Lecture 1: Plantation Crop Production PDF

**[LECTURE 1: Plantation Crop Production Enterprise]** ***Major Tropical Plantation Crops*** **What is Plantation Crops?** - loosely defined as crops, usually perennial and require minor changes in the structure of the product (primary processing) before utilization. - Plantation cro...

**[LECTURE 1: Plantation Crop Production Enterprise]** ***Major Tropical Plantation Crops*** **What is Plantation Crops?** - loosely defined as crops, usually perennial and require minor changes in the structure of the product (primary processing) before utilization. - Plantation crops are perennial crops that are grown on a large scale by an individual or a company. ***2 Main Classification*** 1. Botanical System (Most precise and universally used) 2. Functional System a. Agronomic Crops b. Horticultural Crops i. Vegetables ii. Fruits iii. Ornamentals iv. Plantations 1. Oil crops a. Coconut b. Castor 2. Fiber crops c. Abaca d. Kapok e. Buri 3. Beverage crops f. Cacao g. Coffee h. Tea 4. Spices, Condiments, Essences i. Turmeric j. Black pepper k. Vanilla 5. Latexes and resins l. Rubber (rimas, papaya) 6. Medicinal and botanical pesticides m. Lagundi n. Neem ***Agronomic vs Horticultural Crops*** **CRITERIA** **AGRO CROPS** **HORTI CROPS** -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Commodities Cereals, grains, legumes, peanut, forages, sugarcanes, etc. Vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, plantation crops, etc. Diversity/unit growing area Less More Management Extensive Intensive Income/unit area Lower Higher Adaptation Limited Wide Utilization Eaten as staples Consumed with staples Consumption Usually processed and eaten at mature stage Usually consumed in fresh form; can be eaten at any stage based on purpose Aesthetic value Lower Higher Nutritive value Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids plus vitamins and minerals Important vitamins and minerals, some carbohydrates, proteins and lipids Life cycle Semi-annual, annual, and few perennials Semi-annual, annual, biennial, and few perennials Compatibility to cropping system Less compatible Highly compatible Moisture content when product is harvested Low High ***Types of Crops in Agriculture: Why and How to Classify*** - A variety of crop type classifications are practical in agriculture. Foremost, there's a list of different types of crops depending on their commercial purposes. Plants can also be classified based on their life cycles, making it easier for farmers to schedule their planting and harvesting activities. A new group of genetically modified organisms has recently taken an essential place among types of agricultural crops, helping to make food more accessible while also having some negative environmental impacts. - Farmers should always consider the characteristics of various crop types when choosing which ones to plant and planning their agricultural activities. Modern technology will be especially beneficial for large-scale plant type classification and management. ***Classification of Plantation Crops*** - **Oil crops** - Production in the Philippines is a very promising agricultural enterprise. Aside from providing humans and animals with nutritious food, oil crops provide a variety of uses for industrial, medicinal, cosmetic, forage, and fertilizer preparation. - Beverage crops - Beverage crops are the crops which provide a potable beverage other than water. It also includes starch and sugar, which are used in making beverages. - Ex. Coffee, cacao, tea - Fiber crops - Fiber crops or plant fibers are a type of natural fibers as they are obtained naturally and directly from the different sources of plants and their products. These fiber crops are very high in their length, width, tenacity, uniformity, spinning liability and flexibility. The different sources of plant fibers are-cotton, jute, coir, abaca and flax. - Spices, condiments, and essences - Condiment crops are plants that are grown specifically for their flavorful and aromatic seeds, fruit, or leaves, which are then used to make condiments. Some examples of condiment crops include chili peppers, black pepper, mustard, cumin, fennel, and coriander. - Latex and resin - Crops that produce milky substance from its stem. Natural latex, which is nearly chemical free, is used in the manufacturing of natural latex mattresses, beauty application pads, and cushioning. ***The Following Types of Oil can be Extracted from Different Oil Crops*** 1. **Volatile oil** - This type of oil can be used for perfume preparation and the manufacture of cosmetics, facial creams, shampoos, soaps, and lubricants. 2. **Organic oil** -- This type of oil extracted from plants can be utilized in preparing insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other chemicals used controlling insect pest and diseases. 3. **Essential and pure oil** -- This resembles that of gasoline and diesel and can be used for fuel purposes. 4. **Lubricating oil** -- This type of oil extracted from plants is used as lubricant for machines, engines, and other equipment of the same kind. 5. **Edible oil** -- This type of oil is very useful for household and culinary purposes. Some of the finished products from this type of oil are cooking oil, cheese, and butter. **[LECTURE 2: Coconut]** ***What is coconut?*** - A coconut is the edible fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), a tree of the palm family. Coconut flesh is high in fat and can be dried or eaten fresh or processed into coconut milk or coconut oil. The liquid of the nut, known as coconut water, is used in beverages. ***Classification of a Coconut*** - Scientific Name: ***Cocos nucifera L.*** - Kingdom: **Plantae -- Plants** - Family: **Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl - Palm family** - Genus: **Cocos L. - coconut palm** - Species: **Cocos nucifera L. - coconut palm** - Common Name: **Coconut, Coconut Palm, Kelapa, Niyor** ***Status of Industry in Coconut*** - Philippine Industry Statistics (2014-2018) - 69 out of 82 provinces are coconut-producing provinces. - 3.6M hectares or land are planted with coconut trees. - 2.5M coconut farmers based on NCFRS data - 347M fruit-bearing trees in the country. - 14.7 MT annual production in nut term. - 91.4B pesos are the average export earnings (2014-2018). ***Description of the Coconut*** - **Tree** -- The erect coconut palm, or *Cocos nucifera,* belongs to the Arecaceae family and is grown for its fruits, which are mostly used to obtain coconut oil for cooking. - **Stem** -- The stem bears noticeable leaf scars and is smooth and light gray in color. - **Leaves** -- The pinnately split leaves are lengthy (up to 7 m/23 ft) and made up of 200--250 tapering leaflets. - **Flowers** -- Each of the 20--60 branches that make up the inflorescence, which is a spike formed at the leaf axil, has a female flower at its base and numerous male flowers. - **Fruits** -- The fruit has a solitary seed and is a drupe. Its three sides are separated by ridges, giving it an oval shape. - **Husk** -- The coconut\'s husk is composed of the exocarp and the mesocarp. - **Seed** -- The seed is partially filled with a substance called coconut water and shielded by a thick, rocky shell, or endocarp. - **The meaty** -- white edible endosperm can range in thickness from 1.0 to 2.5 cm (0.4 to 1.0 in). ***Selection of Breeds*** 1. Search for ideal characteristic in the palms 2. Look for genetic diversity 3. Mark the palms you've chosen 4. Gather seed nuts 5. Keep eye on the seedlings ***Origin and Distribution*** - The origin of Coconut palm is considered as a native of Malesia, a bio-geographical region that includes Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea, and several Pacific Island groups. - Coconuts have been documented in archaeological digs and ancient inscriptions, as well as in Sanskrit texts related to religion, agriculture, and Ayurveda. Historical records and travel accounts from visitors from China, Arab regions, and Italy also highlight their significance. Due to their many uses and benefits, coconuts have earned titles such as \"Tree of Life,\" \"Tree of Heaven,\" \"Tree of Abundance,\" and \"Kalpavriksha,\" which refers to a tree that fulfills all life\'s needs. - The term coconut refers to the seed or the fruit of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). Cocos is a monotypic genus of the family Arecaceae. The epithet nut is a misnomer, as the fruit is a drupe botanically. Early Spanish explorers called it 'cocos' or 'monkey face' 'nucifera' means 'nut bearing'. The spelling 'cocoanut' is an old fashioned form of the word coconut (Pearsall, 1999). ***Nomenclature and Description of Some Selected Coconut Varieties*** 1. **Tall Varieties** a. West Coast Tall i. Origin: India ii. Yielding approximately 80 coconuts annually. iii. Known for its high oil content, it's perfect for producing coconut oil. b. East Coast Tall iv. Origin: India v. A popular variety yielding 60-70 nuts annually. vi. Towering at 90 feet. c. Jamaica Tall vii. Origin: Jamaica viii. Yielding up to 200 coconuts annually. ix. Towering over 100 feet and boasting a lifespan of up to 80 years. 2. **Dwarf Varieties** d. Golden Malayan Dwarf x. Origin: Malaysia xi. Yields the most delicious commercial coconut water and juice. xii. Can soar up to 60 feet tall. e. King Coconut xiii. Origin: Sri Lanka xiv. Football in shape. xv. Trees reaching 20 feet. xvi. more potassium than banana. f. Malayan Yellow Dwarf xvii. Origin: Malaysia xviii. Oblong, medium-sized fruits initially light yellow-green, turning pale yellow as they mature. xix. Can grow up to 50 feet tall. xx. Easy-to-grow coconut tree. 3. **Hybrid Varieties** g. Chandra Laksha xxi. Origin: Kerala xxii. A hybrid of West Coast Tall and Chowghat Orange Dwarf coconut. xxiii. Produces up to 115 coconuts annually, with fruits containing 68% oil content. h. Macapuno xxiv. Origin: Philippines xxv. Yields dry coconuts with minimal water content, resulting in sweeter, nuttier flesh. Its translucent, firm yet soft texture resembles jelly. ***Key Production of Coconut*** 1. **Highly Suitable Areas** a. Rainfall: Well-distributed, with a maximum of 1.5 dry months per year. b. Expected Yield: More than 2.5 tons of copra per hectare per year. c. Examples: Calabarzon (Batangas, Quezon) and Bicol Region (Camarines Sur, Albay). 2. **Intermediate/Suitable Areas** d. Rainfall: Adequate, with a maximum of 3 to 4.5 dry months per year. e. Expected Yield: Between 1.5 to 2.5 tons of copra per hectare per year. f. Examples: Eastern Visayas (Leyte, Samar) and Southern Mindanao (Davao del Sur). 3. **Fairly Suitable Areas** g. Rainfall: Poorly distributed, with a maximum of 6 dry months per year. h. Expected Yield: Less than 1.5 tons of copra per hectare per year. i. Examples: Parts of the Ilocos Region and Cordillera Administrative Region. j. This classification helps determine the best regions for coconut farming based on rainfall patterns and productivity potential. ***Environmental Adaptation*** 1. **Climate Adaptation** a. Temperature: Coconuts grow best in warm tropical climates, typically between 25-30°C. b. Rainfall: They thrive in areas with 1,500-2,500 mm of annual rainfall. 2. **Drought Resistance** c. Coconuts can endure short periods of drought due to their deep root systems, which help access moisture from deeper soil layers. 3. **Ecological Adaptation** d. Coconut palms contribute to biodiversity, providing habitats for various species like birds and insects. 4. **Salinity Tolerance** e. Coconuts can tolerate saline conditions, making them suitable for coastal regions. 5. **Pest and Disease Management** f. While coconut palms have some natural resistance to pests and diseases, environmental stress can increase vulnerability. ***Soil and Climatic Requirements*** 1. Soil requirement a. It grows well in almost all types of soils including sandy, laterite, swampy, alluvial, black and saline soils 2. Climatic requirements b. Temperature: ideal temperature 27°C to 32°C c. Altitude: 600meters above sea level d. Sunlight: needs full sunlight e. Humidity: high humidity levels between 70% and 90% to support flowering and fruit development. f. Rainfall: requires 1000 to 2500mm annual rainfall ***Propagation and Care of Seedlings*** 1. Selecting and preparing of seed a. Choose matured coconut b. Pre-germination soak 2. Propagation c. Planting location d. Planting method 3. Caring for coconut seedlings e. Watering f. Fertilization g. Mulching h. Weed and pest control ***Production and Management*** - Coconut producers are too uncovered to financial hazard and instabilities due to advertise cost changes. Thus, the coconut segment requires inventive, multi-pronged methodologies to address these challenges and to quicken industry development ***Pests and Diseases and their Control*** 1. **Rhinoceros Bettle** -- Coconut palm is inclined to invasion by a expansive number of bugs. The major bothers are the rhinoceros insect, ruddy palm weevil, leaf eating caterpillar, eriophyid vermin and the white grub. Bugs like coreid bug, scale creepy crawlies, coarse bugs and slug caterpillars cause impressive harm to the edit in certain regions. ***Harvesting*** 1. [Identify ripe coconut] a. Select coconuts with a diameter of about 6--8 inches (15--20 cm). b. Squeeze the coconut to ensure that it\'s firm. c. Look for a golden brown color. 2. [Pole Method] - farmers use a long pole with a cutting tool to cut the coconut bunch, allowing it to fall to the ground. d. Maneuver the pole into position. e. Cut the coconut free. f. Watch for falling coconuts. 3. [Climbing Method -] The climbing method involves manually climbing the tree to cut the bunches. g. Strap on a palm climbing harness for an easy option h. Fashion a makeshift foot strap if you don\'t have a climbing harness. i. [Scale the tree](https://www.wikihow.com/Climb-a-Palm-Tree) until you're high enough to reach the palms. j. Twist the coconut free by hand. k. Drop the coconut point-first. ***Processing*** 1. [Drying:] Coconuts are dried to produce copra, which is used to extract coconut oil. 2. [Shelling:] The hard outer shell is removed to access the meat, which can be used in food products or further processed into coconut milk. 3. [Grating:] The meat is grated and used in products like coconut flakes, desiccated coconut, and coconut flour. 4. [Extraction:] Coconut oil is extracted from the dried meat or fresh meat through pressing or solvent extraction methods. ***Marketing*** 1. [Local Markets:] Selling fresh coconuts, coconut water, and other raw products directly to consumers. 2. [Processed Products:] Marketing packaged products like coconut oil, coconut milk, and coconut-based snacks. 3. [Export:] Exporting raw and processed coconut products to international markets. 4. [Branding and Packaging:] Developing strong brands and attractive packaging to appeal to consumers. 5. [Online Sales:] Utilizing e-commerce platforms to reach a wider audience. ***Coconut Rehabilitation Program*** - A coconut rehabilitation program is an initiative designed to help coconut farmers recover and rebuild after natural disasters, pests, or diseases have damaged their crops. These programs aim to restore and enhance coconut production through activities like replanting coconut trees, improving soil health, providing training in sustainable agricultural practices, and offering alternative livelihoods for farmers while new trees grow. ***Products and By-products*** 1. **Products --** are the main outputs obtained directly from the primary processing of the coconut plant. These are often the primary items that people use or consume. The examples are: a. Coconut Meat b. Coconut Water c. Coconut Oil d. Coconut Milk e. Coconut Sugar f. Virgin Coconut Oil g. Coconut Chips h. Desiccated Coconut i. Coconut Flour 2. **By-products** - are secondary outputs obtained from the processing of coconuts or from parts of the coconut plant that are not used in the main products. These are typically used in various industries, crafts, or for additional processing. The examples are: j. Coir k. Activated Carbon l. Coconut Shell m. Coconut Husk n. Coconut Leaves o. Coconut Wood p. Coconut Sticks q. Coconut Flower ***Uses of Coconut Plant*** 1. Flesh 2. Water 3. Oil 4. Husk 5. Shell 6. Leaves 7. Wood 8. Sticks 9. Flowers **[LECTURE 3: Coffee Production Management]** ***Production of the World's Favorite Beverage*** - The country\'s coffee production declined overall in 2022-2023, partly due to climate challenges and limited access to quality coffee varieties. - According to psa the overall coffee market in the philippines is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8.22% from 2023 to 2028. Despite producing 4 types of coffee such as robusta, liberica, arabica and excelsa the country still remains as a net importer. ***Hectarage*** - In the Philippines, coffee production spans approximately 110,000 hectares. - The industry cannot meet the demand because production only amounts to less than 1 ton per hectare. This could be less due to unfavorable weather. ***Consumption Statistics*** - The Ph ranks 2nd in coffee consumption in Asia. - At a household level over 90% of Filipino household consume coffee regularly. - The Philippines produces around 30,000 to 35,000 metrics. - tons (MT) of coffee annually. This only meets a third of the nation's demand. ***What is Coffee?*** - It is a popular beverage made from roasted seeds of the coffee plant, known as coffee beans. These beans are derived from the fruits of the Coffea plant, which grows mainly in tropical regions worldwide. ***Optimal Growing Condition*** 1. Climate a. Temperature 15°C and 24°C (59°F to 75°F) 2. Elevation b. Arabica coffee: Prefers elevations of 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) c. Robusta coffee: Can thrive at lower elevations, from 200 meters (656 feet) to 800 meters (2,625 feet). 3. Soil type d. Loamy since it has good drainage and nutrient retention 4. pH Level: coffee prefers slightly acidic soil with a pH of 5.2 to 6.3 is ideal for coffee cultivation. ***Why Soil pH is Important?*** - Because in slightly acidic soil, the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is higher. These nutrients are crucial for coffee plant growth, as they support leaf development, flowering, and fruit production. ***Its Family (Rubiaceae)*** - Cinchona - Gardenia - Madder - Kratom - Cat's claw ***Origin and Distribution*** 1. Ethiopian Legend 2. Arabian Peninsula 3. Europe 4. The New World 5. Worldwide Plantation 6. America 7. 17^th^ century 8. 18^th^ century 9. 19^th^ century 10. Contemporary - In conclusion, all is not lost for the Philippine coffee industry. Coffee is grown in 50 countries along the equatorial zone called, "The Bean Belt". Interestingly, the Philippines lies within the Bean Belt. ***Most Common Varieties*** 1. **Arabica** -- Arabica coffee has a slightly sweet flavour accompanied by hints of chocolate, caramel and nuts. A hint of fruit and berries can be present. 2. **Robusta** -- Coffee with robusta beans is earthy and has a bitter flavour. It is often known for having woody and earthy notes in it\'s flavour profile. 3. **Liberica** -- Coffee liberica beans are larger than Arabica and Robusta beans, with a unique shape that resembles a teardrop. They also have a distinct aroma, with a floral and fruity scent. 4. **Excelsa** -- Excelsa coffee is a bean species known for its exceptional flavor profile. Some of the flavor notes most often associated with excelsa coffee include fruity, woody, and earthy notes. ***Philippines Coffee Industry*** - The Philippines is one of the few countries producing four main coffee varieties: Arabica, Robusta, Excelsa, and Liberica. - Coffee was introduced to the Philippines by Spanish colonizers in the 18th century, with Cavite as one of the first regions to cultivate it. - The coffee sector is an important agricultural segment in the Philippines, providing jobs for thousands of Filipino farmers and supporting small-scale businesses and cooperatives. ***Coffee Industry*** - **Amadeo:** Known as the \"Coffee Capital of the Philippines,\" Amadeo is famous for its expansive coffee plantations and annual coffee festivals. - **Silang and Alfonso:** These towns produce significant amounts of Robusta and Liberica, known for their distinct flavors and high quality, which adds to Cavite's reputation as a coffee producing region. - **Climate & Soil:** The highlands of Cavite offer an ideal mix of altitude, rich volcanic soil, and cool temperatures, all of which contribute to the rich and unique flavors of the coffee grown here. - The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of commercially-viable coffee it is Arabica, Liberica, Excelsa and Robusta, because its climatic and soil conditions, whether in the lowland or the mountain regions, make the country suitable for all four varieties. - Robusta is the most commonly produced variety, contributing 69% of the Philippines' total 2019 coffee bean production. It is mainly used in espresso and instant mixes. - Arabica, which contributed 23% of the total production in 2019, is mostly cultivated in high elevation areas (1000 meters above sea level) and sells at a premium price. It is primarily used for brewing or blending. - The other varieties are Excelsa (7%) with berries bigger than Arabica but smaller than Liberica, more drought and pest resistant than other varieties, and Liberica (1%), also known as Kapeng Barako, which has a strong flavor and sharp aroma. - In 2018 and 2019, the top three producing regions were concentrated in Mindanao, namely, **Davao region, Central Mindanao (**South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos City) and the autonomous region in **Muslim Mindanao,** collectively contributing 68% of the country\'s total production, with 60,300 and 62,062 metric tons of coffee, respectively. From January to June 2020, the Philippines' production of dried coffee berries reached 23,104 metric tons. - **The arabica coffee of Cordillera.** - **Kapeng Barako of Batangas.** - **The excelsa of Quezon and Batangas.** - **Civet coffee of Davao and Cavite.** ***Economic and Social Impact*** - **Livelihood:** Coffee farming is a primary source of income for many families in Cavite, supporting local communities and contributing to regional development. - **Tourism:** Cavite's coffee farms attract tourists who are interested in agro-tourism, which boosts local businesses, creates jobs, and promotes cultural heritage related to coffee. - **Challenges:** Cavite's coffee farmers face various challenges such as aging farmers, limited infrastructure, and the influx of cheaper coffee imports, which affects competitiveness and sustainability. ***Environmental Adaptation*** - The philippines is still primarily an agricultural economy. Although coffee production was once a major industry on the islands (in 1880, the Philippines was the fourth-largest coffee-producing country in the world), the Philippine coffee industry experienced mass decline after an outbreak of coffee rust in 1889. It destroyed virtually all of the coffee trees in Batangas, the country's top coffee-producing region. Today, Philippine coffee farmers are still trying to recover from that major loss---and volatile weather conditions, plus the constant threat of natural disasters, are making the task that much more difficult. - The organization like [the cacao project] and [batafama] (Bagoba Tagabawa Farmers Association) are working with farmers to create more sustainable, future-oriented solutions. Philippine coffee producers have begun diversifying their harvest to include weather resilient crops like banana and pineapples: what they call "disaster dry crops". In addition, they've begun intercropping arabica coffee plants under pine and alder trees in order to provide shade in drier regions. The overarching goal is to empower coffee. ***Varieties*** - The Philippines is one of the few nations that produces Arabica, Liberica, Excelsa, and Robusta---the four economically viable types of coffee. ***Seed Propagation*** - Coffee can be propagated asexually (grafts, cuttings) or sexually (seed). ***Nursery and Other Related Practices*** - Coffee nurseries are places where coffee seedlings are grown in a controlled environment to ensure healthy growth. - **Location:** Choose a site that's free of flooding and with access to water. The site should be sheltered from strong winds. - Maintenance: Water seedlings twice control weeds and pests, and provide dense shade. - **Soil:** Use light, loamy soil with good drainage and high organic matter content. In heavy soil, add coarse sand to improve drainage and aeration. ***Field Planting*** - **Plant in the field** - When the seedlings have 6--8 pairs of leaves, plant them in the field on a cloudy day at the start of the rainy season. Avoid planting in hot, dry, windy conditions or during the hottest part of the day. - **Space the plants** -- The recommended spacing depends on the type of coffee. - **Plant the seedlings** -- Place the seedling upright in the hole, and pack the soil around it. ***Production and Management*** - Harvesting cherries from the mature coffee plants. The dry method, wet method, and semi-dry method are the three major coffee processing methods. After the coffee fruit is processed, the coffee beans are run through the milling process, which includes hulling, polishing, cleaning, grading, and sorting. ***Management Strategies and Control Measures*** 1. Mechanical Method (for coffee borer) 2. Chemical Method ***Control of Pest and Diseases*** - The following are the most common and most destructive pest and diseases of coffee in the Philippines: 1. **Chewing insects** - Insects Attacking the Roots Ex. Cricket, White/Root Grubs. 2. **Suckling insects** - Insects Attacking the Stem or Trunk or Branches Ex. Hemispherical scale, Mealybugs. 3. **Suckling & chewing insects** - Insects Attacking the Young Shoots and Leaves Ex. Black Citrus Aphid, Black Cutworms. ***Control of Pest and Diseases*** - Physiological Diseases or Mineral Deficiencies Leaves without chlorosis. 4. Boron-Deficient Leaves 5. Manganese-Deficient Leaves 6. Integrated Pest Management of Coffee 7. Anthracnose - Symptoms: The first symptom to appear on the leaves are brown to dark brown spots up to three cm in diameter and with grayish-white center. At the later stages, the spots turn completely gray. 8. Damping-Off - Nursery disease caused by Rhizotonia solani. 9. Coffee Blister Spot - caused by the virus Wellman. - **Insects** **Attacking the Berries** 10. Coffee berry borer Scientific Name: Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). 11. Die Back Characterized by the dying of the branches and twigs starting from the tip andprogressing downwards. Causes: - Physiological factors such as: - Over-bearing - Nitrogen deficiency; and - Inadequate carbohydrate supply. - Pathogenic fungi such as: - Colletotrichum coffeanu ***Harvesting and Preparation of Product for Market*** 1. Harvesting 2. Hulling 3. The dry process 4. The wet process 5. The "pulped natural" process 6. Storage 7. Grading (sorting) 8. Coffee -- beverage brewed from the roasted and ground seed of the tropical evergreen coffee plants of African origin. ***Processing Composting and Food Value*** - Coffee can be an ally in the fight against diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, hepatic injury, cirrhosis,depression, suicidal behavior, and neurological and cardiovascular disorders. - Coffee bioactive components include phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acids, cafestol and kahweal), alkaloids (caffeine and trigonelin), diterpenes (cafestol and kahweal) and other secondary metabolites. - The image of coffee as super functional food has helped to increase coffee consumption across the globe. - Related topics on coffee production chain, world consumption and reuses of coffee by-products in the production of high-value-adding molecules with potential application in the food industry are addressed and discussed.