Construction 1 Course Notes PDF

# Construction 1 ## Pr. Younes Salami ### 1ère année du cycle architecte ### École Nationale d'architecture de Fès ### Année scolaire: 2021/2022 ## Organisation des cours 1. Architecture and construction 2. Exigences and contraints 3. Materials and construction 4. Geotechnique and foundations 5. P...

# Construction 1 ## Pr. Younes Salami ### 1ère année du cycle architecte ### École Nationale d'architecture de Fès ### Année scolaire: 2021/2022 ## Organisation des cours 1. Architecture and construction 2. Exigences and contraints 3. Materials and construction 4. Geotechnique and foundations 5. Principles of structures 6. Preparatory works and masonry ## Déroulement du module ### Objectives: - The construction project: process, stakeholders and development - Construction sector: requirements, constraints, limitations and standards - The act of building: from design to execution - The session: - A theoretical lesson + case study - Control of knowledge: - Mid-session test - Final exam - Final grade = 0.1 Attendance and participation + 0.4 Continuous controls + 0.5 Final exam ## I. Architecture and construction ### 1. Architecture and structure - Architecture and structure - Stakeholders in the act of building. - Steps of design - Steps of construction - Architect responsibilities ## I.1. Architecture and structure - The Vitruvian triad: Utilitas - Firmitas - Venustas - Functionality - Solidity - Beauty - History of the field of construction: - Construction - Architecture → Construction : conceptualization before construction. - Engineering + Architecture → Construction: separation of design and execution roles. - Today: Engineering and architecture are the pillars of the field of construction. - Specialization: structure, thermal, acoustics, fluids, waterproofing, environment, project management, construction site,… ### The structure: - Supporting the architecture to ensure the durability of the structure. - Structure = main supporting system of the building. - Example: Principle of the structure of pyramids - 52 degree angle (except for a few exceptions) - Architecture based on astronomy, geometry - Interior buttresses and smooth coating - Mechanics of structures, materials - Stones inwards for more stability - Slope stability, static study - Foundations on stable limestone - Foundations, soil knowledge ## I.1 Architecture and structure - The duality architect-engineer - Client's program: - Space arrangement, volumes - Circulation, access, lighting - Style: - Interior, facades, materials, - Regulations: - Disability, fire, urban planning documents,… - Supporting system: - Dead load, operational loads - Bracing, wind, earthquake effects - Temperature effects, - Adaptation to soil and environment. - Structural design: - Bearing capacity, soil stiffness - Groundwater - Existing elements (tunnels, semi-detached) - Soil pressure - Frost line ### I.1 Architecture and structure: Architecture at the interface of the construction trades - Technical plan of the building: - Two types of technical plans: those of the architect, and those of the structural engineer - The architect's technical plans are conceptual plans, on which structural engineers base their calculations. - Structural plans: Indicate (roughly) the location and section of the columns and walls in reinforced concrete. - Electrical plans, telecom networks, - Water supply and discharge plans, gas. - These plans are opposed to the plans drawn up by structural engineers (commissioned by the construction company). ### I.1 Architecture and structure: Architecture at the interface of the construction trades - Planning/method: - Construction methods adapted to the structural choices made - Organization of the site - Sizing of cranes - Organization of resources - Aspects of logistics ### I.1. Architecture and structure: Architecture at the interface of the construction trade - Secondary and technical trades: - Thermal insulation - Acoustics - Fire hazard and treatment - Finishes, cladding, - Passages of fluids, HVAC ### I.1. Architecture and structure: Architecture at the interface of the construction trades - Environmental aspects: - Carbon footprint of the building - Ecological footprint (ecological impact) ### I.2. The act of building - Stakeholders in the act of building - Project owner: - The one who initiates the project, who pays for and approves the interventions. - Project designer: - In charge of project development - In contact with: users, institutions, other stakeholders - Project supervisor: - Oversees the project and work - In contact with: insurance companies, other stakeholders. - Contractor: - Carries out the execution studies and the work. ### I.2. The act of building: Example - Example: A construction project is decided (Construction of a university campus of the ENA of Fez, for example). - Stakeholders involved: - Project owner: The school, the ministry. - Project Manager: an architect or engineer, an individual, possibly a structural engineer. - Public institutions: local authority, urban agency, civil protection, ADER, - Users: students, teachers, staff ... - Site organization, management (OPC): specialized company, safety and health coordinator (SPS) ### I.2. The act of building: Example - Example: A construction project is decided (Construction of a university campus of the ENA of Fez, for example). - Who does what? - A solution: - The constraints and requirements - Project owner: - Defines: - The needs and objectives of the project - Produces: - An architectural brief with all the graphic elements that will: - Users: - Intervene: - With the project managers and the project owner to make their vision known - Can produce a technical specifications document to be submitted to the project owner. - Public institutions: - Responsible for: - Building permits - Opening the building to the public - Provide written justification for reasons of non-compliance in the event of refusal - The OPC group: - Responsible for: - Site coordination through regular meetings and work reports - Report on the progress of the different phases of the construction. - A program, a preliminary version of the technical specifications with: - A model - Precise documents specifying: ## I.3. Steps of design - To achieve a goal, several steps are required in order to: - Choose a suitable architecture - Define the specifics and details of the project before determining a budget - Verify compliance of the project with the relevant authorities - Draw up a reference document for the construction company. - Development of the design stages - Preliminary studies: - Program - Survey by the surveyor - Geotechnical report - Urban planner, engineer - Competition or sketch - Preliminary design - Summary - Detailed preliminary design - Building permit - Tender package - Various plans (site plan, floor plan, section, elevation, perspective, formwork plans, - Engineer plans - Economists' reports - Various plans - Various revised plans after consultation with the different stakeholders. - Final dimensions are determined, final plan - Technical choice - Financial assessment. - Granted or not, tendered specifications drawn up, companies can draw up their bids - Taking into account the rules of town planning - The project owner accepts the bidders on the basis of the technical and financial offer. ## I.4. Steps of construction - The act of building involves several steps, the main goals of which are: - Prepare the site, ensuring compliance with safety and quality standards. - Construct the structure following the rules of the art before covering it. - Equip the building with electrical and sanitary equipment - Deliver the building, ready to be occupied by the project owner - Development of the construction stages - Preparation of the site and utilities: - Site signage - Crane location - Preparing vehicle access - Trenches for utility installation. - Underground works (shallow or deep foundations, cesspits, ...) - Foundations and masonry - Columns, beams, walls, roof structures, works - Second enclosure and covering: - Installation of electrical, telephone, RJ45, heating, plumbing, joinery, - Wall lining, false ceiling - External enclosure - Cover : roofing and cladding - Technical installations: - Cladding - Electrical and sanitary equipment - Delivery of the work and finishes: - The project owner hands over the keys to the project owner. - The project owner accepts, refuses, or accepts with reservations for the work. ## I.4. Steps of construction: Foundation and superstructure - Close the construction site - Living spaces within the construction site - VRD trenches - Terracing - Trenches for buried works ## I.4. Steps of construction - Foundations and superstructure - Foundation formwork - Foundations - Building infrastructure - Superstructure - Timber framing - Metal construction ## I.4. Steps of construction: Second enclosure and finishing - Brickwork - Timber cladding - Airtightness - Sheet metal roofing - Roof slope formwork - Roof waterproofing - Road - Lifts and mechanical systems - HVAC ## I.4. Steps of construction: Second enclosure and finishing - Building electricity - Sanitation - Cold and hot water supply. - Wall lining - Thermal insulation - False ceiling - Cladding - Joinery, glazing - Electrical equipment