Seed Quality Chapter PDF

Seed Quality Seed is a basic input in agriculture. Strictly speaking seed is an embryo, a living organism embedded in the supporting or the food storage tissue. In seed, the importance is given to the biological existence whereas; in grain the importance is gi...

Seed Quality Seed is a basic input in agriculture. Strictly speaking seed is an embryo, a living organism embedded in the supporting or the food storage tissue. In seed, the importance is given to the biological existence whereas; in grain the importance is given to the supporting tissue the economic produce. Seed is defined as  A ripened ovule or a fertilized matured ovule containing embryo which has developed after fertilisation.  The dry dispersal unit or matured ovule developed after fertilization  Any part (or) organ of plant which has the capability to regenerate into a new plant  A propagule responsible for maintaining the intrinsic (or) genetic qualities of the variety / hybrid.  An ‘embryo’, a living organism embeded in the supporting (or) the food storage tissue and a protective coat.  Any propagative material.  Miniature plant.  Dormant plant  Link between two generations  Carrier of service material.  Generative part of a plant that develop into a new plant. However, the widely accepted definition for a seed is matured ovule that consisting of an embryonic plant together with a store of food, all surrounded by a protective coat. As per Seed Act (1966) seed includes  Seed of food crops including edible oil seeds and seeds of fruits & vegetables.  Cotton seeds  Seeds of cattle fodder  Jute seeds  Seedlings, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, all types of grafts and other vegetatively propagated material for food crops (or) cattle fodder. Differences between seed and grain SEED GRAIN It should be a viable one Need not be a viable one It should have maximum genetic & Not so physical purity Should satisfy minimum seed No such requirements certification standards It should be completely treated with It should never be treated with pesticide /fungicide to protect seed any chemicals, since used for against storage pests and fungi consumption Respiration rate and other No such specifications physiological and biological processes should be kept at low level during storage Should be compulsorily certified / No such condition in grain truthful labelled production  Should never be converted into grain Can be converted as seed unless warranted provided the situation warrants It should satisfy all the quality norms Not considered Importance of seed Seed is the vital input in crop production because through seed only the investment made on other inputs like pesticide, fertilizer, irrigation and crop maintenance can be realized. The seed required for raising the crop is quite small and its cost is also less compare to other inputs, but the greater income farmer gets depends upon the quality of the small quantity of seed he uses. In addition to above seed is the basic for the following event of agriculture. A carrier of new technologies In India for instance, the cultivation of high yielding varieties have helped to increase food production form 52 million tonnes to more than 200 million tones over a period of 50 years. A basic tool for secured food supply The successful implementation of the High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) in India has led to a remarkable increase in production and to a new assessment of future development potential. As a result, food imports from other countries have been substantially brought down inspite of the rapid population increase. The principal means to secure crop yields in less favourable production areas The supply of good quality seeds of improved varieties suitable to these areas is one of the few important immediate contribution to secure higher crop yields. A medium for rapid rehabilitation of agriculture in cases of natural disaster Widespread floods and droughts in various parts of the country and elsewhere have focused attention on these recurrent crises and the accompanying threats of famine and starvation. The establishment of National Seed Reserve Stocks should receive high priority for meeting such natural calamities.  This would provide improved seeds in emergency periods to production areas for rapid production of food grains.  This would supply seeds to disaster regions for resowing, as no seed would normally be available in such regions. SEED QUALITY Seed quality is the possession of seed with required genetic and physical purity that is accompanied with physiological soundness and health status. The major seed quality characters are summarized as below. 1. Physical Quality: It is the cleanliness of seed from other seeds, debris, inert matter, diseased seed and insect damaged seed. The seed with physical quality should have uniform size, weight, and colour and should be free from stones, debris, and dust, leafs, twigs, stems, flowers, fruit well without other crop seeds and inert material. It also should be devoid of shriveled, diseased mottled, moulded, discoloured, damaged and empty seeds. The seed should be easily identifiable as a species of specific category of specific species. Lack of this quality character will indirectly influence the field establishment and planting value of seed. This quality character could be obtained with seed lots by proper cleaning and grading of seed (processing) after collection and before sowing / storage. 2. Genetic purity: It is the true to type nature of the seed. i.e., the seedling / plant / tree from the seed should resemble its mother in all aspects. This quality character is important for achieving the desired goal of raising the crop either yield or for resistance or for desired quality factors. 3. Physiological Quality: It is the actual expression of seed in further generation / multiplication. Physiological quality characters of seed comprises of seed germination and seed vigour. The liveliness of a seed is known as viability. The extent of liveliness for production of good seedling or the ability of seed for production of seedling with normal root and shoot under favorable condition is known as germinability. Seed vigour is the energy or stamina of the seed in producing elite seedling. It is the sum total of all seed attributes that enables its regeneration of under any given conditions. Seed vigour determines the level of performance of seed or seed lot during germination and seedling emergence. Seed which perform well at sowing are termed as quality seed and based on the degree of performance in production of elite seedling it is classified as high, medium and low vigour seed. The difference in seed vigour is the differential manifestation of the deteriorative process occurring in the seed before the ultimate loss of ability to germinate. Difference in seed vigour will be expressed in rate of emergence, uniformity of emergence and loss of seed germination. Hence it is understood that all viable seeds need not be germinable but all germinable seed will be viable. Similarly all vigourous seeds will be germinable but all germinable seed need not be vigourous. Physiological quality of seed could be achieved through proper selection of seed (matured seed) used for sowing and by caring for quality characters during extraction, drying and storage.  Seed with good vigour is preferable for raising a good plantation as the fruits, the economic come out are to be realized after several years. Hence selection of seed based on seed vigour is important for raising perfect finalize plantation. 4. Seed Health Health status of seed is nothing but the absence of insect infestation and fungal infection, in or on the seed. Seed should not be infected with fungi or infested with insect pests as these will reduce the physiological quality of the seed and also the physical quality of the seed in long term storage. The health status of seed also includes the deterioration status of seed which also expressed through low vigour status of seed. The health status of seed influences the seed quality characters directly and warrants their soundness in seed for the production of elite seedlings at nursery / field. Hence the quality seed should have  High genetic purity  High pure seed percentage ( physical purity)  High germinability  High vigour  Higher field establishment  Free from pest and disease  Good shape, size, colour etc., according to the specification of variety  High longevity / shelf life.  Optimum moisture content for storage  High market value Characteristics of good quality seed  Higher genetically purity: Breeder /Nucleus - 100% Foundation seed - 99.5% Certified seed - 99.0%   Higher physical purity for certification Maize , Bhendi 99% All crops ( most) 98% Carrot 95% Sesame, soybean &jute 97 % Ground nut 96 %  Possession of good shape, size, colour, etc., according to specifications of variety  Higher physical soundness and weight  Higher germination ( 90 to 35 % depending on the crop)  Higher physiological vigour and stamina  Higher storage capacity  Free from other crop seeds ( Expressed in number /kg) Crop Designated inseparable other crop seeds Barley Wheat ,oats & gram Oats Wheat ,gram & barley Wheat Oats, gram & barley Other crop seeds are the plants of cultivated crops found in the seed field and whose seed are so similar to crop seed that is difficult to separate them economically by mechanical means. Cause physical admixture with the crop seed only when these crop mature approximately at the same time when seed crop matures.   It should be free from objectionable weed seeds These are plants of weed species which are harmful in one or more of the following ways.  The size and shape of their seeds are so similar to that of the crop seed that is difficult to remove their seed economically by mechanical means.  Their growth habit is detrimental to the growing seed crop due to competing effect.  Their plant parts are poisonous or injurious to human and animal beings  They serve as alternate hosts for crop pests and diseases. Objectionable Weeds of Seed Crop Plants Crop Objectionable weeds Berseem Chicory(Chicorum intybus) Cucurbits Wild Cucurbita sp. Kasuri methi Melilous sp. Lettuce Wild lettuce(Lactuca sativa) Bhendi Wild Abelmoschus sp Rape &Mustard Argemone mexicona Wheat Convolvulus arvensis (Hiran kuri) Paddy Wild paddy (Oryza sativa var. Fatua)   It should be free from designated diseases It refers to the diseases specified for the certification of seeds and for which certification standards are to be met with. These diseases would cause contamination, when they are present in the seed field or with in the specified isolation distance ( eg. loose smut of wheat). For this the the certification distance has been prescribed as 180 meters. Crop Designated disease Causal organism Wheat Loose smut Ustilago tritici Sorghum Grain smut Kernel smut Sphacelotheca sorghii Mustard Alternaria blight Alternaria sp Pearl millet Grain smut Tolyposporium penicillariae Green ear Sclerospora graminicola Ergot Claviceps microcephala Sesame Leaf spot Alternaria sp Brinjal Little leaf Datura virus 2 Chilies Anthracnose leaf blight Gloesporium piperatum Leaf blight Alternaria solani Cucurbits Mosaic Cucumis virus Cowpea Anthracnose Colletotricum sp Bhendi Yellow vein mosaic Hibiscus virus 1 Potato Brown rot Pseudomonas solanacearum Root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Tomato Early blight Alternaria solani Leaf spot Xanthomonas vesicatoria   It should have optimum moisture content for storage Long term storage -6-8% Short term storage - 10-13%  It should have high market value Role of good quality seed Therefore at most care must be given upon the use of quality seed and thus certification guarantees quality and ensures high and assured yield under environmental stress conditions. This emphasizes the need for increasing the area under quality seed production. So one has to take efforts to produce quality seed and boost the yield by seed to seed seedling concept. Significance of quality seed  Ensures genetic and physical purity of the crops  Gives desired plant population  Capacity to withstand the adverse conditions  Seedlings produced will be more vigourous, fast growing and can resist pest and disease incidence to certain extent  Ensures uniform growth and maturity  Development of root system will be more efficient that aids absorption of nutrients efficiently and result in higher yield.  It will respond well to added fertilizer and other inputs.  Good quality seeds of improved varieties ensures higher yield atleast 10 – 12 % SEED AND ITS MULTIPLICATION Seed multiplication ratio It is the ratio of seed yield per seed generation i.e. many seeds are produced from a single seed. Seed renewal period Seeds undergo genetic deterioration on continuous usage for reproduction, due to the developmental variation, mechanical mixture mutation, natural crossing, minor genetic variation, selective influence of pest and disease and techniques of plant breeder. Hence some seed should be used for multiplication continuously. Hence selectively multiplied seed should be used after certain generation, i.e. seed should be renewed after certain generations adopting generation systems. Seed replacement rate Seed replacement rate is the quantity of quality seed that have replaced the actual seed requirement of the location that are normally produced by the farmer using their own seed. SRR = x / y x 100 Where x = Quantity of actual quality seed sown / used in an area / location Y = Quantity of quality seed (certified) required for the entire production area / location This replacement rate can give an idea on how much certified (quality) seed is being used. The seed replacement rate in India is around 15 – 20% which may vary with crop varieties. However it will be 100% for hybrid seeds. This SRR give an idea on how much certified seed is being used as a base seed for production of crops by farmers which will indirectly stresses or expose the requirement of quality seed for further production. Generation system In seed production as per Seed Act and Rules seeds are multiplied in definite system which is known as generation system of seed production. It involves three stages of multiplication known as Breeder seed, Foundation seed and certified seed. This generation system can be altered depending on pollination behaviour and demand if warranted. Multiplication ratios and seed multiplication stages S.No Seed crop Multiplication Seed Seed multiplication ratio renewal stages period BS FS CS (times) 1. Paddy 152 4 1 1 2 2. Wheat 49 4 1 1 2 3. Barley 26 4 1 1 2 4. Maize hybrid 248 1 1 1 1 5. Maize variety 115 3 1 1 1 6. Jowar hybrid 179 1 1 1 1 7. Jowar variety 94 3 1 1 1 8. Bajra hybrid 380 1 1 1 1 9. Bajra variety 175 3 1 1 1 10. Ragi 420 4 1 1 2 11. Gram & Peas 24 3 1 1 2 12. Pigeon peas 150 3 1 1 1 13. Other pulses 125 3 1 1 1 14. Groundnut 18 5 1 2 2 15. Brassicas 200 3 1 1 1 16. Sesamum 200 3 1 1 1 17. Linseed 42 4 1 1 2 18. Other oil crops (73-100) 3 1 1 1 19. Cotton 46 3 1 1 1 20. Jute 120 3 1 1 1 21. Fodder 75 3 1 1 1