - Fiscal constraint - Communities and institutions across the these policies are criticized for causing social borders of nation-states. inequality, ecological damage, and democratic deficits. Globalization as universalization and 7. False. MySpace is a social networking site westernization with at least 2.19 billion active users in the first quarte of 2018. universalization denotes a process of 8. True. Universalization denotes the process spreading various objects, practices, and of spreading various objects, practices, and experiences to the different parts of the experiences to the different parts of the planet. planet. globalization entails homogenization of 9. False, McDonaldization. Jollibinization is culture, politics, economy, and laws. the term invented by George Ritzer. - as a homogenization processes, it 10. True. Liberalization is commonly destroys several indigenous cultures and understood as the removal of barriers and practices restrictions imposed by national western modernity spread and destroys governments. local cultures - westernization UNIT 2: THE STRUCTURES OF - neo-colonialism GLOBALIZATION - americanization CHAPTER 2 - mcdonaldization CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY universalization is not a new feature of world history. Globalization westernization is not the only path that can be taken by globalization. involves the broadening and deepening of interdependence among peoples and states CHAPTER REVIEW leads to an extension of geographic linkages, encompassing societies and 1. False, 1990. Globalization was first used as states and deepens interaction among them a term in the academic circles in the decades such that policies and events of one state of 1960s and 1970s but only gained wide also affect distant ones. interest in the 1980s. a multidimensional phenomenon 2. True. Globalization is a process of interaction comprised of political, economic, and cultural and integration among people, companies, features. and governments of different nations, a defined as the ongoing economic, process driven by international trade and technological, social, and political integration investment and aided the information of the world that began after the Second technology. World War. 3. False, not thickening. Internationalization is defined as the ‘thickening’ of social linkages Shangquan (2002) between people from different parts of the world. defines economic globalization as an 4. True. For thousand of years, people – and, increasing interdependence of world later, corporations- have been buying from economies as a result of the growing scale and selling to each other in places at great of cross-border trade of commodities and distances, such as through the famed Silk services, the flow of international capital, and Road across Central Asia that connected wide and rapid spread of technologies. China and Europe during Middle Ages. Szentes (2003) 5. False, Jack Ma. Yao Ming is the founder and executive chairman of the Alibaba Group. defines economic globalization as a process 6. True. Internationalization includes activities making the world economy an organic by entities such as corporations, states, system international organization, private organizations, and even individuals with reference to national borders and national governments. Benczes (2014) ❖ Formation and Role of Institutions gave authority and directions in a form emphasizes that interpretation of current of morality that guided individual’s life trends in the world economy must be and thus maintained the order of society understood in a global context of an replicated in scholarship and institutions integrated world economy. in global actors The Post-World War II Economic System helps format global spaces and forms of structuring force in process of Bretton Woods Conference globalization July 1944 ECONOMICS SYSTEM known as United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference main objectives of these economic two international economic systems: is to prevent another worldwide organizations: International Monetary Fund economic cataclysm like the Great (IMF) and World Bank Depression, to aid the recovery of war-torn third entity: General Agreement on Tariffs countries and to foster economic and Trade (GATT) (1997) cooperation among states. known as keystone international economic organizations (KIEOs) ❖ International Monetary Fund (IMF) to promote global monetary cooperation and Actors that Facilitate Economic Globalization international financial stability. Globalization is taken primarily as an created in 1945 economic process (Abelos et.al 2019). designed to monitor the system of pegged Business organizations are aiming their or fixed exchange rates. produced product and services to meet not official exchange rate of currencies were just local but international standards. related to gold and USD. These foster greater relationships among designed to prevent the trade wars people across boarder and time and space. provide short-term loans They form networks, groups of elites, and the mandate of ensuring international world organizations and serve as global financial cooperation and reinforces actors that contributed unique insights into international trade global politics, law, and economy. had the role of providing liquidity but has more focus on countries tied to major ❖ Formation and Role of Networks currencies a combination of individuals, groups, institutions based on quotas which or countries interacting to benefit the determine the maximum amount of financial community as a whole resources that a state is obliged to provide to international organization: APEC, the fund. ASEAN, UN, WTO Triggers: serves as network of member countries in political, economic, socio- Domestic Factors cultural, and even facing global problems - inappropriate fiscal and monetary and terrorism. policies made impossible with the help of IT - political instability ❖ Formation and Roles of Elites External Factors a group of selected agencies - natural disasters to price of being superior in terms of competence commodities and enjoy a superior status Important functions of IMF in a position exercise significant power concerning global processes Works as a short-term credit institution; Provide for the orderly adjustment of exchange rates;  Acts as a reserve base for member was eventually superseded by WTO in countries to borrow from 1995 Provides foreign exchange loans against Important functions of GATT before current transactions; Provides international financial Avoid trade wars by raising protectionist consultancy services. barriers. Furthermore, the IMF promotes global Aid economic recovery through reconstructing monetary cooperation and international and liberalizing global trade. financial stability. ❖ World Trade Organization ❖ World Bank legitimate multilateral institutions is created to grant long-term loans for the most legalized international countries in Europe. organizations made up of two institutions; formal legal states as an international - International Bank for Reconstruction organization and Development (IBRD) which unilateral to multilateral trade order provides lending to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries. Important functions of WTO - International Development Association Providing forum for trade negotiations (IDA) which grants credits and loans to Handling trade disputes lowest-income countries. Monitoring Members’ trade policies is only the component of the World Bank Providing technical assistance and training Group which comprised of three other to developing and least developed institutions: economies - International Finance Corporation (IFC) - Multilateral Investment Guarantee International Economic System (IES) Agency (MIGA) has been anchored in the neoliberal - International Centre for Settlement of paradigm since 1980s. Investment Disputes It involves reducing the government renewed role: to reduce extreme poverty regulation in order to extend the role of the while addressing the imperfections of global private sector in the market and the society. capital markets continues to be secondary Global justice movements have sought to importance expose the inadequacies of the system in Important functions of WB addressing the needs of developing world and its frailties and vulnerability to financial Provides loan services to member crises. governments The IES’s are pillars of globalization. Provides development loans on soft terms Designed to help manage the international to poor member nations financial system, they have taken on major Provides support to private or joint sector roles as drivers of closer economic projects integration of all of the world’s countries, from Provides insurance guarantees to foreign the advanced to the least developed. investors They have provided funds and advice to Setting investment-related disputes among assist countries with their economic member nations through conciliation or development and policy-making. arbitration. ❖ General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade International Monetary System (GATT) defined as a set of general rules legal the purpose was to avoid trade wars by norms, instruments, and institutions raising protectionist barriers as witnessed shaping payment conditions in foreign trade. during the interwar period. brought by the multilateral international effective in liberalizing trade agreements of trading participants  maintained the equilibrium of the trade neoliberalism policies are comprised of: automatically - privatization limited cash flow and curbed economic - deregulation development - lesser public spending - reduced corporate tax TRADING IN DIFFERENT HISTORICAL PERIOD it expands through British Prime Minister ancient civilization Margaret Thatcher and US President silk road Ronald Reagan age of exploration and colonization WASHINGTON CONCENSUS post - world war capitalism a set of ten economic policy prescriptions WORLD’S LARGEST ECONOMIES for recovering and crisis-ridden countries. US coined by John Williamson (2004) China - fiscal disciple Japan - reordering public expenditure priorities Germany - tax reforms UK - liberalizing interest rates France - a competitive exchange rate India - trade liberalization Italy - liberalization of inward foreign direct Brazil investment Canada - privatization - deregulation Keynesianism - property rights ideas John Maynard Keynes Economic Policies great depression in 1930s The general theory of employment, Capitalism interest, and money (1936) is an economic system which private - Keynes argued that market-generated individuals or business owns capital goods equilibrium results in unemployment production of goods and services is based on which causes a decrease in demand demands and supply - he sees government spending as a proponent: Adam Smith solution to revive the economy by - book: The Theory of Moral Sentiments bolstering aggregate demand through - proposed the idea of invisible hand fiscal and monetary policies which means the tendency of free markets - influenced states to invest in big to regulate themselves employing governments and shaped post-war global competitions, supply, demand, and self- economic order interest. compromised of promoting open markets without undermining the protection of the Socialism society and the domestic markets proponent: Karl Max allowed exceptions to be accepted in the book: Das Kapital form of capital controls and domestic trade protections. - argues society is composed of two main classes: Neoliberalism Capitalist bourgeoisie: the business owners who to have an unregulated market with as little organizes the process of state intervention as possible production and who own the involved having the market take over tasks means of production and who and services that ought to be provided by are entitled to any profits and the government much larger class.  Laborer (ploletariat): who do What is a global corporation? not own or have any claim to the This is also known as a global company, or means of productions, they only any company that operates in at least a work in return for a money country other than the where it originated wage (LaMarco, 2018) private ownership is not allowed and the decision in allocating resources in the hand Multinational Corporations of government russia and china are supporting this system. Also referred to as transnational corporations operate in more than one country. Market Integration and Globalization They act as modernizers of the world economy, promote efficiency and growth It is a process that refers to the expansion of the world economy, promote regional of firms by consolidating marketing agreements and alliances, and increase functions and activities under single money circulation in the economy are some management. of the salient roles of MNC’s This also involves the price of related goods using the same currency WORLD’s 5 BIGGEST CORPORATE GIANTS is also evident in the principle of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade GATT in Apple 1945, Article 1 of the GATT states that “All Microsoft Corporation contracting parties must accord any Alphabet Inc. advantage, favor, privilege, or immunity Amazon granted to any product from any other Berkshire Hathaway Inc. country immediately and unconditionally to EMERGING ROLES OF MNCs all other members.” The concept of free trading is another INCREASING INTERNATIONAL COMPANY result of market integration. ALLIANCES COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL SECURITY Free Trade LIST OF MAJOR COMPANIES THAT DECLARED refers to a policy removing the barriers in BANKRUPTCY (Tucker,2020 of Forbes): trading among to or more nations. Under this, goods and services can be Aeromexico bought and sold across borders with little or ALDO Group no government tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or Global Eagle prohibitions to inhibit their exchange. JCPenney The Worlds Major Free Trade Areas are NPC International North American Trade, Association of CHAPTER 3: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE Southeast Asian Nations Free Trade Area, SYSTEM AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Southern Common Market, Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa. What is Global Interstate System? What Explains the Rapid Market Integration in The global interstate system is the whole Recent Decades? system of human interconnections that develop international relations among In the study conducted by Garret (2000), there are nation-states. four perspectives in determining the reason for These systems use mechanisms that rapid market integration and its relationship to govern the world to ensure the balance of globalization: power among the government and to avoid what we are witnessing today, is nothing new destructive competition. technological determinism One of the mechanisms use is the formation technological change of international organizations like the critical role of government United Nations, and the international  financial organization in which they facilitate CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1 relations among states and promote Mutual Defense Alliances international standards. Imperialism On the other hand, modern politics is Militarism governed through nation-states. Nationalism When we say state it refers to a community Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of persons, more or less numerous, occupying a defined territory, possessing CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 2 an organized government, and enjoying independence from external control. The Treaty of Versailles and the German On the other hand, Nation is defined as Desire for Revenge people, or aggregation of men, existing in Economic downturns the form of an organized society, usually Nazi ideology and Lebensraum inhabiting a distinct portion of the earth. The Rise of Extremism and the Forging of Alliances Salient Points of Peace of Westphalia The Failure of Appeasement The power taken by Ferdinand III in Immanuel Kant (1795) contravention of the Holy Roman Empire’s constitution was stripped and returned to the "For states in their relation to each other, rules of Imperial States there cannot be any reasonable way out of All parties would recognize the Peace of the lawless condition which entails only war Augsburg of 1955, in which each prince except that they, like individual men, should would have the right to determine the religion give up their savage [lawless] freedom, of his state, the option being Catholicism, adjust themselves to the constraints of public Lutheranism, and Calvinism. This affirms the law, and thus establish a continuously principle of ‘whose realm, his religion’ growing state consisting of various nations Christians living in principalities where their which will ultimately include all the nations of domination was not the established church the world.” were guaranteed the right to practice their Agreements among states merely avert war faith in public during allotted hours and in and Nations needed to give up their private at their will freedom and subject themselves to a General recognition of the exclusive larger system of law (analog with citizens in sovereignty of each party over its lands, a country). people, and agents abroad, and A form of global government needed to responsibility for the warlike acts of any of its create and enforce these laws. citizens or agents IMPORTANCE OF PEACE OF WESTPHALIA Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) The Peace of Westphalia helped us to He coined the term “international” in 1780 understand and quantify the power of nation- “International law”: law between states states. “The end that a disinterested legislator upon The treaty established new political norms international law would propose to himself and concepts of international political affairs would … be the greatest happiness of all and dominance such as the legal equality of nations takes together.” states, non-intervention, and a repudiation of He advocated the creation of international the principle of supra-nationalism. law that would govern inter-state relations. Supranationalism is defined as the Bentham believed that objective global voluntary association of three or more legislators should aim the propose independent states willing to yield some legislation that would create the greatest measure of sovereignty for mutual benefit. happiness of all nations taken together.  Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) settlement of disputes among member- states. Mazzini’s Nationalist Internationalism primary objective is to ensure peace and He was an architect of Italian unification, order ardent nationalist, and major critique of the as an organization, it can be a conflict Metternich system. actor in itself or an instrument for action He is the first one to reconcile nationalism driven by the interests of particular states with universal internationalism. is a membership-directed organization and He also believed in a Republican the members are all states government without kings, queens and hereditary succession and proposed a Four Main Purposes of UN system of free nations that cooperated with to keep peace throughout the world each other to create an international system. to develop friendly relations among For him, free and independent states nations would be the basis of an equally free, to work together to help poor people live cooperative international system. better lives, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect US President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) for each and other’s rights and freedoms to be a center for helping nations achieve Wilsonian Internationalism these goals Nations were subject to the universal laws of God, which could be discovered through reason Principles include self- Six Principal Council Organs (1945) determination, democratic government, 1. Economic and Social Council’s collective security, international law, and (ECOSOC) a league of nations. primary objective is to advance the “I am proposing, as it were, that the nations economic, social, and environmental should with one accord adopt the doctrine of dimensions of sustainable development. President Monroe as the doctrine of the serves as a gateway of the UN’s world: that no nation should seek to extend partnership with the rest of the world for its polity over any other nation or people, but the coordination, policy review, dialogue, that every people should be left free to recommendations, and implementations determine its polity, its way of development— of international development goals. unhindered, unthreatened, unafraid, the little along with the great and powerful.” Composed of 54 elected members by the General Assembly for overlapping 3 years terms Global governance Functions the Economic and Social Council the formal and informal arrangements that responsible for the direction and produce a degree of order and collective coordination of the economic, social action above the state in the absence of a humanitarian and cultural activities carried global government out by the UN. It is also the largest and most complex United Nations subsidiary body. serves as the primary organization for This organ is supported by WB and IMF. international cooperation, peace, and security 2. Trusteeship Council the only international organization that can provide international supervision of Trust authorize the use of force against an Territories that are under the administration aggressor. of seven member-states primary concern is collective military security through facilitation of peaceful  ensures adequate steps are being made to The Purpose of UN Sanctions prepare the people of Trust Territories for to change undesirable behavior (e.g. Syria); self-governance. to limit opportunities for undesirable all 11 Trust Territories achieved freedom behavior (e.g. Iran, extensive restrictions on the operation was suspended and will meet whenever an occasion necessitates it technology/knowledge in the nuclear sector); to deter other countries from choosing an Functions the Trusteeship Council undesirable course of action. To supervise the administration of 5. General Assembly territories as they transitioned from the only UN organ with universal colonies to sovereign nations. representation with all 193 member states represented in the body 3. International Court of Justice remains to be the primary decision maker UN’s principal judicial organ of the UN its role is to settle legal disputes between headed by Abdulla Shahid states to provide advisory opinions on legal 6. Secretariat questions referred by UN organs and headed by the Secretary General Antonio specialized agencies, in accordance to Guterres international law. consists of an international staff working at the UN headquarters in New York and all 4. Security Council over the world most potent organ with the power to make carries day-to-day work of the organization legally binding resolutions to carry out the substantive and comprised of the strongest military states administrative work of the United Nations and is a concrete manifestation of the reality as directed by the General Assembly, the SC of power dynamics and other councils. The SC is composed of 15 members, five of them are considered as the five permanent Criticisms members (PM) Gould and Rablen (2017) identified two distinct sets - China, France, Russia, UK, US of criticisms relating to the efficiency of the council: the rest are considered as the non- permanent members of the council. over-representation of the PM countries; in The five permanent members are all allies the regional level of the Second World War, and are nuclear there is a lack of representation for Asia states. and Africa – an overt manifestation of the The other 10 non-permanent members of the North and South Divide council are elected by the General different reforms have been raised to change Assembly for overlapping two-year terms. the structure particularly the SC to contribute the concentration of power. Functions the Security Council UNIT 3: WORLD OF REGIONS To veto a substantive resolution. To determine the existence of a threat to the LESSON 1: GLOBAL DIVIDES peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken. DEFINING GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL To investigate any dispute or situation that SOUTH might lead to international friction. North refers to the countries belonging in the To implement sets of instruments or Northern hemisphere, which includes the intervention to maintain peace and order. Western countries America, Europe, and (sanctions, peacekeeping and peace Africa enforcement) South refers mostly to the Asian countries. Sawe (2017) What makes the Global North “rich” and “develop”? global division use to categorize the countries level according to its socio- Generally, these countries have good economic and political stability and not economic standing, a better quality of just of its geographical location. living, and quality of life. (Ferrer, 2018). The International Monetary Fund and World What is Global South in the Contemporary Bank World? use mechanisms in determining the level of Global South development among countries “underdeveloped countries” - such as the GDP income per capita “developing” - level of industrialization and “poor side” infrastructure “Third World Countries (Butler, 2020). - technological advancement. These are mainly underdeveloped Non-economic factors such as Human Capital agricultural countries of: Investment (HDI) - Asia - Africa which quantifies the country’s level in terms - Latin America of: Generally, countries that suffer from: - quality of education - high poverty - literacy - high child mortality - health - low economic and educational - degree of economic development. development (Majaski, 2019) - vulnerable to exploitation by large corporations and industrialized nations What is Global North in the Contemporary - have high foreign debts levels. World? ASIAN TIGERS Global North developing states came to be associated refers to countries that are politically and with industrialization attempts by Asian economically stable economies also referred to as “rich” and “develop also known as Newly Industrialized countries” Countries (NIC) more economically developed countries Countries; Singapore, Taiwan, HK, S.K MEDC’s, this includes the members of developing world has been used since Group of 8 or the “G8” 80’s - US When and How the Concept Begun - France - Russia The Rise of Colonialism - Germany As early as the 17th century - Italy - UK during the age of exploration and - Canada colonization, the world was divided into - Japan West and East by Spain and Portugal. But in 2014, Russia was indefinitely They compete in exploring the world for the suspended from the group after annexing purpose of finding gold and silver Crimea, an autonomous public of Ukraine, - since this is the means of measuring the G8 is now referred to as G7. (Liberto, 2020) wealth and power of a nation. This competition led to the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas  - where they divide the exploration route It is also a clash of ideas or political to east and west. ideologies between democracy and Spain explore most of the Asian countries communism. (Zaide, 2015) like the Philippines in which it was incidentally found because originally they are looking for the Moluccas Island. What is the Connection of Cold War in the Global Divides? In the 19th and 20th centuries During this time, countries are being Britain and France were the leading colonial categorized according to their alignment powers between Russia-East and the America- - they were able to rule the whole African West. continent. After the fall of Russia: - The purpose now is not just to find gold - they were classified as Second World and silver, but to conquest established Country together with China. political and economic power. - America now was classified as First Britain established colonies in America, and World Country together with European Asia, they founded the East India Company, countries. Netherlands, Dutch East India Company This categorization left out many countries - wherein they monopolize the trading which were poorer than First World and and commerce in India. Second World countries. The decline of Western Kingdoms led to These “poorer” countries were categorized global changes such as: now as Third World countries. - the decline of monarchial type of government system - abolition of monopoly in trading New world order emerged when America In the contemporary world: and Russia arose into power such as: - the global north comprises of countries - introducing a new political, belonging to more economically governmental, and economic system developed countries MEDC’s - America pursued democracy and - global south comprises countries that capitalism belong to the least developed - Russia pursued socialism and countries' LEDC’s. communism. But there are exceptions like: - Australia After WWII - New Zealand - Japan colonized countries were given: - Singapore - freedom and established their own - South Korea government - secure their sovereignty - but they were still dependent on powerful nations like America in terms of economics and governance. The Cold War (1946-1991) considered a global battle for supremacy between the United States of America and democratic countries on the other hand, the Soviet Union and its communist allied countries. a war fought by means of propaganda and secret tactics and not by direct war between the superpowers. There are theories that explain this situation of - creating a cycle of dependence the world. As long as peripheral nations are dependent on core nations for economic 1. Functionalist Perspective of Inequality stimulus and access to a larger piece of the It is a belief that "inequality is not only global economy inevitable but also necessary for the - they will never achieve stable and smooth functioning of society.” consistent economic growth. Economic inequality Can be defined as an explanation of the - is the unequal distribution of income economic development of a state in terms and opportunity between different of external influences- political, economic, groups in society. and cultural- on national development - It is a concern in almost all countries policies (Raúl Prebisch) around the world Colonial imperialism - often people are trapped in poverty with - Exploits other countries by excessive little chance to climb up the social ladder exportation of resources, taking Social inequality additional profits, and controlling - is the issue pertaining to the lack of through neo-colonialism housing, health care, education, Poverty is created as a result of capitalism, employment opportunities, and status imperialism, and colonialism 2. Modernization theory 4. Neoliberalism Theory The Modernization theory posits that: Policy model—bridging politics, social - countries go through evolutionary studies, and economics—that seeks to stages transfer control of economic factors: - industrialization and improved - to the private sector from the public technology are the keys to forward sector. progress. It tends towards free-market capitalism and Low-income countries are affected by their away from government spending, lack of industrialization and can improve regulation, and public ownership. their global economic standing through: Furthermore, countries that have a high - An adjustment of cultural values and Human Development Index, GDP income attitudes to work per capita, with technological advancement - Industrialization and other forms of most likely offer: economic growth (Armer and Katsillis, - a quality of living among their people. 2010) The pursuit of happiness may vary among First countries to adopt modern people technologies, attitudes, and institutions will turn to be the most wealthy and it can be quantified according to the quality successful of life Countries that hold on to traditional views - such as material wealth, good health, and processes will fall behind until modern quality education, which are the result of corporations and novel technological good governance. advancements eventually overtake The Worlds Happiness Report in 2019 traditional institutions. - focuses on happiness and the community - how happiness has evolved over the past 3. Dependency Theory dozen years - with a focus on the technologies, social global inequality is the result of core nations norms, conflicts, and government exploiting resources and labor in peripheral policies that have driven those changes. and semi-peripheral countries The Top 10 happiest countries in the world are: In fact, Jean Grugel (1990) enumerated the three factors that direct the economic Finland development of states within the Global Denmark South. Norway - "élite behavior within and between nation Iceland states Netherlands - integration and cooperation within Switzerland 'geographic areas Sweden - resulting position of states and regions New Zealand within the global world market and Canada related political economic hierarchy. Austria Global phenomenon is never static ADDITIONAL INFORMATION especially when the factors of technology, migration, increasing levels of literacy, In 1983 the Brandt report was published by employment, GDP increase and currency a commission chaired by the former valuation increase come into play. German Chancellor Willy Brandt. - BRICS is the acronym for an association - This report identified a North/South line of five major emerging national (or Brandt line), and thus popularized economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China another term, namely "The South". and South Africa. developing world's three leading - Originally the first four were grouped economies as "BRIC" (or "the BRICs"), before the - Brazil, China and India induction of South Africa in 2010. longstanding industrial powers of the - The BRICS members are known for their North significant influence on regional affairs - Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK and and all are members of G20. US The Global North- South divide is a Even smaller countries like Bangladesh, categorization of nation states based on Chile, Ghana, Mauritius, Rwanda and factors like economic development, political Tunisia are experiencing rapid economic stability as well as living standards. development. This division was fashioned out of the Cold According to the 2013 UNDP Human war era categorization of countries into the Development Report, it is estimated that First, Second and Third World. 80% of the world's middle-class population The Global North- South divide is not will be living in developing countries by 2030 simply based on geographical orientation (Mendez, 2015). for there are Asian countries that belong to As opined by Mendez (2015), this ongoing the Global North. global transformation is a phenomenon The term South was branded out of the known as "South-South cooperation Brandt report in 1983. - Originally bound up in the response of The perspectives as well as countries fall the developing countries to the under such categorization that is in a state of destabilizing politics of the Cold War, flux and is constantly changing. - South-South cooperation gave voice to aspirations for a development path LESSON 2: ASIAN REGIONALISM untainted by ideological conflict Defining Asian Regionalism - This forges a clearer path towards integration within states that are Regionalization deemed to occupy the same position to refers to "societal integration and the emerge out of the label often undirected process of social and - "South" and aspire to become a part of economic interaction." the "North". There is a regional concentration of economic flows and countries respond  economically and politically to globalization in various ways. Regionalism refers to the formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states. It is a set of conscious activities carried out by states within a region to cooperate while regionalization is a less conscious process that is the outcome of these state's policies. It is more on political process characterized by economic policy cooperation among countries. fashioned out of the rationale that regional organizations are treaty and charter-based giving them formal status in international law. the manifestation or expression of a common sense of cultural identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region. Asian regionalism is a product of societal integration brought by the undirected process of social and economic interaction. Asian regionalism focuses on economic interaction, whereby the countries adopt the principle of free flow of goods and services which are coordinated with foreign What is Now the Standing of Asia as a Region? economic policies between countries. is essential not only for the growth of the (The Asia Pacific & South Asia: Northeast Asia, region, but also for the continuing SEA, Pacific Islands, South Asia) development of economic and political aspects in the global dimension. has been criticized for not being able to settle long standing conflicts. The ASEAN, EAS, APT and APEC are some of the more progressive during Asian regional blocs.  Why Do We Need to Form Alliances? - IMF tried to reverse the crisis, but it was only after ASEAN countries along with (Claudio, Lisandro and Patricio Abinales, 2018) China, Japan, and South Korea agreed to establish an emergency fund to expect a crisis that the Asian economies stabilized. Military Defense purposes Example No. 2: ASEAN North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - formed as a coalition country that was pro- - Formed during cold war when several American and supportive of the United States Western European countries plus the intervention in Vietnam. United States agreed to protect Europe - Formation of the regional trading bloc, against the threat of the Soviet Union free trade, and forming an international Response of Soviet Union: organization that will support the - WARSAW Pact: regional alliance development of each Asian country. created by Soviet Union - The Post- Cold War resulted in the formation - comprise Eastern European Countries of "new regionalism", those who share the under Soviet Domination same values, norms, institutions, and - RESULT: Soviet imploded in December systems that exist outside of the traditional, 1991, but NATO remains in place established mainstream institutions and systems. Pool Resources - The key factors in the "new regionalism" are collaborative multi-level governance, This is to get better returns for their innovation and learning, integrated exports and expand leverage against development, rural-urban interactions, and trading partners place-based development. Sample Organization: - For example: - Organization of the Petroleum o ASEAN issued its Human Rights Exporting Countries (OPEC): Declaration in 2009, but the regional established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, body left it to member countries to Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to apply the declaration's principle as regulate the production and sale of oil. they see fit. Protect Independence from the Pressures of o ASEAN PARLIAMENTARIANS FOR Super Power Politics HUMANRIGHTS resulted in non- governmental organizations and civil Example: NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT society groups pushing to prevent - created by the Presidents of Egypt, discrimination, uphold political Ghana, India, Indonesia, and freedom, and promote democracy Yugoslavia in 1961. and human rights throughout the - (120 members) the prime goals are to region. pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national DIFFERENCE OF NEW REGIONALISM TO sovereignty, racial equality, non- STATE-TO-STATE REGIONALISM WHEN IT intervention, and peaceful conflict COME TO IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS (Claudio, resolution. Lisandro and Patricio Abinales, 2018) Economic Crisis Compels Countries to Come Together Example No.1: - Thai economy collapsed in 1996. - Troubled international banks demanded that the Thai government pay back its loans. - Crisis spread to Asian countries. NEW CHALLENGES FOR NEW REGIONALISTS to the United Kingdom voting to leave the European Union in a move the media has 1. Disagreements surface over issues like termed “BREXIT” gender and religion 3. Sacrificing sovereignty to maintain regional Example: stability - Pro-choice NGOs breaking from religious civil society groups that side with the Church, Example: Muslim imams, or governments opposed to - Philippines and China reproductive rights and other pro-women policies 4. Differing visions of what regionalism should be for 2. Some civil society groups are not welcoming Example: to the new trend and set up an obstacle after another - Non-Western and developing societies have different views regarding Example: globalization, development, and - Migrant Forum Asia and its ally, the democracy Coordination of Action Research on AIDS (CARAM), lobbied ASEAN governments to - Singapore, China, and Russia see defend migrant labor rights. democracy as an obstacle to the - Their program of action, however, slowed implementation and deepening of down once countries like Malaysia, economic globalization because constant Singapore, and Thailand refused to public inquiry about economic projects recognize the rights of undocumented migrant and lengthy debates slow down workers and the rights of the families of implementation or lead to unclear migrants. outcomes: DEMOCRACY=EFFICIENCY. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES Economic regionalism 1. Resurgence of militant nationalism and refers to institutional arrangements populism designed to facilitate the free flow of goods and services and to coordinate foreign Example: economic policies between countries in the - The refusal to dismantle NATO after the same geographic region or nearby locale. collapse of the Soviet Union, for example, has Economic regionalism can be viewed as a become the basis of the anti-NATO rhetoric of conscious attempt to manage the Vladimir Putin in opportunities and constraints created by the dramatic increase in international - The relationship of the United States- the economic ties to foster economic growth and alliance's core member- with NATO has trade party among its member states. become problematic after Donald Trump Examples of economic regionalism demonized the organization as simply include free-trade areas, customs unions, leeching off American military power without common markets, and economic unions giving anything in return. (Fawcett, 2012) 2. Continuing financial crisis of the region Regionalism in Asia Example: Many things have been said about Asia - European Union. The continuing financial especially about its sheer size, population, crisis of the region is forcing countries like resources it can be said that to dominate the Greece to consider leaving the union to gain global political and economic environment. more flexibility in their economic policy; Indeed, it can be said that the gravity of world economic, political and security affairs has - Anti-immigrant sentiment and a populist shifted to Asia. campaign against Europe have already led  The Asian Development Bank even went as 3. Diversity sources of global demand, helping to fast as saying that the region's economy is stabilize the world economy and diminish the risks already similar in size to those of Europe and posed by global imbalances and downturns in other North America, and its influence in the world major economies. continues to increase. 4. Provide leadership to help sustain open global The contention is that Asia is now so trade and financial systems. important to the world economy that it must also play a larger role in global economic 5. Create regional mechanisms to manage health, leadership. safety, and environmental issues better, and thus As such, the call for Regional economic contribute to more effective global solutions of these cooperation is essential for addressing these problems. challenges. This is largely because of Asia’s Asian Regional Organizations unprecedented growth in the past few ASEAN decades led by economic powerhouses Japan, China and South Korea. The ASEAN also known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional grouping of nation states predominantly occupying the South East Asian locale. It can be regarded as a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries which seeks to promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational and socio-cultural integration amongst its members and other Asian countries, as well as with the rest of the world. The region is home to over half the world's ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 population, produces three tenths of in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the global output (in terms of purchasing ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok power), and consistently records the world's Declaration) highest economic growth rates. Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely The Asian "miracle as many would refer to Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore the rapid economic transformation in the 80's and Thailand. did not end with the 1997/98 financial crisis; - Brunei Darussalam joined on 7 January for some countries, it marked the beginning 1984 of renewed acceleration. - Viet Nam on 28 July 1995 - Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997 The Imperative for Regionalism in Asia - Cambodia on 30 April 1999 It is held that Asian integration can result in the making up what is today the ten Member following: States of ASEAN. 1. Generate productivity gains, new ideas, and Aims and Purposes competition that boost economic growth and raise As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims and incomes across the world. purposes of ASEAN are: 2. Contribute to the efficiency and stability of global 1. To accelerate the economic growth, social financial markets by making Asian capital markets progress and cultural development in the region stronger and safer and by maximizing the productive through joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and use of Asian savings. partnership in of Southeast Asian Nations; order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and 6. Effective cooperation among themselves. peaceful community APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) 2. To promote regional peace and stability through a regional economic forum established in abiding respect for justice and to the principles of the 1989 to leverage the growing United Nations Charter; the rule of law in the interdependence of Asia-Pacific. relationship among countries of the region and adherence APEC’s 21 members aim to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by: 3. To promote active collaboration and mutual - promoting balanced, inclusive, assistance on matters of common interest in the sustainable innovative and secure economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and growth and by accelerating regional administrative fields; economic integration. APEC ensures that goods, services, 4. To provide assistance to each other in the form investment and people move easily across of training and research facilities in the educational, borders. professional, technical and administrative spheres; Members facilitate this trade through faster 5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater customs procedures at borders; more utilization of their agriculture and industries, the favorable business climates behind the expansion of their trade, including the study of the border; and aligning regulations and problems of international commodity trade, the standards across the region. improvement of their transportation and APEC's 21 member economies are communications facilities and the raising of the living Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; standards of their peoples; Chile; China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New 6. To promote Southeast Asian studies; and Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; 7. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation Philippines; Russian Federation; Singapore; with existing international and regional organizations Chinese Taipei; Thailand; USA; Viet Nam. with similar aims and purposes, and explore all APEC's structure is based on both a avenues for even closer cooperation among "bottom-up" and "top-down" approach. themselves. East Asian Summit (EAS) Fundamental Principles The East Asia Summit is a unique Leaders- In their relations with one another, the ASEAN led forum of 18 countries of the Asia- Member States have adopted the following Pacific region fundamental principles, as contained in the Treaty formed to further the objectives of regional of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia