Crop Science 40/41 Principles of Crop Production - Central Mindanao University - Philippines PDF

Crop Science 40/41 Principles of Crop Production Units 1 & 2 Agripina Rana-Aradila Professor VI Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding College of Agriculture Central Mindanao University University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines ...

Crop Science 40/41 Principles of Crop Production Units 1 & 2 Agripina Rana-Aradila Professor VI Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding College of Agriculture Central Mindanao University University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines Unit 1 – Nature and Importance of Agriculture  Some Data and Facts About Philippine Agriculture  Problems, Status and Prospects of Philippine Agriculture  Nature and Features of Philippine Agricultural Systems  Nature of Agriculture as a Field of Study  Agricultural Development  Origin, Domestication and History of Major Crops of the Philippines Centers of Early Agriculture  Regions of the World where Major Crops were Domesticated  World Food Situation and Centers of Production  Stages in the Development of Philippine Agriculture  Meaning and Score of Crop Science Unit2 – Nature, Composition and Classification of Crop Plants A. Nature and Composition of Crop Plants Plant Cells (Parts and functions) Plant Tissues Anatomical Regions of the Plant Body The Plant Organs/ Systems B. Classification of Crop Plants  Botanical System of Classification  Agronomic Classification  Horticultural Classification  Descriptive Classification  Ecological Classification Unit III – Physiological Processes Affecting Crop Production Concepts of Plant Growth & Development Phases of Plant Growth & Development Plant Movements & Adaptations  Other Concepts Related to Plant Growth (The Law of Minimum, The Law of Optima an Limiting Factors, The Law of Diminishing Returns)  Plant Life Processes (Photosynthesis, Respiration, Translocation & Partitioning of Assimilates, Mineral Nutrition)  Plant Reproduction (Sexual & Asexual Propagation) Unit IV – Factors Affecting Crop Production A. Environmental Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors B. Genetic Factors Genotypes Selection Indices of Major Crops GMO C. Human Factors (Preferences & Capability of Farmers, Cultural Practices) Unit V – Sustainable Crop Production A. Man and crops in an Ecosystem (Definition of Ecosystem/Agroecosystem, Flow of Energy, Cycling of Nutrients, Pollution) B. Production Systems and Crop Management (Lowland & Upland) C. Features of Sustainable Crop Production Concepts in Sustainable Agriculture Diversification Resource Conservation and Regeneration Productivity and Stability of Production Systems Unit V – Sustainable Crop Production D. Current Trends and Future Trends Biotechnology and other recent advances in crop production World Trade Organization on Crop Biodiversity Patents and Farmer’s Rights Government Programs of Agriculture Climate Smart Agriculture Application of Artificial Intelligence in Crop Production Value Adding Urban Farming  Grading System Lecture Grade : Written Tasks/Requirements - 30% Performance Tasks (projects, etc) - 40% Term (Midterm/Final Term) Assessment - 30% Total 100% Laboratory Grade: Performance Tasks (quizzes, etc.) - 60% Term (Midterm/Final Term) Assessment - 40% Total 100% Term Grade: 60% Lecture Grade + 40% Laboratory Grade Final Grade: 1/3 Midterm Grade + 2/3 Final Term Grade  Grade Transmutation Percent Grade 94-100 - 1.0 88-93 - 1.25 82-87 - 1.50 76-81 - 1.75 70-75 - 2.0 64-69 - 2.25 58-63 - 2.50 52-67 - 2.75 50-51 - 3.00 30-49 - 4.00 29 – below - 5.00 INC - Incomplete  Unit 1 Nature and Importance of Agriculture  Definition of Agriculture  systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under the management of man  purposeful work through which the elements of nature are harnessed to produce plants and animals to satisfy human needs  engaged in the production of plants and animals for food and fiber, provision of agricultural services and the processing, marketing and distribution of agricultural products  Current Information on Status of Philippine Agriculture Philippines is primarily an agricultural country with a large portion of Filipinos living in rural areas and supporting themselves through agricultural activities. PSA figures in 2022 reported about a quarter of employed Filipinos work in the agricultural sector which is made up of four sub-sectors: farming, fisheries, livestock, and forestry.  Agriculture sector generated a gross value added (GVA) of about 1.78 trillion Philippine pesos, equivalent to about 8.9 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (G DP).  After two years of contraction due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the agriculture industry in the Philippines  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - measures the monetary value of final goods and services—that is, those that are bought by the final user—produced in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year). It counts all of the output generated within the borders of a country.  Status of agriculture in the Philippines Due to its terrain and tropical climate condition, farming and fisheries have been the largest agricultural sub- sectors in the Philippines. Crop production, particularly of sugarcane, palay or rice, coconut, and bananas were among the highest nationwide and were also among the top export products.  In recent years, oils, fruits and nuts, along with animal or vegetable fats contributed the largest share of the total agricultural exports in the Philippines. For the livestock and poultry sectors, hog, cattle, and chicken were the leading products.  The fisheries subsectors: commercial, municipal, and aquaculture, reflected slow growth in recent years. The export value of principal fishery products had been declining since 2019. The main contributing factors were climate change and the practice of uncontrolled and unsustainable overfishing.  Some Data and facts about Philippine Agriculture Four types of climate in the Philippines: Type I. Two pronounced seasons, dry in winter and spring, wet in summer and autumn. Maximum rain period is from June to September during the prevalence of the southwest monsoon season. The dry season lasts from three to six or seven months(Ilocos Region, Western part of Mountain Province, western part of Nueva Ecija, Central Luzon, Metro Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Zambales, Occidental Mindoro, Types of climates …. Type II. No dry season with very pronounced maximum rain period in winter. The maximum monthly rainfall generally occurs in December and January. There is not a single dry month in this type of climate (northern part of Kalinga Apayao, the northwestern part of Cagayan, western part of Quezon province, Pollilo Island, Bicol Region, northeastern Samar, southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Norte and Misamis Occidental)  Types of climates… Type III. No very pronounced maximum rain period, with a short dry season lasting only from 1-3 months. It is intermediate between Type I and II. The short dry season occurs either in winter or spring (eastern part of Ilocos Norte, Kalinga Apayao, Cagayan, Mountain Province, western part of Isabela, eastern part of Nueva Viscaya, eastern parts of Laguna and Batangas, Occidental Mindoro, Romblon, Marinduque, Aklan, Capiz, northern parts of Antique and Iloilo, Negros Occidental, eastern part of Negros Oriental, Siquijor, Zamboanga del Sur, Types of climates… Type IV. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. This is also intermediate between the first and second type but resembles the second more closely since it has no dry season (northern Kalinga Apayao, easterna Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon province, western Bicol, western Samar, Southeastern Masbate, northern Leyte, northern Cebu, Bohol, Zamboanga, South Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, eastern part of Some facts…  Mindanao - best climate which is so uniform that it brings sufficient rainfall throughout the year  Top three crops of the Philippines: rice corn sugarcane  Top three major crops worldwide: wheat rice corn Some facts… Three types of culture of rice: irrigated lowland rice rainfed lowland rice rainfed upland rice Government programs in Agriculture:  Under Secretary Luisito P. Lorenzo - nationwide hybrid rice production (PSB Rc 72 H or mestizo and magilas with yield potentials of more than 9 tons/ha)  Under Secretary Proceso J. Alcala – Agri Pinoy Program, Likas Saka, Kaanib, etc.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) A government program is a document that outlines the goals, objectives, and methods used to implement public policies and achieve government priorities. It sets out the expected results and main development trends in various sectors, such as services.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) The national banner programs of DA on rice, corn, high value crops, livestock , and organic agriculture are priority programs that aim to address food security, poverty alleviation, and sustainable growth through increased farm income and productivity.  Republic Act 8435 - Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997 AN ACT PRESCRIBING URGENT RELATED MEASURES TO MODERNIZE THE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES SECTORS OF THE COUNTRY IN ORDER TO ENHANCE THEIR PROFITABILITY, AND PREPARE SAID SECTORS FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE GLOBALIZATION THROUGH AN ADEQUATE, FOCUSED AND RATIONAL DELIVERY OF NECESSARY SUPPORT SERVICES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR The principle behind the policy is to improve the conditions of farmers and fisherfolk and increase their productivity to meet the demands of the growing markets locally and abroad.  Principles of AFMA a) Poverty Alleviation and Social Equity The State shall ensure that the poorer sectors of society have equitable access to resources, income opportunities, basic and support services and infrastructure especially in areas where productivity is low as a means of improving their quality of life compared with other sectors of society; b) Food Security The State shall assure the availability, adequacy, accessibility of food supplies to all at all times;  Principles of AFMA c. Rational Use of Resources The State shall adopt a rational approach in the allocation of public investments in agriculture and fisheries in order to assure efficiency and effectiveness in the use of scarce resources and thus obtain optimal returns on its investments; d) Global Competitiveness The State shall enhance the competitiveness of the agriculture and fisheries sectors in both domestic and foreign markets;  Principles of AFMA e. Sustainable Development The State shall promote development that is compatible with the preservation of the ecosystem in areas where agriculture and fisheries activities are carried out. The State should exert care and judicious use of the country's natural resources in order to attain long-term sustainability; f) People Empowerment The State shall promote people empowerment by enabling all citizens through direct participation or through their duly elected, chosen or designated representatives the opportunity to participate in policy formulation and decision-making by establishing the appropriate mechanisms and by giving them access to information; and  Principles of AFMA g) Protection from Unfair Competition The State shall protect small farmers and fisher folk from unfair competition such as monopolistic and oligopolistic practices by promoting a policy environment that provides them priority access to credit and strengthened cooperative-based marketing system.  Definition of Terms in AFMA “Agrarian Reform Community" is a barangay at the minimum or a cluster of contiguous barangays where there is a critical mass of farmers or farm workers and which features the main thrust of agrarian development land tenure improvement and effective delivery of support services. "Agricultural Lands" refers to lands devoted to or suitable for the cultivation of the soil, planting of crops, growing of trees, raising of livestock, poultry, fish or aquiculture production, including the harvesting of such farm products, and other farm activities and practices performed in conjunction with such farming operations by persons whether natural or juridical and not classified by the law as mineral land, forest land, residential land, commercial land, or industrial land.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Agricultural Land Use Conversion" refers to the process of changing the use of agricultural land to non- agricultural uses. "Agricultural Sector" is the sector engaged in the cultivation of the soil, planting of crops, growing of fruit trees, raising of livestock, poultry, or fish, including the harvesting and marketing off such farm products, and other farm activities and practices. "Agricultural Mechanization" is the development, adoption, manufacture and application of appropriate location-specific, and cost-effective agricultural technology using human, animal, mechanical, electrical and other non-conventional sources of energy for agricultural production and post-harvest operations consistent with agronomic conditions and for efficient and economic farm management.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization" is the process of transforming the agriculture and fisheries sectors into one that is dynamic, technologically advanced and competitive yet centered on human development guided by the sound practices of sustainability and the principles of social justice. Processing Activities" refers to the processing of raw agricultural and fishery products into semi- processed or finished products which include materials for the manufacture for food and/or non- food products, pharmaceuticals and other industrial products.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Competitive Advantage" refers to competitive edge in terms of product quality and/or price. It likewise refer to the ability to produce a product with the greatest relative efficiency in the use of resources. "Cooperatives" refers to duly registered associations of persons with a common bond of interest who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a lawful common social and economic end, making equitable contributions to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in accordance with universally accepted cooperatives principles.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Empowerment" involves providing authority, responsibility and information to people directly engaged in agriculture and fishery production, primarily at the level of the farmers, fisher folk and those engaged in food and non-food production and processing, in order to give them wider choices and enable them to take advantage of the benefits of the agriculture and fishery industries. "Extension Services" refers to the provision of training, information, and support services by the government and non-government organizations to the agriculture and fisheries sectors to improve the technical, business, and social capabilities of farmers and fisher folk.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Farm-to-Market Roads" refer to roads linking the agriculture and fisheries production sites, coastal landing points and post-harvest facilities to the market and arterial roads and highways. "Fisheries" refers to all systems or networks of interrelated activities which include the production, growing, harvesting, processing, marketing, developing, conserving, and managing of all aquatic resources and fisheries areas. "Fisheries Sector" is the sector engaged in the production, growing, harvesting, processing, marketing, developing, conserving, and managing of aquatic resources and fisheries areas.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Fishing Grounds" refers to areas in any body of water where fish and other aquatic resources congregate and become target of capture. "Food Security" refers to the policy objective, plan and strategy of meeting the food requirements of the present and future generations of Filipinos in substantial quantity, ensuring the availability and affordability of food to all, either through local production or importation, of both, based on the country's existing and potential resource endowment and related production advantages, and consistent with the over all national development objectives and policies. However, sufficiency in rice and white corn should be pursued.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Fresh Agricultural And Fishery Products" refers to agricultural and fisheries products newly taken or captured directly from its natural state or habitat, or those newly harvested or gathered from agricultural areas or bodies of water used for aquiculture. "Global Competitiveness" refers to the ability to compete in terms of price, quality and value of agriculture and fishery products relative to those of other countries. "Gross Value-Added" refers to the total value, excluding the value of non-agricultural of fishery intermediate inputs, of goods and services contributed by the agricultural and fisheries sectors.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Irrigable Lands" refers to lands which display marked characteristics justifying the operation of an irrigation system. "Irrigated Lands" refers to lands services by natural irrigation or irrigation facilities. These include lands where water is not readily available as existing irrigation facilities need rehabilitation or upgrading or where irrigation water is not available year-round. "Irrigation System" refers to a system of irrigation facilities covering contiguous areas.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "On-Farm Irrigation Facilities" refers to composite facilities that permit entry of water to paddy areas and consist of farm ditches and turnouts. "Primary Processing" refers to the physical alteration of raw agricultural or fishery products with or without the use of mechanical facilities. "Post-Harvest Facilities" includes, but is not limited to , threshing, drying, milling, grading , storing, and handling of produce and such other activities as stripping, winnowing, chipping and washing.  Definition of Terms in AFMA "Resource-based" refers to the utilization of natural resources. "Rural Industrialization" refers to the process by which the economy is transformed from one that is predominantly agricultural to one that is dominantly industrial and service- oriented. "Secondary Processing" refers to the physical transformation of semi-processed agricultural or fishery products.  Definition of Terms in AFMA “Small Farmers and Fisherfolk" refers to natural person dependent on small-scale subsistence farming and fishing activities as their primary source of income. "Small and Medium Enterprise (SME)" refers to any business activity or enterprise engaged in industry, agribusiness and/or services, whether single proprietorship, cooperative, partnership or corporation whose total assets, inclusive of those arising from loans but exclusive of the land on which the particular business entity's office, plan and equipment are situated  Definition of Terms in the development land use plan and providing for the regulations and other conditions on the uses of land including the limitation of the infrastructure that may be plac AFMA Categories of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME): Micro - not more than P 1,500,000 Small - P 1,500,001 to P 15,000,000 Medium - P15,000,001 to P 60,000,000 - Definition of Terms in AFMA "Socio-culturally Sound" means the consideration of the social structure of the community such as leadership pattern, distribution of roles across gender and age groups, the diversity of religion and other spiritual beliefs, ethnicity and cultural diversity of the population. "Technology-based" refers to utilization of technology. - Definition of Terms in AFMA “Zoning Ordinance” refers to a local legislation approving the development land use plan and providing for the regulations and other conditions on the uses of land including the limitation of the infrastructure that may be placed within the territorial jurisdiction of a city or municipality.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) The National Rice Program (NRP), which is concerned with rice farming and uplifting the lives of Filipino farmers, has been allocated P30.30 billion under the 2023 national budget. This doubled the allocation for rice production through the NRP from only P15.78 billion in 2022. The National Corn Program, which aims to increase the production of quality corn and cassava for human consumption, feeds, and industrial uses, as well as empower farmers and increase their income, has a P5.02 billion budget this year. The National Livestock Program, which seeks to accelerate the development of the poultry and livestock sector by improving its production and increasing the stakeholders' profitability, has a P4.50 billion budget.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) A total of P1.80 billion has been allotted for the National High- Value Crops Development Program, implemented to help promote the production, processing, marketing, and distribution of high-value crops. The Promotion and Development of Organic Agriculture Program has a P900 million budget for 2023. The program aims to promote, propagate, further develop, and implement the practice of Organic Agriculture in the country. The National Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture Program has been given P318.47 million under the 2023 GAA. This program shall promote urban and peri-urban agriculture and other emerging agriculture practices through the Plant, Plant, Plant program.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) Sikat Saka Program (SSP) is the credit component of the Food Staples Sufficiency Program (FSSP) of the Department of Agriculture (DA). The Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) is the lending conduit of the Program. Farm must have an effective irrigation system and functional drainage system. It is an integrated financing program jointly implemented by the Department of Agriculture and Land Bank of the Philippines. The program aims to help more palay and corn farmers access timely, adequate, and affordable production credit and improve the viability of agricultural production by ensuring availability of irrigation services, extension, links to markets and providing a favorable economic environment.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) KAANIB ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (KEDP) The project is designed to promote institutionalize coconut-based enterprise through an integrated resource service convergence approach to increase farm productivity and incomes of the small coconut farming communities. The project shall showcase coconut-based enterprise in organized clusters of coconut farms in selected areas owned and or operated by the coconut farmers. It also cater the economic development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSMEs). The project involves the establishments of coco-based enterprises which may be coconut farmer’s organization (CFO’s) or cooperative and establishing start-ups or expanding mature community-based enterprise engaged in coconut processing, inter cropping and livestock raising. It builds on the capacities of the CFO’s/COOPs to engaged in the agri-business. Four (4) com  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) Four (4) components of KEDP: 1. COCONUT- COFFEE BASED ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (COCOBED) involves the provision of high quality coffee seedlings such as Robusta, Arabica, Excelsa and Liberica and fertilizer (both organic and inorganic) to support the growth and development of the newly transplanted coffee seedling. It is implemented in coconut areas highly suitable for coffee production and in clustered coconut farms of at least 50 hectares in identified KAANIB Sites. 2. COCONUT INTERCROPPING PROJECT (CIP) involves intercropping of annual biennial and perennial crops such as corn, banana, pineapple, and fruit bearing trees depending on the geographical location, land suitability, agro-climatic conditions, market demands and farmer’s preference. This shall likewise include livestock raising under coconut such as cattle, carabao, and goat.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) Four (4) components of KEDP: 3. COCONUT-CACAO ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CCEDP) It involves the provision of high quality cacao seedlings and fertilizer support both organic and inorganic to ensure maximum growth and yield. Like COCOBED, it shall be implemented in clustered coconut farms of at least 50 hectares in identified KAANIB Sites. The project aims to showcase coconut- cacao farming systems as a viable business enterprise. 4. COMMUNITY/ HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL COCONUT PROCESSING (CHLP) This aims to promote coconut-based enterprises in the different KAANIB sites for increased productivity and income/job generation. It also aims to foster the entrepreneurial skills of the community or household members of the community. Priority livelihood activities include coir-based processing including coir-based organic fertilizer production, coco sap sugar production and virgin coconut oil (VCO) production. This involved the establishment of processing facility and the provision of machineries and equipment such as decorticating machine, bailing, twining and looming machines for coir processing; expeller or pressing machine for VCO production and various equipment for coco sap sugar production.  Current Government Programs (Agriculture Sector) The National Organic Agriculture Program (NOAP) It is a collaborative document spearheaded by the National Organic Agriculture Board (NOAB) through the cooperation of various stakeholders of the organic industry, relevant national government agencies, non-government organizations, civil society and people's organizations. RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act of 2010) This Act declares that the policy of the State shall be to promote, propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines in order to enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of the environment and prevent the depletion of natural resources. The Act provides for the establishment of a comprehensive organic agricultural program and of a National Organic Agricultural Board which shall carry out the policy and program.  Definition of Terms in RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act, 20100 Organic refers to the particular farming and processing system, described in the standards and not in the classical chemical sense. The term "organic" is synonymous in other languages to "biological" or "ecological". It is also a labeling term that denotes products considered organic based on the Philippine National Standards for organic agriculture.  Definition of Terms in RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act, 20100 Organic agriculture includes all agricultural systems that promote the ecologically sound, socially acceptable, economically viable and technically feasible production of food and fibers. Organic agriculture dramatically reduces external inputs by refraining from the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals.  Definition of Terms in RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act, 20100 Organic Agriculture It also covers areas such as, but not limited to, soil fertility management, varietal breeding and selection under chemical and pesticide-free conditions, the use of biotechnology and other cultural practices that are consistent with the principles and policies of this Act, and enhance productivity without destroying the soil and harming farmers, consumers and the environment as defined by the International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movement (IFOAM): Provided, That the biotechnology herein to shall not include GMOs.  Definition of Terms in RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act, 20100 Organic production system is a system designed to: (1) enhance biological diversity within the whole system; (2) increase soil biological activity; (3) maintain long-term soil fertility; (4) recycle wastes of plant and animal origin in order to return nutrients to the land, thus minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources; (5) rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural system; (6) promote the healthy use of soil, water and air as well as minimize all forms of pollution thereto that may result from agricultural practices;  Definition of Terms in RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act, 20100 Organic production system is a system designed to: (7) develop and promote the use of biotechnology in agriculture; (8) handle agricultural products with emphasis on careful processing methods in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the product at all stages; and (9) become established on any existing farm through a period of convention, the appropriate length of which is determined by site-specific factors such as the history of the land, and type of crops and livestock to be produced.  Definition of Terms in RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act, 20100 Conversion period refers to the time between the start of the organic management and the certification of crops, animal husbandry or a aquaculture products as organic. Ecologically-sound refers to a state, quality or condition of a product, practice, system, development mode, culture, environment and the like, in accord with the 1987 Philippine Constitution, and as expounded in the above definition of organic agriculture. Certification is the procedure by which official certification bodies or officially recognized certification bodies provide written or equivalent assurance that foods or food control systems conform to requirements.  Definition of Terms in RA 10068 (Organic Agriculture Act, 20100 Commercialization is process of including a new agricultural and fishery technology either as product, process or service that has undergone the intensive innovative activities of assessment, promotion and transfer for economic benefit. Accreditation is the procedure by which a government agency having jurisdiction formally recognizes the competence of an inspection and/or certification body to provide inspection and certification services. Organic food establishment refers to an entity, whether local or foreign, that produces inputs acceptable for organic agriculture.  Composition of the NOAB (a) The Secretary of Agriculture, or his duly authorized permanent representative, with a rank of Undersecretary, as Chairperson; (b) The Secretary of the Interior and Local Government, or his duly authorized permanent representative, as Vice Chair; (c) The Secretary of Science and Technology, or his duly authorized permanent representative; (d) The Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, or his duly authorized permanent representative; (e) The Secretary of Education, or his duly authorized permanent representative;  Composition of the NOAB (f) The Secretary of Agrarian Reform, or his duly authorized permanent representative; (g) The Secretary of Trade and Industry, or his duly authorized permanent representative; (h) The Secretary of Health, or his duly authorized permanent representative; (i) Three (3) representatives from the small farmers; and (j) A representative each from the NGOs involved in sustainable agriculture for at least three (3) years; agricultural colleges and universities; and private sector or agribusiness firms; as members. Some Research Institutions in the Philippines 1. Rice - PhilRice (Philippine Rice Research Institute), and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 2.Sugarcane - Philippine Sugar Research Institute Foundation Inc. (PhilSurIn) 3. Coconut - Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) For corn, Isabela is the top corn-producing province in terms of production yield and next is Bukidnon.  Problems, Status and Prospects of Philippine Agriculture Problems in Philippine Agriculture 1. Physical – climate and soil 2. Biological – insect pests, weeds, disease pathogens, physiological disorders and nutrient toxicities and genetic make-up of different crops 3. Socio-economic – family income (low farm income); community profile (inadequate support services for optimum production) 4. Government support –. inadequate farm to market roads and absence of post harvest More facts… Other problems to look into… 1. High birth rate (Population Explosion) – more mouths to feed 2. Poor resource utilization and management 3. Land conversion – agricultural lands to industrial purposes (e.g. CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon provinces) 4. Insufficient food supply (resorted to food importation) 5. Trade Liberalization and Free Trade Agreements  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS, GATT & Biotechnology World Trade Organizations is an (WTO) - international organization. It enacts the rules governing trade between countries of goods, services, agricultural and industrial goods, and intellectual property. - was created on January 1, 1995 - is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS, GATT & Biotechnology World Trade Organizations (WTO) – an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade. - Governments use the organization to establish, revise, and enforce the rules that govern international trade in cooperation with the United Nations System. WTO - one of the youngest of the international organizations, and the World Trade Organization (WTO)  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS, GATT & Biotechnology World Trade Organizations (WTO) – - facilitates trade negotiations among countries by providing a framework to structure the agreements, as well as providing dispute resolution mechanisms. - It creates an international legal framework that ensures the smooth exchange of goods and services among the member countries.  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS, GATT & Biotechnology General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - is a trade treaty designed to boost member nations' economies.  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS, GATT & Biotechnology While free-trade maximizes world welfare, most nations impose some trade restrictions (tariff) Tariff – tax or duty on imports or exports *When a small nation imposes an import tariff, the domestic price of  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS, GATT & Biotechnology Success of GATT: Huge increase in world trade From 23 to 110 member countries Enormous reduction in tariffs  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS, GATT & Biotechnology Republic Act 11203 (Rice Tariffication Law, 2019) – an Act Liberalizing the Importation, Exportation and Trading of Rice, Lifting for the Purpose the Quantitative Import Restriction on Rice, and For Other Purposes.  It allots P10-billion fund every year  Republic Act 11203 (Rice Tariffication Law, 2019) - aims to lower the prices of rice and improve farm productivity benefiting both end-users and farmers - The effects of rice tariffication on household welfare occur through prices. - The reform leads to lower domestic rice prices, resulting in reduced income for rice farmers but increased purchasing power for rice consumers. Stages in the development of world agriculture 1. Pastoral stage food gathering by hunting and fishing using randomly acquired weapons  man lived on the gift of nature  gathering wild plants for their medicinal, cosmetic, aphrodisiac properties as well as for their food value  fishes are caught by hand World agriculture …. 2. Middle Stone Age (from 8,000 BC)  characterized by : (a) use of bow and arrow (b) catching, drying and storage of fish (c) stored seeds, nuts and fruits 3. New Stone Age or Neolithic Age (between 6,000 – 7,000 BC) New stone age … Discovery of the relation of seed to plant Domestication of plants and animals Growth of villages transition from food collection to raising of crops. Villagers practice seed agriculture and vegeculture Seed agriculture – raising of cereals and legumes en masse and harvested at the same time Vegeculture – propagated plants vegetatively such as root/tuber crops, banana, and other annual crops  Nature and Features of Philippines Agricultural Systems  Unsustainable (highly dependent on high external inputs )  Land resources are being cultivated very poorly  Use of poor farm inputs and use of poor technological innovations (marginal areas)  Monocropping practices (multi-cropping, and crop rotation are seldom practiced  Most farmers use inbred rice varieties (varieties that were developed through self- pollination and selection)  Nature and Features of Philippines Agricultural Systems  In corn production farmers usually use hybrids (first generation offsprings of a cross between two different individuals), OPVs (open pollinated varieties) and traditional farmers’ varieties or landraces  Conventional farming practices (dependent of inorganic fertilizer inputs and pesticides)  Slash and burn agriculture or kaingin which continues to threaten the forested areas of the country  Nature of Agriculture as a Field of Study Agriculture - the art, science and business of raising plants and animals and is considered the basic and mother industry of most countries. 2 branches of agriculture --- a) crop production b) animal production 2 disciplines of crop production/(crop science) --- a) Agronomy b) Horticulture  Disciplines of crop production… Agronomy (from the Greek words agros which means field and nomos which means to manage) - the science which is concerned with field crop production and management Horticulture (derived from the Latin words hortus that means garden and colere which means to cultivate) - a science that includes the study and cultivation of garden crops and plants Field of study of horticulture: Pomology) – study of fruit crops production and management Olericulture – vegetable production and management Floriculture – ornamental plants and their management Landscaping - landscape gardening  ORIGIN, DOMESTICATION AND HISTORY OF MAJOR CROPS OF THE WORLD Middle East - where the earliest domestication of plants occurred Cushites - - -  first to experiment with plants as source of food, and attempted to culture them  semi-nomadic, establishing communities on burned land, planting seeds and domesticated on any suitable location  great seafarers and land travelers, thus contributed to the spread of knowledge on crop domestication  ORIGINS OF SOME MAJOR CROPS Soybean (Leguminosae, sf Papilionideae) – originated in Asia (China) Sorghum (Graminae) – originated in North Africa (Abyssinia) Corn (Graminae, tribe Maydeae) – originated in Southern America (Mexico through Latin America) Rice (Graminae) – originated from India, species Oryza perennis; rice species domesticated in Africa is Oryza glaberrima (Africa rice) sub-species of rice based on geographical Early man’s diet… composed of three major components: carbohydrates proteins vitamins Graminae (cereals) and Leguminosae (grain legumes) family – were mostly grown by early men… The Americans - maize and soybeans  African - sorghum and beans  The Middle East - wheat, barley and beans  Asia - rice and soybeans WORLD FOOD SITUATION  The scale of the current global hunger and malnutrition crisis is enormous. 37.2 million people face emergency levels of hunger (extreme food shortages, acute malnutrition and disease levels are excessively high, and the risk of hunger- related death), while 1.3 million people are in the grips of catastrophic hunger (famine) – primarily in Gaza (Palestinian territories) and Sudan (at the crossroads of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East,  CENTERS OF PRODUCTION Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR) - is a global research partnership for a food-secure future. - CGIAR science is dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources and ecosystem services.  CENTERS OF PRODUCTION ICARDA – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (New Delhi, India) IRRI – International Rice Research Institute (UP, Los Banos, Philippines) ICRISAT – International Crops Research Institute of the Semi-Arid Tropics (Andhra Pradesh, India) IITA – International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Ibadan, Nigeria) CIMMYT – International Maize and Wheat  CENTERS OF PRODUCTION ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute (Nairobi, Kenya) IWMI - International Water Management Institute (Colombo, Sri Lanka) IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington DC, USA) Biodiversity International (Rome, Italy) CIAT - International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Cali, Cambodia) CIP - International Potato Center (Lima, Peru)  CENTERS OF PRODUCTION ICRAF - International Center for Research in Agroforesty (Nairobi, Kenya) - is an autonomous, non-profit organization, established in 1977 to initiate and support research leading to more sustainable and productive land use in developing countries through the integration of trees in land-use systems. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (World Fish in Penang, Malaysia) - an international organization working to  BIOTECHNOLOGY - is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. Agricultural biotechnology - provides farmers with tools that can make production cheaper and more manageable some biotechnology crops can be engineered to tolerate specific herbicides, which make weed control simpler and more efficient. Microbial Biotechnology ORIGIN & DOMESTICATIONS OF SOME IMPORTANT CROPS OF THE PHILIPPINES  Oil crops 1. Peanut – native to south America, introduced into Africa along with bananas 2. Coconut – belongs to subfamily Cocoideae, with center of diversity in Northwest South America  Vegetable Crops 1. Beans, snap or green lima beans – native to tropical America; P. vulgaris is a widely grown beans and one of the most  ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATIONS OF IMPORTANT CROPS OF THE PHILIPPINES 2. Eggplant – known as eggfruit, aubergine or guinea squash, Native to South & Eastern Asia but also grown in China; thought to be domesticated in India & spread to the tropics 3. Muskmelon – originated in Asia (Iran & India) 4. Okra – also called gumbo, gombo, gobo or lady’s finger; either Asian or African origin 5. Tomatoes – native to tropical Central & South America; progenitor with cherry  ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATIONS OF IMPORTANT CROPS OF THE PHILIPPINES 6. Asparagus – native to Southern Russia, but also found in Europe, England, Poland & Mediterranean 7. Onion – domesticated in Asia (wild ancestors were unknown)  Cultivated Tropical Fruits 1. Bananas – originated in SEA, spreading to india, Africa & to tropical America 2. Citrus – cultivates species in SEA, now cultivated extensively in the sub-tropics with Mediterranean climate  ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATIONS OF IMPORTANT CROPS OF THE PHILIPPINES 3. Mango – originated in India-Bangladesh- Burma region 4. Pineapple – native to tropical regions of South America & was grown in the new World for food, medicine and for wine making 5. Papaya – probably originated in Central America  ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATIONS OF IMPORTANT CROPS OF THE PHILIPPINES  Cutflowers 1. Chrysanthemum – native to China, brought to Europe in 1789 by Capt. Blanchard of Marseilles 2. Carnation – indigenous to the Mediterranean area & cultivated by man over 200 years; called Divine flower  CENTERS OF EARLY AGRICULTURE  Southwestern Asia– known as the “Fertile Crescent” (Middle East) and the “Cradle of Civilization” Egypt – farming on Nile river banks; production practices such as land preparation, irrigation and pruning were introduced  Europe - The Romans adopted and improved agricultural practices like crop rotation, manure fertilization, weed control, asexual propagation and use of green houses (specularia); ornamental horticulture  CENTERS OF EARLY AGRICULTURE  Africa – coastal strip of Africa received the earliest crops by diffusion along the Nile river  Southern Asia – first crop spread overland from Iraq and Iran in SA about 3,000 BC. In Southern India and Cylon, irrigation reservoirs were constructed in 1,500 – 1,300 BC  Central Asia – wheat and barley farming pattern was established and spread to Iran. Grapes, peaches, apricots and melons were raised  CENTERS OF EARLY AGRICULTURE Eastern Asia –wheat complex by mainland (SWA) diffusion; rootcrops, bananas, bamboo, sorghum, soybeans and rice are native to the tropical Far East region. Agriculture flowed from China and Thailand to Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Plowing in China probably started from the Han dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD). Horses were used in plowing (100 BC) after the invention of the horse collar by the Chinese. Japan adopted rice farming from China via Korea  REGIONS OF THE WORLD WHERE MAJOR CROPS WERE DOMESTICATED North America – plum (grape), blueberry, cranberry, pecan, sunflower, tapery bean Meso America – maize (corn, tomato, sieva bean, scarlet runner bean, cotton, avocado, papaya, cacao, cassava, sweet potato Lowland South America – yam, pineapple, cassava, sweet potato, cotton  REGIONS OF THE WORLD WHERE MAJOR CROPS WERE DOMESTICATED Europe – oats, sugarbeet, cabbage, grape, olive Africa – African rice, sorghum, millet, yam, watermelon, cowpea, coffee, cotton, sesame Near East – wheat, barley, pea, lentil, chick pea, fig, date, flax, pear, pomegranate,olive, grape, apple, plum Central Asia – common millet,  REGIONS OF THE WORLD WHERE MAJOR CROPS WERE DOMESTICATED China – soybean, cabbage, onion, peach, foxtail millet Southeast Asia – oriental rice, banana, citrus, yam, mango, thin sugarcane, taro, tea South Pacific – sugarcane, coconut, breadfruit Australia – Macademia nut India – pigeon pea, eggplant, cucumber, cotton, sesame  Stages in the Development of Philippine Agriculture 1. Pre-colonial period Indo-Malayan migrants brought with them wet- rice agriculture and carabao as source of manpower Slash and burn or kaingin culture or non- plow farming predominated in other areas Main crops include rice, gabi, yam, banana, millet, coconut, ginger, clover, cinnamon and nutmeg  Stages in the Development of Philippine Agriculture 2. Colonial period  a non-producing class of Filipinos produced surpluses leading to an increase in agricultural production Plant introduced: mulberry, wheat, cucumber, cantaloupe, water melon, new varieties of cereals, peas and other vegetables  development of haciendas March 6, 1909 – UP College of Agriculture in Los Baños was founded  Stages in the Development of Philippine Agriculture 3. Post-war period  characterized by the introduction of technological improvements  use of modern farm inputs and farm mechanization in 1950s  building up of market for tractors and power tillers in 1960s  IRRI was established  introduction of high yielding varieties  development and expansion of international agricultural trading especially for coconut and its by-products, tobacco, sugarcane, pineapple, etc.  Meaning and Scope of Crop Science Crop Science is the study of agricultural issues and challenges, including resource use consistent with sustainable production of food, feed, fiber and fuel. production, processing and marketing of high quality food and non-food products. research. development and implementation of innovative and efficient production.  Meaning and Scope of Crop Science Crop Science is concerned with the selection, improvement and production of crops useful to man. It addresses the planting, maintenance, protection, harvesting, storage and aspects of post harvest handling of produce.  Meaning and Scope of Crop Science To provide sufficient training and production technology to enable students (graduates) to engage meaningfully in full-time crop production enterprise. To prepare them with adequate knowledge and skills to work in research and development agencies in the local and national levels Complementary fields of Agriculture Botany Soil science Entomology Crop Breeding and Genetics Economics Chemistry Biochemistry Mathematics Statistics Physics Plant Pathology Plant/Crop Physiology Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Meteorology - - - to be assured of success in terms of stability, productivity and sustainability.  Unit 2 Nature, Composition and Classification of Plants  Some Terminologies Plant – any organism belonging to the plant kingdom, anchored to the soil but have the capacity to produce their own food Crop – domesticated or cultivated plants that are grown for food and for profit Science – systematic accumulated and tested knowledge based on facts and principles Crop Science – It deals with the observation and classification of knowledge about economic cultivated crop species based on underlying principles of their growth and development Some terms… Cultivar – cultivated variety Family – usually the highest taxon commonly included in plant identification or study Taxonomy – field of science that deals with the classification, nomenclature and identification of plants Variety – a group of individuals (plants) within a species that differ from the rest of the species  A. NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF PLANTS Organizational structure of plants: Organelles cells tissues organs community plant Systems Parts of a Plant Cell Plant and Plant Organs Meristematic Tissue (Apical) Meristematic Regions Complex/Permanent Tissues Intercalary Meristem Types of Root System Comparison of Roots  Functional Name of Roots Storage Brace roots roots (corn) Aerial roots (orchids) Aquatic roots (water lily)  Types of Stems Monocot stem Woody stem (guava, (corn) dicot)  Types of Stems Herbaceous stem (tomato) Modified stems Below Ground Stem Modification  Above Ground Stem Modification Crown (pineapple) Offshoots (banana) Above-ground stem modifications The Leaf and Its Tissues Parts of a flower Parts of a Seed Parts of a Seedling (Bean) Parts of a Seedling  B. Classification of Crop Plants 1. Botanical Classification Crops are named in three (3) ways: Common Name Local name Scientific name Grouping of plants from the largest to the smallest group as bases for modern classification (Seven Levels of Classification): Kingdom, division, class, sub- class, order, family, genus, and species 2. Crop Groupings/Classification 1. Agronomic or Field Crops - annual herbaceous plants that are grown on the farm under a system of “extensive” or large scale culture. The crops can be further grouped based on the manner by which they are utilized 2. Horticultural crops - annual and perennial species which are grown under a system of “intensive” culture which means they usually require special care. They can be further grouped in relation to the manner that they are utilized. Agronomic Crops… Cereal or grain crops (grass family, Graminae) - utilized as staples. The word cereal is derived from the name of the most important grain deity, the Roman Goddess Ceres. Examples: Rice (Oryza sativa L) Corn (Zea mays L) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Millet (Pennisetum typhoides & Eleusine coracana) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Oats (Avena sativa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare). Agronomic crops… Grain legumes or pulses (family Leguminosae)  consumed in dry seed form which are rich sources of protein; poor man’s meat  has ability to fix nitrogen from the air in symbiotic association with the Rhizobium Examples: Mungbean (Vigna radiata) Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Soybean (Glycine max) Agronomic crops… Root and tuber crops are sources of carbohydrates. The major species: Cassava/Manioc (Manihot esculenta/utilissima) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) Gabi (Colocasia esculenta Yam (Dioscorea alata) Yautia (Xanthosoma sagittifolia)) Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) Agronomic crops… Sugar crops include the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and Sugarbeet (Beata vulgaris) Oil and beverage crops - Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Coffee (Coffea sp), Cacao/Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), peanut, corn, and soybean. Agronomic crops… Fiber crops are sources of fiber such as kenaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa), jute (Corchorus olitorius), ramie (Boehmeria nivea), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Rubber crop like the rubber tree (Hevea braziliensis) Forage legumes and grasses for animal fodder such as napier (Pennisetum purpureum), guinea grass (Panicum maximum), paragrass (Brachiaria mutica), pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens, Alabang X (Dicanthium aristatum). Agronomic crops… Important forage legumes are centro (Centrosema pubescens), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), townsville stylo (Styolosanthes humilis), and siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum). Medicinal Plant include the Ulasiman (Portuloca oleraceae). Crops for industrial processing. The economic species are: sugarcane, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and castor Horticultural Crops… Olericultural or vegetable crops - crops such as leafy, fruit and root vegetables. Examples: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Onion (Allium cepa) Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) Yardlong bean/Sitao (Vigna sesquipedales) Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Bittergourd/Ampalaya(Momordica charantia) Watermelon (Citrullus lunatus) Pechay (Brassica napus) Horticultural crops… Pomological/fruit crops - consumed fresh or processed form Major species: Mango (Mangifera indica) Banana (Musa sp.) Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Papaya (Carica papaya) Pummelo (Citrus grandis) Lanzones (Lansium domesticum) Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Durian (Durio zibethinus) Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Horticultural crops… Ornamental plants - includes a wide variety of species grown for the cutflower industry and decorative purposes. Major cutflower species: Orchids (Dendrobium and Vanda) Rose (Rosa sp) Chrysanthemum (C. morifolium) Gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.) Horticultural Crops… Plantation crops for industrial processing - coconut (Cocos nucifera), coffee (Coffea sp), cacao (Theobroma cacao), abaca (Musa textilis), and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Spice-producing crops - black pepper (Piper nigrum), vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) Horticultural crops… Aromatic or essential-oil producing crops - lemon grass or tanglad (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella or salay (C. winterianus), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanoides and ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata) Medicinal or biocidal plants - sources of pharmaceutical and insecticidal compounds: lagundi (Vitex negundo), yerba buena (Mentha cordiflora) and 3. Descriptive Classification Growth habits (annuals, biennials, perennials) Structure and Form (herbaceous, woody, vines, trees) Leaf retention deciduous – plants that shed off leaves annually and are leafless at extended periods  evergreen – plants that maintain green leaves throughout the year 3. Descriptive Classification Climatic conditions tropical – plants that grow in warm climates where freezing rarely occurs temperate – plants that grow where there is marked winter season with considerable freezing subtropical – plants that grow in places where growing season (summer) is prolonged boreal – plants that grow in climates colder than that of the temperate zone  4. As to Usefulness/Economic Value Crops as sources of food - Rice and corn as staple food; root and tuber crops and banana; pulses, vegetables and fruits supply not only calories but also proteins, vitamins and minerals. Some are rich in phytochemicals: Tomato (lycopene), soybeans (isoflavones) and cabbage and cauliflower (sulphoraphane) which are “protective crops” against certain forms of human cancer. Crops as sources of feed. Soybean meal, a by- product of oil-extraction is rich in protein, and is an essential ingredient in feed formulation.  4. As to Usefulness/Economic Value Crops are sources of fiber for textiles and fabrics - cotton, abaca, jute and kenaf and ramie.. Sacks made from jute and kenaf are preferred to those from synthetic fiber bags for grains because they are difficult to handle, less elastic and smoother. Crops as sources of raw materials for industrial manufacturing - sugar from sugarcane and fructose from corn starch; starch of varied industrial uses like adhesives and textile softeners Crops as sources of raw materials for industrial manufacturing … Aromatic compounds such as vanillin, tannins and lignins Other terpenoids like the essential oils such as menthol, peppermint and lavender for perfume manufacture Steroids like cortisone, digoxin and diosgenin and alkaloids like colchicines; morphine, atropine, quinine. Natural pesticides like azadirachtin (neem tree), nicotine, pyrethrin (chrysanthemums)  4. As to Usefulness/Economic Value Crops as sources of energy - rice hulls, sugarcane bagasse and other by-products can be used directly as source of heat to run dryers, furnaces and boilers in sugar mills. Anhydrous alcohol (ethanol) -as additive to gasoline (10%) to replace tetraethyl lead to improve octane quality (Jatropha, sweet sorghum, cassava, sweet potato) Methyl ester (coconut oil, palm oil, rape seed) - as substitute to diesel oil in Malaysia to power buses, taxis and tractors. Glycerine is removed from plant oil by treating it with methanol and the end-product are methyl ester and glycerine.  4. As to Usefulness/Economic Value Crops as sources of revenues from export - coconut products, mainly coconut oil, copra meals and desiccated coconut and sugar products. Other items of agricultural export are fruits and vegetables, mainly canned pineapple products, banana and mangoes. Crop industries as source of employment in the rural areas - agriculture, which include livestock, fishery and forestry is a major source of employment among Filipinos.  Comparison between Agronomic & Horticultural Crops CRITERIA Agronomic Crops Horticultural Crops Commodities Cereal, legumes, rootcrops, etc. Vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, etc Diversity/unit growing area less more Management extensive intensive Income/unit area lower higher Adaptation limited wide Utilization As staples Consumed with staples Consumption Processed & eaten at mature stage Consumed in fresh form and eaten at any stage of development Aesthetic value lower higher Nutritive value Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids plus Provides important vitamins and minerals, some vitamins and minerals carbohydrates, proteins and lipids Life cycle Semi-annual, annual, few Semi-annual, annual, biennial and perennials perennials Compatibility with cropping system Less compatible Highly compatible Moisture content of harvested low high product shelf life longer low  5. Ecological Classification Ecology - is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them. Ecosystem – is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment (e.g. corn field with corn interacting with its environment Environment – refers to the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates (living and non-living factors)  Ecological Plant Groups 1. Hydrophytes (water plants) Plants are adapted to live nearly or quite submerged in water. Such plants have much reduced, or sometimes altogether absent, root system; leaves, if completely submerged are usually very much dissected and thin; Stomata are always absent; stem is usually very soft and weak; vascular tissue is very poorly developed; tissue is spongy provided with air passages. These plants may be submerged, free floating or amphibious (i.e., only partly submerged).  Ecological Plant Groups 2. Hygrophytes (shade-loving plants) Plants are invariably moisture and shade-loving; root system and vascular tissue are poorly developed; stem and roots are soft and spongy and show stunted growth; stem is mostly modified as rhizome which is an organ for propagation; eaves are well developed and prominent, with stomata; rate of transpiration is very low, excess of water is expelled through water stomata or hydathodes. Common examples are ferns, begonias, aroids and certain grasses.  Ecological Plant Groups 3. Mesophytes (warm-loving plants) Plant species thrives best on a moderate supply of water; havewell developed roots and leaves. These are large and fast growing with big leaves stomata are unprotected. Vascular tissue is very much developed and differentiated. Mechanical tissue is extensively developed; herbaceous or woody. These include upland crops such as maize, legumes, cucurbits, potato, tomato, herbs, etc.  Ecological Plant Groups 4. Xerophytes Many plants have become so modified during the course of evolution that they are able to thrive under conditions where the available soil water is comparatively small in amount and where plants without special adaptive modifications would rapidly perish. These plants are drought-loving plants such as cactus, bromeliads, pineapples and some gymnosperm plants (agave, acacia, etc).  Ecological Plant Groups 5. Halophytes These are plants that inhabit saline soil with high concentrations of saltss like NaCl, MgCl2, MgSO4 (hence physiologically dry soil), or saline water; plants can tolerate a relatively high concentration of these salts. Plants have succulent leaves and sometimes the stem ; some leaves are modified into spines. These Mangrove trees, thrift (Armeria), sea lavender (Limonium), and rice grass (Spartina)  Major Crops of the Philippines, by Region Regi Name Major Crops on of Region NCR Potato, cabbage, cutflowers I Ilocos Mango, rice, vegetables, Region peanut II Cagaya Mungo, rice, corn, onion, n Valley garlic, mango, calamundin, banana, pineapple III Central Mungo, rice onion, eggplant, Luzon tomato, garlic, cbaage,  Major Crops of the Philippines, by Region Regi Name Major Crops on IV Souther Rice, peanut, sweet potato, n garlic, eggplant, tomato, Tagalog onion, calamundin, mango, pineapple, pummelo, gladiolus, orchids, coconut, sugarcane, coffee V Bicol Sweet potato, cassava, Region garlic, calamundin, pineapple, chrysanthemum, abaca, coconut  Major Crops of the Philippines, by Region Regio Name Major Crops n VI Wester Mungbean, rice, peanut, nVisay onion,eggplant, tomato, as garlic, mango, banana, calamundin, orchids, roses, anthuriums, foliage, sugarcane, coffee VII Central Sweet potato, corn, cassava, Visaya mungo, peanut, cabbage, s eggplant, tomato, potato, rose, gladiolus,  Major Crops of the Philippines, by Region Regio Name Major Crops n VIII Eastern Sweet potato, cassava, Visayas onion, ilang-ilang, abaca IX Western Cassava, orchids, coconut, Mindana pineapple, banana, o chrysanthemum, roses, foliage plants, vanilla X Northern Corn, potato, banana, Mindana mango, chrysanthemum, o roses, coconut, coffee, abaca  Major Crop of the Philippines, by Region Regio Name Major Crops n XI Souther Corn, potato, banana, n mango, chrysanthemum, Mindan roses coconut, abaca, ao coffee XII Central Corn, potato, banana, Mindan durian, gladiolus, roses, cut ao foliage, coconut XIII BARMM Cassava, durian, pummelo, coconut CARAG