Advanced Construction Systems PDF

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS ‫نظم انشاءات متقدمة‬ Dr. Mais AL-Ruwaishedi Al-Balqa Applied University / Architectu...

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS ‫نظم انشاءات متقدمة‬ Dr. Mais AL-Ruwaishedi Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi INTRODUCTION 2 Course disceptation This course presents creative structural systems and their impact on architectural space in terms of ideas, meanings, and integration in building construction. It also explains parts of modern structural frameworks by studying surface and linear configurations: beam, column, and various trusses systems (spatial, Vierendeel, and multi- sided frameworks), planar spatial structures, box structures with vertical and horizontal slabs, curved shell structures (double and single curvature), tensile membranes, and inflatable structures. Additionally, it covers the development of prefabricated buildings, their construction methods, and their coordination. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  LECTURE (1) OUTLINE Advanced Construction systems definition Overview of creative structural systems and their impact on architectural space Building envelope Types of buildings in terms of construction method and systems Relationship Between building Loads and Construction system Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  4 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Advanced building technology defined as the development of traditional construction methods by incorporating modern construction technology. The need for advanced structural systems and their application requirements: The need for advanced structural systems is driven by the need to expand vertical architecture and cover large spaces to meet contemporary requirements and the technological development that aligns with modern human needs. Why should an architect be knowledgeable about structural systems? The architect must choose a system that aligns with the architectural concept and the project's function and concept. For example, in the case of theaters, large spaces without columns are needed; hence, knowing the structural system is essential to determine the appropriate type that does not conflict with the architectural concept. The architectural design will specify the structural engineer's work by identifying any type of system that may conflict with the architectural idea. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 5 ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN? ARCHITECTURAL: The architectural engineer defines the shape of the building, the interior layout, and the required spaces and heights. When choosing the structural system, it must fit the idea and it is preferable for architects to have sufficient information about this system and its implications, as it facilitates the construction process. STRUCTURAL: The structural engineer determines the placement of the columns and distances between them, as well as the structural loads. Defines the diameters of the reinforcement bars used and their quantity based on load calculations. Shows the details of the structural connections and installation methods, which are to be coordinated with the architectural elements. Ensures the structural safety of the building and provides calculations based on the actual loads it will bear. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  OVERVIEW OF CREATIVE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 6 AND THEIR IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURAL SPACE Creative structural systems are innovative methods and technologies used in construction to support buildings in a way that enhances both functionality and aesthetics. These systems are designed to meet specific architectural needs, often pushing the boundaries of traditional construction to create more versatile and expressive spaces. Impact on Architectural Space 1. Aesthetic Appeal: 1. Creative structural systems often result in visually striking designs. 2. They allow architects to explore unique forms and complex geometries that traditional methods cannot achieve. 3. Examples include iconic buildings like the Sydney Opera House and the Beijing National Stadium (Bird's Nest). 2. Functional Versatility: 1. These systems enable the creation of large, unobstructed spaces that enhance usability. 2. They are particularly beneficial in public buildings, sports arenas, and exhibition halls where open space is critical. 3. Flexible design options allow for multi-functional spaces that can adapt to different uses over time. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi OVERVIEW OF CREATIVE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 7 AND THEIR IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURAL SPACE Impact on Architectural Space 3. Environmental Efficiency: Many innovative structural systems are designed with sustainability in mind. They often use fewer materials and reduce waste, lowering the environmental impact. Structures like geodesic domes and tensile systems can incorporate natural ventilation and lighting, reducing energy consumption. 4.Structural Integrity: Advanced engineering ensures that creative structural systems are robust and resilient. They can withstand environmental stresses such as wind, earthquakes, and heavy loads. This reliability allows for safer, longer-lasting buildings. 5. Economic Considerations: While some creative systems may have higher initial costs, they often offer long-term savings. Reduced material use, faster construction times, and lower maintenance costs contribute to overall economic efficiency. Innovative designs can also enhance property value and attract tourism and business. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  BUILDING ENVELOPE 8 Building envelope definition: The building envelope, also known as the building enclosure, is the physical barrier between the interior and exterior of a building. It includes all components that separate the internal environment from the external environment, such as walls, roofs, floors, windows, doors, and insulation. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  BUILDING ENVELOPE 9 The building envelope consists of several key components that work together to protect the interior of the building from external elements and ensure energy efficiency, comfort, and structural integrity. The main parts of the building envelope include: Roof: Protects the building from weather elements like rain, snow, and sunlight. Includes materials such as shingles, tiles, metal panels, and waterproof membranes. May also include insulation, ventilation, and drainage systems. Walls: Serve as the primary barrier between the interior and exterior environments. Composed of structural elements (like framing), exterior cladding (such as brick, siding, or stucco), insulation, vapor barriers, and interior finishes. Windows: Allow natural light into the building and provide views to the outside. Should be energy-efficient, often featuring double or triple glazing, low-emissivity coatings, and gas fills between panes. Include frames that contribute to the thermal performance and air tightness of the building. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  BUILDING ENVELOPE 10 Doors: Provide entry and exit points while maintaining the integrity of the building envelope. Should be well-insulated and weather-sealed to prevent air and moisture infiltration. Include various types such as exterior doors, sliding doors, and garage doors. Foundation: Supports the building and transfers loads to the ground. Includes components such as footings, slabs, basement walls, and insulation. Must be designed to prevent moisture ingress and provide thermal insulation. Floors: Separate different levels within the building and can include elements like slabs, joists, subflooring, and floor finishes. Often include insulation and vapor barriers to enhance energy efficiency and comfort. Insulation: Reduces heat transfer through the building envelope, improving energy efficiency and indoor comfort. Can be installed in walls, roofs, floors, and foundations. Includes materials such as fiberglass, foam, cellulose, and reflective barriers Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  BUILDING ENVELOPE 11 Vapor and Air Barriers: 1. Prevent the movement of moisture and air through the building envelope. 2. Vapor barriers are typically installed on the warm side of the insulation to prevent condensation. 3. Air barriers are designed to stop air leakage and can be incorporated into various components of the envelope. Cladding and Exterior Finishes: 1. Provide the outermost layer of the building envelope, protecting against weather and providing aesthetic appeal. 2. Include materials like brick, stone, stucco, wood, metal, and synthetic panels. Each of these components must be carefully designed, installed, and maintained to ensure the overall performance of the building envelope, including its energy efficiency, durability, and ability to provide a comfortable indoor environment Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  12 EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  13 EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 14 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS Buildings can be categorized by their construction methods and systems, which influence their structural integrity, energy efficiency, cost, and construction speed. Here are some common types: 1. Traditional Stick-Built Construction: Definition: Involves assembling the building on- site using individual pieces of lumber (sticks). Characteristics: Flexibility in design, labor- intensive, longer construction time. Examples: Single-family homes, small commercial buildings. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 15 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 2. Modular Construction: Definition: Buildings are constructed off-site in sections or modules, which are then transported and assembled on-site. Characteristics: Faster construction time, reduced waste, high quality control. Examples: Prefabricated homes, temporary buildings, some schools, and offices. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 16 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 3. Panelized Construction: Definition: Prefabricated panels (such as walls and floors) are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Characteristics: Quick assembly, reduced labor costs, improved quality control. Examples: Residential homes, commercial buildings Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 17 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 4. Steel Frame Construction: Definition: Uses a steel framework to support the building instead of wood or concrete. Characteristics: Strong, durable, flexible design, suitable for high-rise buildings. Examples: Skyscrapers, industrial buildings, large commercial structures Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 18 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 5. Concrete Construction: Definition: Involves the use of concrete as the primary structural material, often reinforced with steel. Characteristics: Durable, fire-resistant, suitable for heavy loads and large spans. Examples: Parking structures, bridges, large residential and commercial buildings. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 19 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 6. Masonry Construction: Definition: Uses individual units (such as bricks, stones, or concrete blocks) bound together with mortar. Characteristics: Durable, fire-resistant, good thermal mass. Examples: Historical buildings, schools, commercial buildings. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 20 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 7. Timber Frame Construction: Definition: Uses large wooden beams and columns as the primary structural elements. Characteristics: Aesthetic appeal, strong and flexible, eco-friendly. Examples: Custom homes, barns, some commercial buildings. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 21 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 8. Glass and Curtain Wall Construction Definition: Uses glass and lightweight aluminum or steel frames to create the building envelope. Characteristics: Modern aesthetic, allows for natural light, energy-efficient glazing options. Examples: High-rise office buildings, luxury hotels, and modern commercial buildings in urban centers. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 22 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 9. Hybrid Construction: Definition: Combines elements from different construction methods to optimize performance and cost. Characteristics: Versatile, can leverage the benefits of multiple systems. Examples: Mixed-use developments, complex commercial projects. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 23 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 10. Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) Construction: Definition: Uses insulated concrete forms that stay in place as permanent building insulation for cast-in-place concrete walls. Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) is a construction system that uses hollow blocks or panels made of rigid insulating foam, typically expanded polystyrene (EPS), which are stacked to create the formwork for concrete walls. The forms are then filled with reinforced concrete, creating a strong, energy- efficient, and durable structure. Characteristics: Energy-efficient, strong, and durable. Examples: Residential homes, commercial buildings, safe rooms. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN TERMS OF 24 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SYSTEMS 11. 3D Printing Construction: Definition: Utilizes 3D printing technology to create building components or entire structures. Characteristics: Innovative, rapid construction, potential for complex designs. Examples: Experimental housing projects, emergency shelters. Each construction method and system has its advantages and is chosen based on factors like project size, budget, location, environmental considerations, and specific building requirements. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  25 HOW WE CAN CHOSE A SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ? Choosing a specific construction method in building architecture is influenced by various factors that consider the overall project goals, site conditions, and desired outcomes. Here are some key reasons for selecting a particular construction method: 1. Cost and Budget Affordability: Traditional methods like stone masonry or mud brick construction can be more affordable in areas with abundant local materials. Cost Efficiency: Prefabricated and modular construction can reduce labor costs and construction time, making them cost-effective for many projects. 2. Construction Speed Time Constraints: Prefabricated, modular, and steel frame construction methods are often chosen for projects with tight deadlines due to their faster assembly times. Project Urgency: Temporary structures or emergency shelters may use rapid construction methods like prefabrication or 3D printing. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  26 HOW WE CAN CHOSE A SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ? 3. Design Flexibility Architectural Style: Steel frame and reinforced concrete construction offer high design flexibility, allowing for innovative architectural styles and large open spaces. Cultural and Aesthetic Considerations: Traditional Islamic architecture or vernacular styles are chosen to reflect cultural heritage and local aesthetics. 4. Sustainability and Environmental Impact Energy Efficiency: Methods like insulated concrete forms (ICF) and green building techniques are selected for their energy efficiency and reduced environmental footprint. Use of Sustainable Materials: Choosing methods that utilize renewable or locally sourced materials, such as timber frame or earth construction, supports sustainability goals. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  27 HOW WE CAN CHOSE A SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ? 5. Local Regulations and Building Codes Compliance: Construction methods must comply with local building codes and regulations, which can influence the choice based on safety standards and legal requirements. Zoning Laws: Zoning laws and land use regulations can also dictate specific construction methods suitable for certain areas. 6. Availability of Materials and Labor Local Materials: The availability of local materials can drive the choice of construction method, such as using adobe in regions with abundant clay. Skilled Labor: The availability of skilled labor for certain construction techniques can influence the method chosen. For instance, regions with skilled masons may prefer stone masonry. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  28 HOW WE CAN CHOSE A SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ? 7. Structural Requirements Load-Bearing Capacity: Reinforced concrete and steel frame construction are chosen for buildings that require high load-bearing capacity, such as skyscrapers and large commercial buildings. Durability: Methods like stone masonry and reinforced concrete are selected for their long-term durability and resistance to wear and tear. 8. Maintenance and Longevity Ease of Maintenance: Methods that require less maintenance over time, such as reinforced concrete, may be preferred for their long-term benefits. Building Lifespan: Construction methods that ensure a longer lifespan and lower lifecycle costs, such as steel frame or reinforced concrete, are often selected for permanent structures. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  29 HOW WE CAN CHOSE A SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ? 9. Project Type and Function Residential vs. Commercial: Different methods may be more suitable for residential versus commercial projects based on specific functional requirements. Specialized Uses: Certain projects, like hospitals or educational facilities, may require specific construction methods to meet functional and regulatory requirements. 10. Aesthetic and Cultural Preferences Aesthetic Goals: The desired aesthetic of the building can significantly influence the choice of construction method. For example, traditional styles might be chosen to preserve cultural heritage. Cultural Significance: In some regions, traditional construction methods are preferred to maintain cultural significance and continuity. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  30 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM In building construction, understanding the types of loads that a structure will encounter is crucial for selecting the appropriate construction method or system. Building loads can be broadly categorized into static and dynamic loads, each affecting the structural integrity and performance of a building. Here’s an overview of these loads and how they influence the choice of construction methods or systems: Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  31 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Types of Building Loads Static Loads (Dead and Live Loads) 1.Dead Loads: 1. Definition: The permanent, stationary loads that are constantly present in a structure. These include the weight of the building materials, structural components, and any permanently attached fixtures. 2. Examples: Walls, floors, roofs, beams, columns, and other permanent elements. 3. Impact on Construction Method: Construction methods must ensure that materials and structures can support these constant loads without excessive stress or deformation. Methods like reinforced concrete and steel frame construction are often used to handle substantial dead loads. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  32 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 2. Live Loads: Definition: Temporary or movable loads that a structure must support. These loads can change over time and include the weight of people, furniture, and equipment. Examples: Occupants, furniture, appliances, and vehicles (in parking structures). Impact on Construction Method: Construction methods need to accommodate variability and ensure that the structure can handle different load scenarios. Modular construction and steel frame systems can be designed to adapt to varying live loads. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  33 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  34 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 2. Dynamic Loads 1.Wind Loads: 1. Definition: Forces exerted by wind pressure on the building's surface. 2. Impact on Construction Method: Buildings in windy areas or high-rise structures must be designed to withstand significant wind forces. Steel frame and reinforced concrete methods are often used for their strength and flexibility. Aerodynamic shapes and bracing systems are also incorporated. 2.Seismic Loads: 1. Definition: Forces generated by earthquakes, causing ground shaking and movement. 2. Impact on Construction Method: In seismic-prone areas, buildings must be designed for flexibility and energy dissipation. Reinforced concrete, steel frame, and hybrid systems with base isolators or dampers are commonly used to enhance seismic performance Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  35 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 3. Snow and Ice Loads: Definition: The weight of accumulated snow and ice on the roof and other surfaces. Impact on Construction Method: Roof design and materials must be chosen to handle these loads. Sloped roofs and reinforced materials are often used in regions with heavy snowfall. Wood and steel trusses are designed to support the extra weight. 4. Vibration Loads: Definition: Loads caused by machinery, traffic, or other sources of vibration. Impact on Construction Method: Industrial buildings or structures near sources of vibration need to mitigate these effects. Vibration isolation techniques and reinforced concrete are commonly used to absorb and dissipate vibrations. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  36 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 5. Impact Loads: Definition: Sudden forces exerted by objects striking the building. Impact on Construction Method: Materials and design must account for potential impacts. Reinforced concrete and steel are preferred for their ability to withstand sudden shocks and distribute forces. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  37 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  38 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM SO the Relationship Between Loads and Construction Methods 1.Material Selection: 1. Steel: Chosen for its high strength-to-weight ratio, flexibility, and ability to withstand dynamic loads such as wind and seismic forces. 2. Reinforced Concrete: Preferred for its compressive strength, durability, and excellent performance under static and dynamic loads. 3. Timber: Used for its natural aesthetic and ability to handle moderate loads, often in residential or low-rise buildings. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  39 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 2. Structural Systems: Frame Systems (Steel or Concrete): Offer flexibility and strength, ideal for high-rise buildings and areas with high wind or seismic activity. Load-Bearing Walls: Suitable for low to mid-rise buildings where loads are evenly distributed. 3. Design Considerations: Load Distribution: Ensuring even distribution of loads to prevent localized stress and potential failure. Redundancy and Safety Factors: Incorporating safety margins to handle unexpected loads or conditions. Dynamic Response: Designing for flexibility and energy absorption to handle dynamic loads effectively. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  40 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Foundation Systems: Deep Foundations: Used in areas with poor soil conditions or for structures with heavy loads, providing stability and load distribution. Shallow Foundations: Suitable for lighter structures with stable soil conditions In summary, understanding the types and magnitudes of static and dynamic loads is essential for selecting the appropriate construction method. The choice ensures that the building remains safe, durable, and functional under various load conditions Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  41 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM EXAMPLES: High-Rise Buildings: Method: Steel frame or reinforced concrete. Reason: High strength and flexibility to handle wind and seismic loads. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  42 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM EXAMPLES: Residential Homes: Method: Masonry Construction or Wood frame or modular construction. Reason: Adequate for moderate dead and live loads, cost-effective, and quicker construction. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  43 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM EXAMPLES: Industrial Buildings: Method: Precast concrete or steel frame. Reason: Ability to support heavy equipment and handle dynamic loads from machinery Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  44 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM EXAMPLES: Bridges: Method: Steel or reinforced concrete. Reason: High load-bearing capacity and ability to withstand dynamic forces like traffic and wind. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  45 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  46 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM To design safe and efficient buildings, understanding how different forces and loads affect the structure is crucial. Here are some common forces and loads, along with examples and how they relate to selecting appropriate structural systems: Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  47 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 1. Compression Description: Compression is a force that squeezes or compresses a material, shortening it. Examples: Columns: In a building, columns are vertical structural elements that primarily experience compressive forces. The weight of the floors, roof, and any live loads above compresses the columns. Load-bearing walls: These walls support the weight of the roof and upper floors, transmitting compressive forces down to the foundation. Relation to Structural Systems: Material Selection: Materials with high compressive strength, such as concrete and masonry, are preferred for columns and load-bearing walls. Structural Design: The cross-sectional area of columns is designed to safely carry the expected compressive loads without buckling. Reinforced concrete or steel columns may be used in taller buildings to handle greater loads. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  48 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 2. Tension Description: Tension is a force that stretches or pulls a material, lengthening it. Examples: Cables in suspension bridges: The cables in a suspension bridge experience tensile forces as they support the weight of the bridge deck and the vehicles on it. Steel reinforcement in concrete: In reinforced concrete structures, steel rebars are placed in regions where tensile forces are expected, such as the bottom of a simply supported beam. Relation to Structural Systems: Material Selection: Materials with high tensile strength, such as steel, are used for elements expected to experience tension. Structural Design: In reinforced concrete, steel rebars are strategically placed to resist tensile forces. In cable-supported structures, high-strength steel cables or tendons are used. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  49 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  50 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 3. Shear Description: Shear forces act parallel to the surface, causing one part of a material to slide past another. Examples: Shear walls: In a building, shear walls resist lateral forces from wind or earthquakes, preventing the structure from swaying excessively. Beam connections: The connections between beams and columns experience shear forces, especially during lateral loads like earthquakes. Relation to Structural Systems: Material Selection: Materials with good shear strength, such as reinforced concrete and steel, are used. Structural Design: Shear walls are designed to have sufficient thickness and reinforcement to resist shear forces. Beam-column connections are designed to transfer shear forces safely. Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  51 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING LOADS AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 5. Torsion Description: Torsion is a twisting force that causes a material to rotate around its axis. Examples: Spiral staircases: The central support column of a spiral staircase experiences torsion as the stairs twist around it. Rotational loads: Elements like beams can experience torsion if loads are not applied symmetrically. Relation to Structural Systems: Material Selection: Materials like steel, which have good torsional strength, are preferred. Structural Design: Structural elements subjected to torsion are designed with cross-sections that resist twisting, such as circular or hollow sections Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi  52 LECTURE (2) OUTLINE Walls Generic wall types Trends in facade design Metal systems o Sheet metal o Profiled cladding o Composite panels o Rainscreens Al-Balqa Applied University / Architecture department / Dr. Mais Al-Ruwaishedi