Brief History Of Science PDF

BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE STS LECTURE 2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES -EXPLAIN HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED THE SOCIETIES AND ENVIRONMENT. -IDENTIFY SOME NOTAB...

BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE STS LECTURE 2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES -EXPLAIN HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED THE SOCIETIES AND ENVIRONMENT. -IDENTIFY SOME NOTABLE INVENTIONS OR DISCOVERIES OF PHILOSOPHERS OVER THE COURSE OF HISTORY -UNDERSTAND THE IDEA OF PHILOSOPHERS HOW THEIR RATIONAL THINKING AFFECTS THE COURSE OF SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT STS LECTURE 2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE 700 BC - 20TH CENTURY ANCIENT PERIOD -HUMAN HISTORY QUESTIONS ABOUT THE WORLD AND ANYTHING WERE ANSWERED BY THE RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES -MATHEMATICS WAS BORN IN EGYPT, THE BABYLONIANS WERE THE FIRST TO APPLY IT TO ASTRONOMY -THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS IN ANCIENT GREECE WERE THE FIRST TO DEVELOP A SYSTEMATIC SCIENCE ANCIENT PERIOD TM 624 - 546 BC THALES OF MELITUS IN THE 7TH CENTURY HE WAS DUBBED AS "THE FATHER OF SCIENCE”, He is remembered primarily for his cosmology based on water as the essence of all matter, with Earth a flat disk floating on a vast sea. HE WAS THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY NON SUPERNATURAL EXPLANATIONS SUCH AS EARTHQUAKES, LIGHTNINGS ETC. HE PREDICTED SOLAR ECLIPSE AND MAKE A FORTUNE BY DOING PREDICTION QUOTE “THE MOST DIFFICULT THING IN LIFE IS TO KNOW YOURSELF” ANCIENT PERIOD AX 610 - 546 BC ANAXIMANDER BELIEVED THAT LIFE CAME FROM WATER AND MUD, HE PROPOSED THAT HUMANS EVOLVED FROM LOWER LIFE FORMS ( speculation was vindicated by charles darwin 2400 years after) He was the first thinker to develop a cosmology. A rationalist, he prized symmetry and used geometry and mathematical proportions to help map the heavens; his theories thus departed from earlier, more mystical conceptions and foreshadowed the achievements of later astronomers. QUOTE “THE SOURCE FROM WHICH EXISTING THINGS DERIVE THEIR EXISTENCE IS ALSO THAT TO WHICH THEY RETURN AT THEIR DESTRUCTION” ANCIENT PERIOD PY 570 - 495 BC PYTHAGORAS STARTED A SCHOOL OF DEDICATED TO MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATION TO NATURE Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher who made important developments in mathematics, astronomy, and the theory of music. The theorem now known as Pythagoras's theorem was known to the Babylonians 1000 years earlier but he may have been the first to prove it. QUOTE A FOOL IS KNOWN BY ITS SPEECH; AND A WISE MAN BY SILENCE ANCIENT PERIOD HC-P 540 - 480 BC HERACLITUS & PARMENIDES STARTED MAJOR DEBATES ON WHAT JUSTIFIES REASON, KNOWLEDGE OR EXPERIENCE? IS NATURE FUNDAMENTALLY PERMANENT OR DAMAGING WHO IS BEST KNOWLEDGE OR EXPERIENCE? QUOTE “BIG RESULTS REQUIRES BIG AMBITION” “NATURES LOVE TO HIDE” ANCIENT PERIOD EM 490 - 430 BC EMPEDOCLES DISCOVERED AIR USING A STRAW AND A GLASS OF WATER. "EMPEDOCLES DISCOVERED THE INVISIBLE - CARL SAGAN” Empedocles devised the theory that all substances are made of four pure, indestructible elements: air, fire, water, and earth. In one sense, it is admirable that Empedocles tried to simplify our complex world into basic elements. QUOTE THERE ARE 2 FORCES IN NATURE CALLED LOVE AND HATE, LOVE ATTRACTS ELEMENTS AND PARTICLES TO BUILD A PARTICULAR FORM OR PERSON WHILE HATE CAUSES THE DECOMPOSITION OF THINGS ANCIENT PERIOD DM 460 - 370 BC DEMOCRITUS FIRST TO THEORIZE THAT MATTER IS MADE UP OF "ATOMS” Democritus was a central figure in the development of the atomic theory of the universe. He theorized that all material bodies are made up of indivisibly small “atoms.” Aristotle famously rejected atomism in On Generation and Corruption. QUOTE NOTHING EXIST EXCEPT ATOMS AND EMPTY SPACES; EVERYTHING ELSE IS JUST AN OPINION ANCIENT PERIOD HP 440 - 370 BC HIPPOCRATES DEVELOPED THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO ANATOMY AND MEDICINE THEY USED EXPERIMENTS AND RECORDS TO HEAL THE SICK ILLNESSES DO NOT COME UPON US OUT OF THE BLUE. THEY ARE DEVELOPED FROM SMALL DAILY SINS AGAINST NATURE, WHEN ENOUGH SINS HAVE ACCUMULATED ILLNESSES WILL SUDDENLY APPEAR QUOTE “MAKE A HABIT OF TWO THINGS TO HELP OR ATLEAST TO DO NO HARM” “THE PHYSICIAN IS ONLY NATURES ASSISTANT” ANCIENT PERIOD ER 276 - 194 BC ERASTHOTHENES ACCURATELY MEASURED THE SIZE / CIRCUMFERENCE OF EARTH USING 2 STICKS, HE CREATE THE FIRST MAP OF THE WORLD What is Eratosthenes famous for? Eratosthenes measured Earth's circumference mathematically using two surface points to make the calculation. He noted that the Sun's rays fall vertically at noon in Syene (now Aswān), Egypt, at the summer solstice. QUOTE “IT'S NO LONGER NECESSARY TO INQUIRE AS TO THE CAUSE OF THE OVERFLOW OF THE NILE, SINCE WE KNOW DEFINITELY THAT MEN HAVE COME TO THE SOURCES OF THE NILE AND HAVE OBSERVED THE RAINS THERE” STS LECTURE 2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE 5TH - 14TH CENTURY MIDDLE AGES SCIENCE CONTINUED THROUGH THE ROMAN EMPIRE. WHEN THE EMPIRE FELL AND THE DARK AGES ENSUED, SCIENCE IN THE WEST CEASED TO PROGRESS WHILE THERE WAS SOME EUROPEAN SCIENTIST IN THE MIDDLE AGES, THEY WERE GENERALLY ISOLATED AND MARGINALIZE MOST SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENTS FROM 500-1300 CE WERE MADE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD. *MEDICINE , ASTRONOMY, CHEMISTRY DEVELOPED CONSIDERABLY IN THESE REGIONS 12TH CE EUROPE - SCHOLASTICISM TRIED TO RECONCILE ANCIENT GREEK THOUGHT WITH BIBLICAL DOGMA ( END OF DARK AGES ) MEDIEVAL PERIOD ST 1400 - 1480 AD ST. THOMAS AQUINAS ST. THOMAS AQUINAS ENDORSE “NATURAL THEOLOGY” - KNOWING GOD BY STUDYING HIS CREATION THIS LED TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION - PEOPLE STARTED TO THINK, FREE DISCUSSION WAS DEMANDED THAT RESULTS IN WEAKENING CHURCH POWER THINKERS TURNING AWAY FROM CHURCH AND GOING BACK TO ANTIQUITY FOR REFERENCES, THUS THERE WAS A RENAISSANCE. QUOTE “THE THINGS THAT WHAT WE LOVE TELLS US WHAT WE ARE” MEDIEVAL PERIOD FB 1561 - 1626 AD FRANCIS BEACON HE PROVIDED A “MAP” - THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC METHOD, EXPLAINS THE EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION TOGETHER WITH RATIONAL ANALYSIS, MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING QUOTE “BEING A GENIUS IS LIKE BEING ABLE TO RUN FAST” YOU TRAVEL FAR, BUT UNLESS YOU HAVE A MAP, YOU'LL BE LOST” MEDIEVAL PERIOD IN 1643 - 1727 AD ISAAC NEWTON ISAAC NEWTON WAS AN ENGLISH POLYMATH ACTIVE AS A MATHEMATICIAN, PHYSICIST, ASTRONOMER, ALCHEMIST, THEOLOGIAN AND AUTHOR WHO WAS DESCRIBED IN HIS TIME AS A NATURAL PHILOSOPHER. HE WAS A KEY FIGURE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD. Discovered calculus.... Developed three laws of motion.... QUOTE “I CONSIDER MY GREATEST ACCOMPLISHMENT TO BE LIFELONG CELEBACY” “IF I HAVE SEEN FURTHER THAN OTHERS IT IS BY STANDING UPON THE SHOULDER OF GIANTS” STS LECTURE 2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1685-1814 AD AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT THE GOLDEN AGE FOR “NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS” or SCIENTIST, THEY TURNED AWAY FROM THE ARISTOTELIAN MODEL OF TRYING TO FIND THE PURPOSE OF MOTION, SCIENTIST STARTED LOOKING FOR LAWS AND MECHANISIMS IN NATURE. QUOTE “THE AGE OF REASONING” BEFORE CHRIST BIRTH OF JESUS AFTER DEATH