History of Architecture 2: Gothic Architecture PDF

Gothic Architecture History of Architecture 2 Course Module 1: Gothic Architecture Ar. Kathleen N. Bescaser, uap Faculty, BSArch  Gothic Architecture TOPIC OUTLINE 1...

Gothic Architecture History of Architecture 2 Course Module 1: Gothic Architecture Ar. Kathleen N. Bescaser, uap Faculty, BSArch  Gothic Architecture TOPIC OUTLINE 1 Gothic Architecture 1. Influences in the Development of Architecture 2. Architectural Character Features Comparative Analysis 3. Gothic Structures English French German Italian Spanish 4. Gothic Terminologies  Gothic Architecture OBJECTIVES A F T E R R E A D I N G T H I S P A R T O F T H E M O D U L E , T H E L E A R N E R S W I L L B E A B L E T O : 1. understand the development of Gothic architecture and the influences in its development; 2. distinguish the architectural character of Gothic architecture; 3. appreciate Gothic architecture through its sample structures; and 4. be familiar with some Greek architectural terminologies.  Gothic Architecture Influences A. Geographical Influence The nations of Western Europe had come into existence with Germany as the center. While the kingdoms of France, Italy and Spain were also becoming strong united states, England had become thoroughly united under the Norman Kings. Gothic Architecture originated in Northern France in the 12th century; existing in Western Europe through the mid- 16th century. Gothic, or the Style Ogivale was known in France as Opus Modernum or Opus Francigenum. The countries that adapted Gothic Architecture were England, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Russia, Sweden and Norway had little to do with Western Europe. B. Geological Influence Building materials used varies per country. C. Climatic Influence The sun, in Northern Europe, is more suitable for Gothic than Classic Architecture, thus, architecture appears to represent a complete break with the architectural inheritance of Greece & Rome. Snow and inclement weather were responsible for the high-pitched Gothic roof of Northern Europe.  Gothic Architecture D. Religious Influence The prime movers were almost certainly not the architects themselves, but their patrons, the higher clergy, with the immense power of the Popes, which was probably at its height in the 13th century. Popes made and unmade Emperors and Kings and disposed of their dominions. The demand for chapels dedicated to particular saints, for an ambulatory to be used for processional purposes emerged. Foundation of chantry chapels, where masses for the dead could be repeated, also affected the general plan of many buildings. E. Historical Influence The architecture that informed the Gothic period drew upon a number of influences, including Romanesque, Byzantine, and Middle Eastern architecture. From Romanesque architecture, Gothic architecture retained the western façade as the entrance to the church with its two towers, three portals and sculptural works in the tympanum, a half circle area above the door, as well as its cruciform plan. From Byzantine architecture, the flying buttress became a model for Gothic architecture. It was when Emperor Charlemagne, who established the Holy Roman Empire in 799 and was dubbed “the father of Europe,” designed his Palatine Chapel in Aachen, Germany, after the Basilica of  Gothic Architecture San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy, which pioneered an early use of the flying buttress. The pointed arch adopted from the Middle Eastern architecture made the Gothic style possible, as it could be used for asymmetrical spaces and to intersect columns at a sharp angle thus displacing the weight into the columns and lightening the walls. Periods of Development:  Early Gothic – characterized by a soaring verticality, and key to this was the use of the pointed arch that allowed for a vaulted ceiling and thinner walls that could contain numerous stained-glass windows. The Basilica of Saint-Denis became the model for the Gothic style of architecture, spreading throughout Europe. Following on and expanding the Romanesque practice, Early Gothic churches also employed sculpture to decorate the building. Religious scenes were carved into the tympanum over the doorways, and the surrounding archivolts and lintels were filled with figures. Secular images were also created.  Gothic Architecture  High Gothic (1200-80) - Beginning around 1200, the High Gothic period developed toward ever-greater verticality by including pinnacles, spires, and emphasizing both the structural and decorative effect of flying buttresses. The rose window was expanded in size, and the tracery, the intervening metal bars between sections of stained glass, was elaborated for decorative effect. Chartres Cathedral (1194- 1420), Amiens Cathedral (1220-1269), and Notre Dame de Paris (1163-1345) were all notable examples of High Gothic. The High Gothic period was also marked by the development of two distinct sub styles: the Rayonnant and the Flamboyant. Most Late Gothic architecture employed the Flamboyant Style, which continued into the 1500s.  International Gothic - is the term used for the courtly decorative style of illuminated manuscripts, tapestries, painting, and sculpture that developed around 1375. The style, associated with European courts, has also been called “the beautiful style,” for its emphasis on elegance, delicate detail, soft facial expressions, and smooth forms. F. Social & Political Influence The growth of towns which developed into important cities brought about an increase of riches and the erection of magnificent buildings owing to municipal rivalries. In Italy, the country was divided into different portions belonging to the larger towns, which afterwards became principalities. In  Gothic Architecture Germany, towns joined together for mutual defense, amongst the most famous being those forming the Hanseatic league. Architectural Character  Lofty & Aspiring Quality (refers to verticality)  Structural Honesty  Economy in the use of materials  Features  pointed arch  flying buttress  rib & panel vaulting on oblong bays  stained glass  tracery windows  spires & pinnacles  System of Construction  Arch & Vault (rib and panel vaulting)  Comparative Analysis  Plan – churches were planned in oblong bays covered with rib & panel vaulting or with open timber roofs; naves were divided into numerous bays, grandeur was produced by the larger number of parts; arranged  Gothic Architecture for convenience rather than symmetry; two western towers are characteristic; great height of fleche often substituted for central tower are usual in England  Walls – materials were in small pieces; wall angles are often of squared ashlar masonry; the rest of the walling is of rubble, flint or brick.  Openings –arcades of pointed arches filled with tracery; windows are divided by vertical mullions & horizontal transoms  French Gothic – periods of development is characterized through window openings: 1. Lancet – pointed arches & geometric tracery windows  Gothic Architecture 2. Rayonnant – the equilateral arch, widening the arch to allow for more circular windows with wheel tracery 3. Flamboyant – flame-like or free flowing tracery, primarily used for decorative effect.  English Gothic - periods of development is also characterized by openings: 1. Norman or Transition – semi-circular arch 2. Early English or Lancet – tall & narrow lancet openings 3. Decorated or Geometrical & Curvilinear – geometrical & flowing tracery crowned by an ogee arch 4. Perpendicular or Rectilinear – four –centered arch 5. Tudor – square-headed windows  Roof – vaults were developed by means of the pointed arch; frequently enriched at their junction by the carved bosses. Types of vaults used: 1. Rib vault – vault supported by or decorated with arched diagonal ribs 2. Stellar vault – vault having ribs, liernes or tiercerons arranged in a star-shaped pattern  Gothic Architecture 3. Fan vault – vault composed of a number of concave conoidal section, usually 4, springing from the corners of the vaulting compartment, often decorated with ribs that radiate from the springing like the framework of a fan. - Open timber Roofs were beautiful features of the Gothic style especially in England (in royal palaces, parish churches & manor houses); Types of Roofs used: 1. Trussed rafter roofs – nearly always steeply pitched, averaging 55o, rare in churches after 1400 2. Tie-beam roof – found in connection both with steeply-pitched and low-pitched roofs 3. Collar-braced roof –arch braces support the principal rafters  Gothic Architecture 4. Hammer-beam roof – consist of series of trusses, repeated at intervals, supports the intermediate purlins & rafters, transmit the weight & thrust of the roof as low down as possible in the supporting wall 5. Aisle roof – usually reflected the design of the main roofs  Columns – in Italy, adapted the Roman type; in France, adapted those of Byzantine huge & massive columns with dosseret blocks; were used structurally; classical proportions between height and diameter were not observed; capitals & bases were molded & carved according to the fancy of the craftsman.  Mouldings – consists of curves forming parts of circle; contains within rectangular recesses, or on a chamber plane (45o with the wall-face); horizontal string course together with corbelled arches  Ornaments – originally founded on medieval mysticism & Christian subject; carvings were boldly executed, grotesque & enriches doorways, windows, buttresses, pinnacles, gargoyles; human figures  Gothic Architecture determined the scale for statues & for doorways, architectonic in character; stained glasses used the immense traceried windows that framed the glowing pictures of bible incident & church history; external color schemes was usually the result of the combination of the materials used; other ornaments used were fresco painting whose popular subjects were vegetable & animal forms English Gothic Structures Cathedrals: o Westminster Abbey – one of the largest Benedictine monasteries; comprises an Abbey church & a square cloister court; it was built by several master mason & master carpenters: Master Henry Yevele, Hugh Herland & John James. It is geometric in style with pinnacle & tracery windows. o Winchester Cathedral – begun 1079; has greatest total length (560 ft) than any Medieval Cathedral in Europe; longest cathedral in London. o York Minster Cathedral – largest in area & width of any English Medieval Cathedral.  Gothic Architecture o Salisbury Cathedral – begun 1220; extensive use of Purbeck marble to create a strongly coloured scheme; boast off a central tower with the loftiest style. o Canterbury Cathedral – first Norman Archbishop LanFranc, begun construction in 1070; earliest example of double transepts in England o St. Paul’s, London Cathedral o Durham Cathedral – the earliest great church designed initially & entirely with a “rib-vaulting” system; where the movie Harry Potter was shot. Domestic structures: o The Tower of London – built by Bishop Gundulf for William 1, concentric castle. o Hampton Court Palace, England – one of the most remarkable domestic building. o GuildHall, London – most important hall erected by the Guilds in the middle ages.  Gothic Architecture French Gothic Structures Cathedrals: o Laon Cathedral – begun around 1160; there are massive projecting transepts, 3 bays deep & aisled on all sides; interior elevation has 4 levels & high vault is sexpartite; shafting is en delit with heavy ring mouldings; with 7 towers & west front with triple portal. o Notre Dame, Paris – one of the oldest French Gothic churches; begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully around 1163; the transepts, as so often in the Paris region, did not project beyond the aisle wall; 30-m high vault is sexpartite covering double bays; interior elevation originally of four levels; walls with slender en delit shafts; restored by architect Viollet-le- Duc o Bourges Cathedral – begun by bishop Henri de Sully around 1190; the main space is continuous with no transepts; a large double-aisled crypt supports the apse with 5 small radiating chapels; the main elevation is of 3 storeys with plate-tracery windows crowned by a sexpartite nave vault 38m high. o Chartres Cathedral – was rebuilt after fire in 1194; designed as a pilgrimage church; its most treasured possession is the Robe of the  Gothic Architecture Virgin; all vaults are quadripartite; flying buttresses are decorated with spokes; famous for its 160 stained glass windows o Reims Cathedral – begun in 1211; coronation church of France, the west façade is famous for its 500 statues; overall design is derived from Chartres; west, north & south facades are dominated by large rose windows o Beauvais Cathedral – begun around 1220; considered with the loftiest vault in Europe at 157 ft & 6 inches (48-m); the internal elevation is of 3 levels with an arcade of enormous ‘piliers cantonnes’; the unfinished cathedral o Amiens Cathedral – begun around end of 1220; very tall with vault of 42 m high & very expansive with double aisles & ring of 7 radiating chapels, counterpart of Salisbury of England; famous for its carved woodwork in the choir stalls; nave designed by Robert de Luzarches. Fortified Towns: o Carcassonne – surrounded by moat water o Avignon – has a palace which was the headquarters of the Popes Castles: o Chateau Gaillard, Les Andelys – 12th century castle built by Richard the Lion-heart  Gothic Architecture o Chateau de Pierrefonds – original structure was demolished in 17th century, 3 centuries after its construction; restored by architect Eugene Viollet-le-Duc o Chateau d’Amboise - situated in France’s Loire Valley, which from the 15th to the 16th centuries was a favorite royal residence of the French monarchy Hotel de Ville – town/municipal/city hall o Arras o Bourges o Dreux Palais de Justice – function same as the Roman Basilica o Palais de Justice, Rouen Hospitals – also known as “Maisons-Dieu”, usually attached to monasteries o Hospices de Beaune Houses – first known as “castle”, earlier called “chateaux”, later called “private house”, townhouses & now called “hotels”  Gothic Architecture German Gothic Structures Cathedrals: o Cologne Cathedral – largest Gothic church of Northern Europe covering approximately an area of 91,000 m2 o S. Elizabeth Marburg – characteristic example of a “Hall Church” o Limburg Cathedral Italian Gothic Structures Cathedrals: o Milan Cathedral – by Heinrich von Gmunden o Florence Cathedral – also known as Maria del Fiore designed by Arnolfo di Cambio Spanish Gothic Structures Cathedrals: o Seville Cathedral, Spain – largest medieval cathedral in Europe, second largest Cathedral in the world  Gothic Architecture o Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Spain – one of the most remarkable medieval building in Spain, Great Pilgrimage Center o Barcelona Cathedral Gothic Terminologies 1. Bailey - an open space or a court of a stone-built castle 2. Balistraria – in medieval military architecture, the crossed- shaped opening in the battlements & elsewhere for the use of the crossbow 3. Barbican – the outer defense work of a castle or town, frequently a watch tower at the gate, an outwork defending the entrance to a castle 4. Bartizan – a small turret projecting from the angle on top of a tower or parapet 5. Battlement – a parapet with alternating indentations (embrasures) & raised portions (merlons) also called “crenellation” 6. Chevet – the apse, ambulatory & radiating terminal of a church. 7. Cimborrio – the Spanish term for lantern admitting light over a crossing; central lantern 8. Cloisters – a secluded place of covered passages around an open space, connecting the monastic church with the domestic part of the monastery  Gothic Architecture 9. Crockets – in Gothic Arch, an upward oriented ornament, often vegetal in form, regularly spaced along sloping edges of spires, pinnacles & gables 10. Donjon/Keep/Peel – a stronghold of a medieval castle; usually in the form of a massive tower 11. Embrasures – the crenels or intervals between Merlons of a battlement 12. En delit – face-bedded shafts 13. Epi – the spire shaped termination of a projecting point or angle of a roof 14. Finial – a formal ornament at the top of a canopy, gable & pinnacle 15. Flamboyant Style – the last phase of French Gothic Architecture, characterized by flame like & free flowing tracery 16. Fleche – a slender spire rising from the ridge of a roof, especially one above the crossing of a Gothic church 17. Flying Buttress – characteristic feature of Gothic construction, in which the lateral thrusts of a roof or vault are taken up by a straight bar of masonry, usually sloping, carried on an arch, and a solid pier of buttress pier or buttress sufficient to receive the thrust. 18. Gargoyle – a water spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building often carved grotesquely  Gothic Architecture 19. Grotesque – decorative style characterized by the fantastic shaping & combining of incongruous human & animal forms with foliage or similar figures, often distorting the natural into caricature or absurdity 20. Machicolation – an overhanging defensive structure at the top of a medieval fortification, with floor openings thru boiling oil missile, etc which could be dropped on attackers 21. Merlon – in an embattled parapet, one of the solid alternates between the embrasures 22. Motte – a steep mound, feature of 11th & 12th century castles 23. Nailhead – an early architectural enrichment consisting of small pyramids repeated as a band 24. Offset – the part of a wall exposed horizontally, often sloping 25. Ogivale – a term used for French Gothic Architecture 26. Oriel – in medieval English Architecture, a bay window, corbelled out from the wall of an upper story 27. Peel – in Northern England & Scotland in the middle ages, a small emergency defense structure, generally a low fortified tower 28. Pilier cantonné – High Gothic form of a compound pier with massive central core to which are attached at 90o intervals four colonettes supporting the arcade, the aisle vaultings and the responds of the nave vaults.  Gothic Architecture 29. Portcullis – a gate of iron or iron enforced wooden bars made to slide up & down in vertical grooves in the jambs of a doorway, use for defense in castle gateways 30. Retablo/Reredos – a wall or screen usually behind an altar, an ornamental screen or wall at the back of the altar 31. Spire – tall tapering pyramidal termination of a tower 32. Steeple – a tower crowned by a spire 33. Tracery – the ornamental intersecting work in the upper part of a window, screen or panel, used decoratively in blank arches & vaults  Gothic Architecture 1. keep 9. loophole 17. breteche 2. watch tower 10. hoard 18. Lord’s residence 3. bailey 11. curtain 19. ditch 4. wall walk 12. moat 20. square tower 5. merlon 13. gate house 21. bulwark 6. crenel 14. draw bridge 22. embrasure 7. round tower 15. barbican 23. casemate 8. machicolation 16. postern 24. palisade  Gothic Architecture References Glancey, Jonathan (2017). Architecture: A Visual History Francis D.K. Ching (2017). A Global History of Architecture. Pabón-Charneco, Arleen (2020). Architecture History, Theory and Preservation: Prehistory to the Middle Ages 1st Edition