History of Science PDF

History of Science - more specialized activities - combines copper and tin to - leatherwork, basketry, fishing make bronze Paleolithic Age tackle, stone axes, and wooden...

History of Science - more specialized activities - combines copper and tin to - leatherwork, basketry, fishing make bronze Paleolithic Age tackle, stone axes, and wooden - bronze jewelry, tools, weapon (500,000 BC - 10,000 BC) objects, canoes, bows, - old stone age DOMESTICATE animals, impacts on history - carve stones (into geometric planted crops, stone circles, a. enabled them to alter shapes) and use them as tools hinges environment at a greater rate - stone axes, bone needles, - development of culture hearth sites - need to document food Iron Age - began when ancestors gathering activities (painting in (700 BC - 450 AD) (hominids) first made tools to caves) - iron make lives easier - iron chisels, ornamental jewelry, - weapons to hunt– but they had impacts on history swords, axes, spearheads to OBSERVE- strategize and a. more settled communities plan in groups b. boost population impacts on history - BOTANY - classified plants as a. military dominance edible or poisonous (trial and Neolithic Age b. iron plows = increase food error) (4,000 BC - 2,300 BC) production - nomadic lifestyle (nomads) - new stone age - agriculture really flourished, MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION impacts on history year round settlements - invented the wheel for pottery a. improved diet - pottery, polished stone tools, - transportation became faster b. enhanced security (kasi marami spinning and weaving tools, - they made chariots (also for na sila) wooden plows, sickles war) c. boost population impact on history - getting water for irrigation a. dependable year-round supply, system using water wheels Mesolithic Age division of labor, spurs invention - clay tablets to document (10,000 BC - 4,000 BC) and innovation - first system of writing: - rise of microlithics (small cuneiform geometric stone tools) Bronze Age - even astronomical events were - fishhooks, harpoon tips, dart (2,300 BC - 700 BC) recorded (they were fascinated tips - development of metallurgy with the night sky)  - gave us first constellations medicine and health (Egypt) - believed heavenly bodies were (worshipped them) - religious beliefs gods - made observatories - doctor-priest/communicating - amazed by Kochab (bowl of - priest studied the stars with Gods to heal the LD) and Mizar (middle of - 12-month calendar - Gods - animals and heavenly hande of BD) = indestructible - priest predict solstices, eclipses bodies - Thuban - North Star - ziggurat - temple as worship - Illness is due to the presence of - Polaris - North Star NOW and astronomical observatory evil spirits (prayers as healing) (wobbling effect of earth’s (2 to 7 levels) each level is - medicines as pain receiver rotation (precession), shift of dedicated to an astro object (but not healing) the location of stars) - 7th day cycle– 7 days of week - God jaguars, falcons, Horus - annual flooding of nile - sunday - son - mummification - preserving foundation of ancient egypt monday - moon the dead by removing internal civilization and agriculture tuesday - tiw (god of war) mars organs and placing them in jars, - predicting flooding - driving wednesday - woden (sky god) embalmed with chemical force of astronomy mercury concoctions, body wrapped with - rise of sirius - flooding of nile thursday - thor (thunder) jupiter linen, and placed in a coffin. friday - frigg (beauty) venus - they were knowledgeable in - aligned pyramidsand temples saturday - saturn human anatomy. (performed toward the north (pharaohs will - positions of stars affect their surgery, invented surgical become stars in the northern lives (zodiac) instruments) sky after the die) - planting and harvesting season - precise orientation of (zodiac) agriculture (Egypt) pyramids to the stars - circles 360 degrees - dessert - entrance burial chamber - - algebra for land excavation - they needed to channel water aligned with Thuban calculations from the Nile River by - shaft aligned with orion’s belt - asphalt roadways constructing a network of canal - pyramids (represents the belt of - brought irrigation to a higher Orion) EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION level - pyramids egyptian inventions - complex irrigation systems astronomy (Egypt) - metalmaking (3000bc) - metallurgy  - mixing small amount of tin and - drama, theater, literature and distance between the copper = bronze - mathematics and logics, cities) - overlaps with the bronze age astronomy, medicine, - ptolemy; geocentric model, - Writing (hieroglyphics - democracry cosmic spheres, problem abt logographic, alphabetic) - history and geography mars, west to east to west to document to keep record - sculpture and architecture east (retrograde motion) - first paper - papyrus (plant, - models and observations - to - ptolemy: epicycle - as planet cuperus papyrus, found in explain the workings of heaven moves around earth, it moves mediterranean region) - instruments - limited to also in a circular motion, moves - ink - vegetable gum, soot, and naked-eye observations in a deferent (bigger sphere) bee wax (replaced with red - astroline - to determine the - standard model for 1500 ochre) position of heavenly bodies years (church) - makeup - simulator - eudoxus omnidaim, - equant - the epicycle and - ox-drawn plows (bronze) and motion of the planet, model of deferent was centered in here sickles uni - geocentric with cosmic - it was a messy idea - clocks (sundial) shadows - spheres / cannot explain longest and shortest day of the movement of mars ROMAN CIVILIZATION year, obelisk - aristotle (astronomer, father of - made very little contri to - calendar - sirius appearance biology) - classified living science (365 days, 12 month, 30 days) things, animals habitat, plants - focused on expanding empire - toothpaste - powdered ox stem structure - military, weapons, battering ram hooves, ashes, burnt eggshells - aristotle - crystalline spheres, - astronomy is the oldest branch and pumice. added mint, refined eudoxus model, cannot of science rocksalt, pepper, iris flower explain movement of mars - galen - greek physician, chief para mabango - eratosthenes - circumference physician to the gladiators - lint, swabs, bandage of the earth (famous well in (interested in human anatomy) syene , nile rivers , at noon one - wounds of the gladiators GREEK CIVILIZATION day each year during summer became windows for him to - politics, philosophy, art, and solstice june 20-22, suns rays study human anatomy scientific shown straight down into the - he described cranial nerves and - separate religion from study of well) (pole in alexandria, it cast heart valves, showing arteries nature a shadow) the earth is curve carry blood (inaccurate  drawings kase di sya - dark ages - tomatoes, potatoes and corns marunong) - burning of the library of did not arrive in Europe until - the catholic church accepted Alexandria (many knowledge Europeans voyaged to the his work, standard model of was lost forever) america human anatomy - Benedictine monks made - spices and herbs for flavor roman engineers copies of the remaining books - herbs for medicine - crossbow and catapult - maraming rebelde - exotic spices: ginger, pepper, (originally mesopotamia) artifacts: wheeled plow, horseshoes, and cinnamon - aqua duct systems waterwheels, windmill, cast iron, - salt: popular commodity to (waterwheels), sanitary system, cannons, compass, ocean going ships preserve meats and vegetables and extensive road system - the chinese traveled using (indicator of wealth) (concrete) compass - beer for breakfast (calories) - first steam engine (umiikot, impact: - 1066 - surnames (changed at refined by James Watt) - gunpowder will at first but after a while, they - roman colosseum, - vertical windmills, spectacles stuck.) (their surnames had amphitheater (gladiator fights) - - mechanical clocks something to do with their giant buildings, complex, - watermills occupation, smith) arches, domes - gothic archi, medieval castles - children as young as 11 were - roman mining (hydraulic power) - agriculture (three-field crop considered adults for coins rotation) - education is reserved for the - computers, position of sun and nobility and the clergy, monks moon - commoner and lowclassmen - girls were excluded from formal - nanotechnology - small - hunting is a sport enjoyed by education particles upperclassmen - in 1322, Elizabeth Declair took - heating systems (floor and - food: bread, porridge, fruits and an interest in schooling (paid for baths) vegetables many people who lived in her - surgical instruments village to go to school) hippocrates - chickens, cows, andd sheep - forms of entertainment: party, - father of medicine are more valuable alive as festivals, fairs and carnivals they provided eggs, milk, and related to seasons and religious THE MIDDLE AGES/MEDIEVAL wool occasions (2) storytelling, - fall of roman empire - wheat, barley, and vegetables singing, music, and dancing, (3)  games, chess, gambling with - world exploration - uncle jorgen gave his life to dice and cards, (4) animal - shakespeare’s work save King Fredrick II from racing, sports, athletic events - Columbus discovered the New drowning during festivals, archery, World in 1492 - Tycho inherited jorgen’s estate hammer throwing, jousting, - Ferdinand Magellan, the first - he then gained the king’s favor early form of soccer (it was person to successfully - King gives him Island Hven to outlawed bcs it wasted the circumnavigate the globe in the make an observatory energy of soldiers) early 1500s - made a castle in the Island - hery gertie - complex medieval - development of printing press called Uraniborg after the instrument (invented by chinese, but goddess of sky Urania - first and second sleep napabilis ang process, low - he was a party guy - weaving - man’s job cost)-- Johannes Gutenberg - he lost his nose in a - cloth and dyes were limited - This was the most imp. math-fueled duel, it possibly - bandits - thieves technical achievement during inspired shakespeare to write - roman roads were used as Renaissance hamlet navigation - nagpagawa ng bronze nose - compostela - famous science - made astronomical instruments destination for medieval - classical text, ancient greek to assemble voluminous data pilgrims (shell-shaved badge) - astronomy, anatomy, medicine, (quadrant - to measure angular - merchant: high chance to travel geo, alchemy, math, archi as distances of stars) - rockets the ancients studied them - greatest of the naked eye astronomer RENAISSANCE nicholas copernicus - made accurate calculation of - Age of Enlightenment - improved ptolemy’s model, the position of mars - Rebirth of science & culture/ placing the sun at the center - just lately, his body was human knowledge - solved the problem of exsumed, found maraming - they revived classical antiquity retrograde motion mercury (cause of death) - astronomy, philosophy, printing - the church got mad, banned his - bigla namatay sa party press book 1616 TYCHONIC MODEL - vernacular lanuage in writing, - he needed evidence - earth is center but the planets latin revolve around the sun - sculpture tycho brahe Johannes Kepler - the speed of an object falling is - 3 years old, nanay nya nag - assistant ni brahe not proportionate to its weight asawa so iniwan sya sa lola - he supported copernicus (this was repeated on the - 12 y.o. nareunite with mother - magaling sa math moon, apollo 41) after mamatay ang asawa, and - kaaway ni brahe kaya hindi niya - shota niya si marina gamba, 2 may tatlong bagong kapatid pinakita lahat ng data daughters and a son - insecurity, he anxiously - primary suspect kay brahe - 1609, he figured out the secret obsessed over his published - got access to brahe’s data, and of the invention of telescope, work, mainitin ang ulo formulated the laws of and made his own - king’s school in grantham. planetary motion - magnify 30 times - the mother’s plan was to make (1) all planets move around the sun 1. 4 moons of jupiter him a farmer, (ayaw niya) in elliptical orbits, oval 2. rings of saturn (he saw rabbit - so nag aral uli sya (2) closer to sun, increased speed ears) (3) how long a planet moves 3. craters in the moon 1. optics, motion, mathematics around the sun is related to the 4. sun spots (nabulag sya dahil 2. white light - consists of all distance to sun dito) – walang solar filter colors (robert hook cinlaim na 5. phases of venus (venus sya daw ang nakadiscover) Galileo Galilei revolves around the sun) – 3. principia, essential concepts of - modern view of science supported the copernican physics – gravity, laws of - from faith-based to model motion observation-base d - dahil dun, suspect of heresy 4. reflecting telescope - used - greatly improved the newly (sinungaling) mirror invented telescope technology - life imprisonment (hans) - worked with a young student, INDUSTRIAL AGE - Pisa, Tuscana, Feb 15, 1564 Vincenzo - use of complex machinery and - monastery school, vallombrosa - Pope John Paul made an factory - uni of Pisa, study of medicine apology to Galileo - agriculture to urbanized - he was enamored with math, - artifacts: steam engine, decided to make it his isaac newton electricity, automobile, airplane, profession - england pn 25 december, 1642 radio, tv, telephone, rocket - college dropout - mayaman na farmer and father - population, improvement of - father of experimental science na namatay 3 months old living standards steam engine - backbone of U.S. economy - - experimented using gliders - invented practically by thomas changes america’s landscape - also invented wind tunnel savery (but it first appeared - urban sprawl - naglipatan sa - led to development of many during Roman Civilization) – urbanised area airplanes crude steam engine - paved roads, gas stations, - military patented - he was an english military motels, shopping centers, - messerschmitt Me - first engineer and inventor public garages, automatic traffic jetpowered - thomas newcomen - signals - boosted our power of atmospheric steam engine movement (more efficient), ginagamit sa origin of mercedez benz - enhanced our vising - earth farms and factories - 1901, after death of daimler from above - james watt - scottish, valves (asawa ni karl) - before, only balloons nalang (kaya watt ngayon), he - minarket ni emil jellinek yung - international trade, business made steam engines smaller car, then nagdrive sya sa isang relations, cultural exchange steam locomotive race under the name “monsieur - economic growth - george stephenson mercedes” (his daughter) - airports = economic hubs - invented lamp for miners - he trademarked - rails chuck yeager - stephenson rocket - father of henry ford - xs-1 broke the sound barrier railway - founder of ford - glamorous glennis (wife) - people travelled, moved into - made automobiles affordable - powered by rocket motors cities for middle-class Americans - population doubled in london through fordism (lahat ng neil armstrong - term horsepower components, sa factory - piloted x15, almost reached the automobile ginagawa, hindi handmade) edge of atmosphere - karl benz - three wheeled motor car, motorwagen airplane Electricity - first true automobile - wilbur and orville wright (4 - throttle system, spark plugs, gift years of research and alessandro volta shifter, water radiator, development) - invented battery, based from carburetor, and other - first flew at Kitty Hawl, North Galvani’s study Carolina  - luigi galvani experimented on - alexander graham bell won a dead frog the first U.S, patent for the - volta stacked zinc, cloth, copper device, 1876 (voltaic file/cell) - long-distance voice communication hans christian oersted - business efficiency - discovered than an electric - created new jobs current produces a magnetic - influence social etiquette field - gender roles - led to invention of electrics - emergency services and news distribution michael faraday - law of induction thomas edison - invented electric generator - he increased the lifespan of (parang may disk in between light bulbs by adding tungsten magnets) kaya napatent sya - generator converts mechanical - he had conflict with nicola tesla energy to electrical power - came up with phonograph - first recorded voice samuel f.b. morse - listen music, led to invention of - telegraph vinyl record and taperecorder, - morse code mp3s - made comms quicker - development of jazz - helped railway system - kinetoscope - moving pictures, coordinate schedules led to movie projectors - white house strategy during civil war the telephone - antonio meucci, basic phone - charles bourseul, phone