TLED 205 Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts I PDF

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS TLEd 205 Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts I JHON MAR AMOR MAJERANO INSTRUCTOR Chapter 4 SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY Areas of MAIN CAMPUS Speci...

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS TLEd 205 Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts I JHON MAR AMOR MAJERANO INSTRUCTOR Chapter 4 SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY Areas of MAIN CAMPUS Specialization in Agriculture- Crop Production  Introduction ✔ Crop production is central to food security, especially as global population is predicted SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY to surpass the 9 billion mark by 2050. MAIN CAMPUS ✔ Factors that further threaten food security due to climate change: 1. increasing temperatures 2. frequent droughts 3. soil salinization 4. changing intensities and frequencies of disease 5. pest incidence and their transboundary spread  Introduction ✔ Genetic diversity of crop species achieved through breeding, and optimal soil and water SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY conditions in the growing environment MAIN CAMPUS through management, constitute the essential requirements for increasing crop production. ✔ Breeding improvements in crops include increasing crop yields, improving quality, and enhancing resilience to adverse conditions such as diseases, pests, and environmental stress including drought, heat, salinity etc.  Learning Outcomes At the end of the Chapter, students must have: SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS 1. Identified, discussed, and given example of the fundamental/salient concepts of: a. crop science/production; b. crop protection; c. soil science; and d. organic agriculture.  LESSON 1 SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY Crop Science and MAIN CAMPUS Crop Protection  LESSON 1-A Crop Science SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS Plant Physiology Lesson Content: ✔ Plant physiology is a branch of study in Botany dealing with the physiological processes or functions of plants. Precisely, it is a descriptive SOUTHERN LEYTE study of variation and structure of plants at STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS the molecular and cellular level, resulting in ecological, physiological and biochemistry related aspects of plant exploration. ✔ Plants are often characterized by their structure and the various functions of their many parts. To produce crops effectively, producers must be able to identify the different types of seeds and plants. ✔ One of the best ways to learn about these differences is by comparing the parts and functions of seeds and plants.  Monocot and Dicot Crops ✔ Agricultural crops can be classified by their SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY many variations in seed and plant structure. MAIN CAMPUS One common classification is by the number of cotyledons, or first leaves located in the seed. ✔ Monocotyledonous plants, frequently called monocots, have only one cotyledon in each seed. Usually thought of as “simple” plants (e.g. corn, grain sorghum, wheat, grass hays and rice) ✔ Dicotyledonous plants or dicots- “complex plants”, have two cotyledons and can bring forth a new plant bearing two seed leaves (e.g. soybeans, cotton, Parts and Functions of a Monocot Seed SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS Parts and Functions of a Monocot Seed SOUTHERN LEYTE Seed coat- the outer covering of the seed and STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS serves as a protector. It resists the water and insects and maintain the seed’s viability or ability to grow. The term “seed coat” may vary depending on the crop. For example, in corn the seed coat is known as the pericarp; in wheat it is referred to as the bran. Parts and Functions of a Monocot Seed SOUTHERN LEYTE Embryo- miniature plant that sprouts within STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS the seed. It contains all the essential genetic information, enzymes, vitamins and minerals. Cotyledon- known as the scutellum in corn seeds, breaks down the starch in the endosperm, absorbs it, and moves it to the embryo.  Parts and Functions of a Monocot Seed Epicotyl- located above the cotyledon. It will SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY develop into the first shoot with a leaf or leaves that MAIN CAMPUS emerge from the seed upon germination. Hypocotyl- found below the cotyledon and connected to the radicle, is the first true stem of the plant. As the hypocotyl lengthens, the cotyledon and epicotyl emerge from the seed during germination.  Parts and Functions of a Monocot Seed SOUTHERN LEYTE Radicle- located below the hypocotyl. It develops STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS the primary root, absorbing water and nutrients for the seed and dying later when permanent roots are formed. When monocot seeds such as wheat are processed as a food source, the embryo is called germ, which is ground separately or with the endosperm in whole wheat products. Parts and Functions of a Dicot Seed SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS Parts and Functions of a Monocot Plant SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS Parts and Functions of a Monocot Plant Inflorescence- SOUTHERN LEYTE recognized as the floral STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS portion of the plant. The main function is for reproduction. Leaf blades- manufacturer of foods by photosynthesis. Respiration, transpiration, and food storage takes place. Parts and Functions of a Monocot Plant Nodes- remains the connection of the leaf to the SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY stem. MAIN CAMPUS Internode- or stem section of the nodes. Supports the plant, transport and store nutrients. Leaf sheath- the base of the leaf that wraps around the stem. Its function is to provide support and stabilization to the stem and protect the leaf axil, or base. Parts and Functions of a Monocot Plant Tiller- located at the bottom SOUTHERN LEYTE of a monocot plant. Serves as STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS the secondary stem. It is a new shoot from the primary plant that can grow and reproduce by itself. Tillers are one examples of how monocots multiply, specifically in rice and wheat. Roots- provide support, food storage, and nutrient absorption. Parts and Functions of a Dicot Plant SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS Parts and Functions of a Dicot Plant Terminal bud- in dicot plants it refers to SOUTHERN LEYTE the growth point in the plant. Apical STATE UNIVERSITY meristem tissues are located in the MAIN CAMPUS terminal bud and increase the length of the plant. Leaf-manufacture food through photosynthesis, conduct respiration and transpiration, and sometimes stores food. Petiole- stalk of the leaf. It attaches the leaf to the plant stem. It provide support for the leaves and transport nutrients. Parts and Functions of a Dicot Plant Petiole- stalk of the leaf. It attaches SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY the leaf to the plant stem. It provide MAIN CAMPUS support for the leaves and transport nutrients. Node-is the attachment side of the petiole to the stem giving support to the petioles. Internodes-stem sections between the nodes, provide support to the aboveground plant. They also transport and store nutrients. Parts and Functions of a Dicot Plant Axillary bud- produces a new leaf or SOUTHERN LEYTE stem. Located along the side of the STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS stem. Hypocotyl- lifts a new plant out of the soil after germination and serves as the stem base for the plant. Branch or lateral roots- roots branching off the taproot, or primary root, to provide additional support and increase nutrient absorption. Parts and Functions of a Dicot Plant Taproot- serves as the main anchor SOUTHERN LEYTE site and stores tremendous amounts STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS of nutrients for the plant. Root hairs- increases the overall absorption area for the plant.  SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS Summarize… Plant Growth and Nutrient Needs ✔ Plant Growth Stages ► Crops have four major growth stages between SOUTHERN LEYTE planting and harvesting:(1) Germination, (2) STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS vegetative, (3) reproduction, and (4) maturity 1. Germination Stage- occurs when the embryo within the plant seed sprouts and begins its development into a plant. SOUTHERN LEYTE 2. Vegetation Stage- during this stage, the plant STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS grows by stem extension and leaf multiplication. 3. Reproductive Stage- occurs after vegetative stage and includes the production of flowers and seed formation, the most critical time in the life SOUTHERN LEYTE of most crops. If anything interferes with the STATE UNIVERSITY plant’s functions during this period, crop yields MAIN CAMPUS may suffer. 4. Maturity Stage- starts once the plant has reproduced and the grain has ripened. The plant goes through a dry-down process when the leaves SOUTHERN LEYTE and stems lose their pigment and turn yellow to STATE UNIVERSITY brown. MAIN CAMPUS ✔ In some crops, such as soybean, defoliation occurs when leaves dry up and fall from the plant stems. Chemical defoliation is used in SOUTHERN LEYTE cotton production to speed up the maturity STATE UNIVERSITY stage. MAIN CAMPUS ✔ Plant Life Cycles - All plant growth stages combine to form a life cycle. The seed from a mature plant germinates into a plant that grows to maturity; the seed is harvested or returns to the ground when the plant dies. Therefore, a plant’s life cycle is classified by the length of time required for the plant to complete its growth stages. ✔ For most production crops, the life cycle can be less than 1 year or as many as 3 years. SOUTHERN LEYTE ✔ Life cycles for plants are grouped into three STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS general classifications based on how long it takes to complete their growth stage: 1. Annuals (spring and winter) 2. Biennials 3. Perennials 1. Annuals – are crops planted and harvested during a 1-year period or less. Annuals are subdivided into two groups depending on the time SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY of the year the crop is planted. MAIN CAMPUS Summer annuals- are planted in the spring or summer and harvested in the fall of the same year. These crops include corn, grain, sorghum, soybeans, and rice. Winter annuals- are typically referred to as crops planted in the fall and harvested the following summer. Examples of winter annuals, include winter wheat , winter oats, winter barley, and winter rye. SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS 2. Biennials- are crops that complete their life cycle during the second year after planting. Very few biennials are field crops with the exception of sweet clover, the most prominent SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY biennial produced in the state. They generally MAIN CAMPUS do not flower in the first year and are more common in vegetable crop seed productions. 3. Perennial- crops or plants remain alive 3 or more years after planting. Forage crops, for example, include many species that live longer than 5 years. Perennial stands are maintained by the plants ability to reseed or spread by vegetative reproduction. Life expectancy for these plants can e limited by weed pressure, disease, grazing intensity, and/or competitive species. SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS ✔ Essential Plant Nutrients - Plants cannot grow and develop without essential nutrition. Seventeen essential plant nutrients are needed for optimum plant growth SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY and development. These essential plant nutrients MAIN CAMPUS are broken down into nine macronutrients (major) and eight micronutrients (minor). ✔ Macronutrients - Of the nine essential macronutrients, the three most basic elements found in all life-forms are Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). These basic elements are all supplied by air and water. ✔ Plants also require additional macronutrients found in solids. Of these, they are classified as primary macronutrients and secondary SOUTHERN LEYTE macronutrients. STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS Primary macronutrients- they are needed in greater amounts by plants such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Secondary macronutrients- they are available in mineral solids but are needed in lesser amounts by plants namely calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur (S). SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS ✔ Nitrogen (N)- is a major component of the atmosphere. About 78% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas (N2). It can be found in the soil, organic matter and through the activity of SOUTHERN LEYTE microorganisms. Plants use two forms of nitrogen; STATE UNIVERSITY ammonium (NH4) and nitrate (N3O). MAIN CAMPUS ✔ Both leach from the soil through percolating water (water moving downward through soil). Nitrogen is equally important in the breakdown of decaying plants by microbes to form humus, the brownish-lack organic material in soil. If microbes run out of nitrogen, they stop working and can e noticeable when plant matter in the soil has not decomposed after a year. ✔ Abundant nitrogen results in a dark green, lush growth of the plant. The pale-green color of nitrogen deficient plants results from a shortage of chlorophyll. ✔ Phosphorus (P)- comes originally from rock. The availability to plants is very complex and is SOUTHERN LEYTE related to the soil pH level. STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS ✔ Phosphorus in soil comes in two forms, organic and inorganic. The organic form is held tightly and is not readily available to plants. It is broken down by microorganisms into forms of phosphorus that can be used by plants. ✔ The amount of phosphorus available in the soil depends usually on the soil pH, types of fertilizers added and how they are applied. ✔ Potassium (K)- mostly abundant in the topsoil. It assists in the uptake of nutrients and in enzyme systems, affecting metabolism and SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY photosynthesis. MAIN CAMPUS ✔ It is important in the formation of carbohydrates and helps to regulate the opening and closing of stomata in the leaves, which are the opening, or silts, that allow for breathing and water transportation. ✔ Potassium deficiencies can be detected in plants as the edges of older leaves and areas between the veins turn yellow, then brown. ✔ Calcium (Ca)- usually makes up more than 80% of the total bases present in the soil. The amount of exchangeable calcium is critical in SOUTHERN LEYTE changing soil pH, as is the availability of other STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS elements. Calcium can be supplied to the soil through agricultural limestone that is high in calcium carbonate (CaCO3). ✔ Magnesium (Mg)- makes up about 15% of the bases in the soil and can e supplied through dolomitic limestone high in magnesium carbonate. It is vital to the photosynthesis process. Most of the Mg in plants is in chlorophyll or in seed. ✔ Sulfur (S)- is absorbed by plants as sulfate (SO4) or from the air as sulfur dioxide (SO2). It is a vital part of all plant proteins and some SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY hormones and also available through organic MAIN CAMPUS matter. Sulfur can be applied as ferrous sulfate or aluminum sulfate (alum). It can be added to reduce high pH levels. Sulfur deficiencies slow protein production and formation of amino acids. It resembles nitrogen deficiencies in that leaves turn yellow during dry periods. ✔ Micronutrients ✔ Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY by plants than macronutrients. Therefore, MAIN CAMPUS micronutrients are sometimes called the minor or trace elements. ✔ In the past, adequate levels of micronutrients were maintained in the soil because crop yields were lower and crop residue returned many needed micronutrients to the soil and fertilizers were not accurately applied. ✔ Even though plants require small amounts of these nutrients, a deficiency can have a devastating effect on plant growth. ✔ Some micronutrients function as a part of enzyme molecules or aid in the enzyme function. Others assist in plant metabolism. SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY Some trace elements such as Cu and Fe, aid MAIN CAMPUS in the formation of chlorophyll. ✔ They are generally included in complete fertilizer mixes. However, overdoses can be toxic to plants, killing them or making them unfit for human consumption. Activity 2 1. Identify and define in your own words 5 fundamental concepts from EACH of the following topics: a. Crop science SOUTHERN LEYTE b. Crop protection STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS c. Soil science d. Organic agriculture 2. Based on the chapter content, explain the role and significance of crop production to be integrated in the schools/classes. 3. What are the management practices associated with growth stages? What is the significance of management practices in the growth stages of the plants?  SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS ► END OF PRESENTATION..