Gothic Architecture.pdf

Gothic Architecture C LA SSIC A L A NTIQUITY M EDIEVA L PERIO D M ODERN PERIO D THE THREE TRADITIONAL DIVISIONS OF WESTERN HISTORY GOTHIC? GOTHIC? The so cal le d Goths are barbaric tribe holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after t...

Gothic Architecture C LA SSIC A L A NTIQUITY M EDIEVA L PERIO D M ODERN PERIO D THE THREE TRADITIONAL DIVISIONS OF WESTERN HISTORY GOTHIC? GOTHIC? The so cal le d Goths are barbaric tribe holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conqu ere d Rome, a n d erecting ne w ones in this style Socio-political background influenced by theological doctrines which cal le d for more light & by techni cal improvements in vaults a n d buttresses that al lowe d much greater height a n d larger windows. Hundred years war be twe en France & England In Pop Culture  FRANCE ENGLAND 11th to 12th CE Early French LAON Early English Pointed A rch CATHEDRAL l an cet wi ndow Geom etri c tracery SIOSSONS CATHEDRAL pl ate tracery 1200 to 1280 High Gothic ABBEY four to only three tiers CHURCH OF Flying buttresses matured SAN REMI, Clerestory windows c h a n g ed REIMS to two windows united b y a CHARTES small rose windows CATHEDRAL From six to four ribs 1275 to 1375 Rayonnant ―Height of Goth i c REIMS Decorated/Geometric/Curv Architecture‖ CATHEDRAL ilinear Co mb in ati on of the triforium AMIENS Rich tracery gallery a n d clerestory into CATHEDRAL development o n e larg e g lazed ar ea Elaborate ornamental Radiating c harac ter of the vaulting rose wi ndow Refinement of stone enlargem en t of windows cutting techniques 1375-1525 Flamboyant Perpendicular Increasing emphasis on A k a rectilinear style GOTHIC CATHEDRAL 1200-1600 AD -ORIGINATED IN FRANCE -BASILICA OF SAINT-DENIS (ABBOT SUGER) - FIRST STRUCTURE TO EMPLOY ALL OF THE ELEMENTS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE -OPUS FRANCIGENUM ("FRENCH WORK") GOTHIC CATHEDRAL 1200-1600 AD -LASTED 400 YEARS -POINTED ARCHES -ORNATE TRACERY -COMPLEX RIBBED VAULTING -STAINED GLASS WINDOW GOTHIC CATHEDRAL 3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS RIBBED VAULT POINTED ARCHES FLYING BUTTRESS CHARACTERISTICS RIBBED VAULT CHARACTERISTICS is a rib vault divided into six bays by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs. LIERNE VAULT SEXPARTITE VAULT FAN VAULT C H A R A C TERISTICS A- TRANSVERSE RIB B- WALL RIB C-DIAGONAL RIB CHARACTERISTICS C H A R A C TERISTICS dividing the vault into four triangular cells spans between two walls to divide a vault into bays short decorative ribs in the crown of a vault, not linked to any springing point extra decorative ribs springing from the corners of a bay CROSS or dia gon a l rib TRANSVERSE VAULTS ARCH WA LL A RCH Is a curve d c e ilin g or roof m a d e of stone or bricks. In g othic architecture used in p l a c e of hip roofs. Ribs c an b e a part of the l o ad beari ng RESPOND structure or purely decorati ve. the height of the pointe d arc h c a n b e kept constant at various widths Reticulated vault Stellar vault Stellar vault (wooden) Cel l vault Umbrella va ult Hanging Keystone D om e Vault (Early an d late Gothi c) CHARACTERISTICS FLYING BUTTRESS A BUTTRESS WHICH TRANSMITS THE THRUST TO A HEAVY SUPPORT (ABUTMENT) BY MEANS OF A N ARCH OR HALF- ARCH. GOTHIC CATHEDRAL 3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS FLYING BUTTRESS -VERTICAL OR STEPPED STRIP RUNNING UP THE FACE OF THE WALL TO REINFORCE ITAT THE POINT WHERE ITC A RRIES A LOAD OR A LATERAL FORCE GOTHIC CATHEDRAL 3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS FLYING BUTTRESS -MADE VAULTS HIGHER, CLERESTORY LARGER AND BUTTRESS EVER MORE GRANDEUR WHEEL WINDOW - A ROSE WINDOW HAVING DISTINCTLY RADIATING MULLIONS OR BARS ROSE WINDOW - A CIRCULAR WINDOW, USUALLY OF STAINED GLASS WITH TRACERY SYMMETRICAL AT THE CENTER CHARACTERISTICS POINTED ARCHES CUSP point made by the intersection of two curved lines or A NARROW WINDOW WITH curved SHARP POINTED ARCHES. structures. A. OCULUS- A SMALL WINDOW THAT IS CIRCULAR O R O VA L IN SHAPE. B. WITH SIX LO BED FO ILS C. TABERNACLE PINNACLES D. LANCET WINDOW C H A R A C TERISTICS 14th C E CUSP SPHERICAL QUADRANGLE CUSP QUATREFOIL FOIL Rose window TREFOIL MULLION 15th C E CROWN 13th C E STAINED GLASS (INSERT WHEEL WINDOW) -MADE OF SMALL PIECES OF COLORED FLAT GLASS WHICH ARE SPECIALLY CUT AND ARRANGED INTO DECORATIVE PATTERNS, JOINED BY LEAD STRIPS BY RIGID FRAME -ECCLESIASTICAL IN FRANCE STAINED GLASS PURPOSES: FUNCTIONAL- ENCLOSE THE BUILDING AND ISOLATE FROM THE WEATHER WHILE ALLOWING LIGHT INTO THE SPACE STAINED GLASS PURPOSES: DECORATIVE-PAINTING THE INTERIOR WITH SUNLIGHT AND COLOR -CREATE SPIRITUAL AMBIENCE TO ENCOURAGE MEDITATION AND PRAYER -PREVALENT INECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE STAINED GLASS PURPOSES: ICONOGRAPHIC - GOOD MEDIUM TO TELL STORIES, TO CO NVEY RELIGION AND MESSAGES FROM BIBLE SPIRES -STEEP, POINTED ROOF OF A TOWER SPIRE: CHARTRES CATHEDRAL -NO SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE AND PURE ARCHITECTURE -SPONTANEOUS URGE TOWARD VERTICALITY -LATER BECAME PINNACLES SPIRES -OCTAGONAL SPIRE IS MORE SUBTLE THAN SQUARE PYRAMID SPIRE, BUT PRESENTS A DESIGN PROBLEM: SQUARE BASE LEAVES GAPS AT CORNERS -THEREFORE, BROACH SPIRE WAS INTRODUCED WITH SMALL HIPPED ROOF FROM CORNERS TO THE FACE OF THE SPIRE FINIAL- A RELATIVELY SMALL FOLIATED ORNAMENT TERMINATING THE PEAK OF A SPIRE OR A PINNACLE  FINIA L CROCKET A PROJECTING CROCKET ORNAMENT, USUALLY IN THE FORM OF CURVED FOLIAGE USED ESP, IN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE TO DECO RATE THE OUTER ANGLES OF PINNACLES, SPIRES A ND GABLES PINACCLE A SLENDER SPIRE, OFTEN HIGHLY DECORATED WITH CROCKETTING, USED AS A TERMINATION OF A PARAPET OR BUTTRESS GARGOYLE A GROTESQUELY FIGURE OF A HUMAN ESP. WITH AN OPEN MOUTH THATSERVES AS A SPOUT AND PROJECTS FROM A GUTTER TO THROW RAINWATER CLEAR OF A BUILDING BASILICA this type of church is constructed with a n ave an d a t least two side aisles, the n a ve a n d aisles being sepa rated by arca des. The na ve is highe r tha n the aisles so it c a n b e lit by its own source of light, the clerestory. If a high na ve is no t lit with upper windows in this wha t the c h urc h is referred to a s psuedo-basilica. Cross-section of Cross-section of basilica with b a silic a without buttressing buttressing (REIMS) (MADEBURG) HALL CHURCH this type of church has aisles that are as high or nearly as high, as the nave. Has n ave an d two aisles Nav e receives light indirectly from large windows in the aisle walls. Nav e higher than the side a isle s, churc h is referred a s STEPPED HALLCHURCH C a n h a ve as many as two aisles on e a c h side of the nave, since aisles support on e a nothe r the re is no nee d for external buttresses. HALL CHURCH this type of church has aisles that are as high or nearly as high, as the nave. Has n ave an d two aisles Nav e receives light indirectly from large windows in the aisle walls. Nav e higher than the side a isle s, churc h is referred a s STEPPED HALLCHURCH C a n h a ve as many as two aisles on e a c h side of the nave, since aisles support on e a nothe r the re is no nee d for external buttresses. Two-celled church (hall construction), (Nurembergm St Klara) The single aisle church is a non- centrally pl ann ed single-spaced church CENTRALLY PLANNED CHURCH In co ntrast to basilic as an d hall chu rch es which are constructed a long horizontal axis, it is designed aroun d a single central point. Are round or polygonal (from hexag on al ro a ny number of angles). A church with Greek cross plan (with four equa l arms) is also considered as a centrally pl a nn ed church Weather van e Boss Weather van e Boss Spire Spire Transverse hippe d Pinna c le roof Fleche G a bl e G a b le Watersp o ut Pinna c le South Offset Watersp o ut transept Spiral stair Offset Tracery pa rape t M ain g a b le Blind windo w Offset Tracery pa rape t Tracery window Wall passage Pier buttress Gallery Offset North transept Base Sacrisity Marburg, St. Elisabeth 1100 to 1450 AD Gothic Characteristics Pointed arches rib b e d vaulting flying buttresses Stained glass window- poor man’s bible Rose window- final judgement Light a n d air Skeleton Slender columns Ornamentation- gargoyles GOTHIC CATHEDRAL FRANCE EXAMPLES FRANCE Early Gothic- 1140-1200 High Gothic- 1200 to 1280 Rayonnant- 1275 to 1535 Late Goth ic or Flamboyant- 1375-1525 Early Gothic-1140-1200 - Pointed arch-transition from late Romanesque architecture -4 Interior levels/zones: arcade (arches and piers), gallery, triforium, and clerestorey -Flying buttresses, which reac hed maturity only at High Gothic during the 13th century -Vaults-six ribbed sexpartite vaults. ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS (C.1135-44) “THE CRADLE OF GOTHIC STYLE” ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS -1144 AD -FIRST G O THIC CHURCH -BY ABBOT SUGER  tower Rose window Flying buttress with tracery Lancet windows ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS CHARACTERISTICS -TWIN TOWERS -TRIPLE PORTAL WITH CO LUMN FIGURES ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS CHARACTERISTICS CHOIR -EXTREMELY LIGHT AND OPEN MATERIAL -MARBLE ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS ROWS OF STAINED GLASS WINDOWS ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS CHANCEL- The sp ac e abou t the altar of a church for the clergy an d choir, often elevated above the nave a n d separated from it by a railing or a screen, The round ed east en d of a Goth ic Cathed ral ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS ROWS OF STAINED GLASS WINDOWS How to apply S. Denis style to a grander scale a n d somewhat different ecclesiastical purposes of cathedral churches? Introduction of gallery as support (served as additi onal support) Dispense galleries to let in more light (Flying Buttress) SENS CATHEDRAL (c.1140AD) CATHEDRAL THE PRINCIPAL CHURCH OF A DIOCESE, C O N TAINING THE BISHOP’S THRONE CALLED THE CATHEDRA SENS CATHEDRAL CHOIR BEGUN IN 1140 A D WESTWARD PROGRESSION WEST FRONT AROUND 1200AD SINGLE AISLED, AMBULATORY THREE SPACED CHAPELS ORIGINALLY N O TRANSEPT SENS CATHEDRAL -1140 A.D. -CONTEMPORARY OF S.DENIS  CHOIR SCREEN ROOD SCREEN Dividing wall between Low walls that separate the the Choir an d the nave, choir from the ambulatory its purpose being to sepa rate the monks a n d clergy in the choir from the laity in the n a ve ROOD A crucifix symbolizing the cross on which Christ was crucified esp, a large one set a b o ve the entrance to the choir or chanc el of a a medieval church SENS CATHEDRAL CHARACTERISTICS -N AVE IS UNUSUALLY LARGE -THEREFORE SEXPARTITE VAULT IS INTRODUCED -ALTERNATE PIERS (COMPOSITE-DOUBLE COLUMN) -THESE C H A RACTERISTICS PROVE VERY POPULAR IN THE NEXT GENERATION OF GOTHIC CATHEDRAL Impost In a pier, the projecting molding at the springing of an arch. PIER A massive vertical support often rectangular in plan and therefore differing from a column, sometimes having its own capital and base. A compound pier is A pier with columns, shafts, and pilasters attached, sometimes in clusters, to its faces. Pilaster A column is flattened, rectangular shape, projecting slightly form the face of the wall. LAON CATHEDRAL (1 160-1230) Projecting triple portal  Laon Cathedral Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Laon COMPLETED IN 1230. IMPOSING TOWERS WHITE STONE INTERIOR Laon Cathedral Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Laon Choir an d transept - c.1180 N ave – C.1200 C h oir rebuilt – 1205 Transept a nd we t towe r- c. 1230 LAON CATHEDRAL 4 Level Interior Zone Sexpartite vaulting CLERESTORY TRIFORUM GALLERY- a roofed promen ad e, esp. on e extending from the inside or outside along the exterior wall of a building ARC ADE  NORTH SOUTH GEOMETRIC TRACERY WEST FRONT Goth ic tracery characterized by a pattern of geometric shapes such as circles a n d foils The Laon Cathedral was extremely influential. It supplied the architect of the Chartres a nd ha d considerable influence in eastern France a nd Reims a nd Germany SOISSON CATHEDRAL 1190 SOISSONS CATHEDRAL (c. 1300) SOISSONS CATHEDRAL The single western tower dates from the mid-13th century an d is a n imitation of those of Notre Dame de Paris, which it equals in height (66 m, or 216 ft). The tower was restored after it an d part of the nave were severely d a m a g e d in World War I. A matching tower on the other side of the f a ç a d e was originally planned, but never built. SOISSONS CATHEDRAL LEVELS OF INTERIOR The chevet is flanked by deep culées or buttress uprights that project into the interior, forming pockets of space. SOUTHERN TRANSEPT -AISLED WITH A TRIBUNE SOUTHERN TRANSEPT -AISLED WITH A TRIBUNE TRACERY BAR TRACERY stonework elem ents that -Glass panels were held bet we en support the narrow stone mullions m a d e up of glass in a carefully sha ped lengths of masonry Goth ic (fitted together with mortar a n d window. metal pins -Spandrel c a n now b e glaze d PLATE TRACERY WITH LARGE OCULI ABO VE TWIN LANCETS ―TWIN LAN C ET PLUS O C U LUS‖ This consists of two (sometimes three) tall thin lights (opening with glazing) t op pe d with pointed arches, with a round or trefoil ope ning p l a ce d a b ove them, often contai ned within a blind arch which gives the whole assemblage a pointed lancet shape High Gothic 1200 to 1280 -Wall elevation was modified from four to only three tiers: arcade, triforium, and clerestory. -Clerestory windows c h a n g e d from o ne window in e a c h segment, holed in the wall, to two windows united by a small rose window -Ribbed vault c h a n g e d from six to four ribs -Flying buttresses matured--they b e c a m e the c ano nic al way to support high walls, as they served both structural a n d ornamental purposes. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS (C.1163-1250) NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS -1163 AD -BEGUN BY BISHOP MAURICE DE SULLY -WEST TOWERS WERE LAST TO BE COMPLETED IN 1250 NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS CHARACTERISTICS -ORIGINAL PLAN IS DOUBLE AISLE AND AMBULATORY -TRANSEPT DID NOT PROJECT BEYOND THE AISLE WALL NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS  NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS CHARACTERISTICS -FOUR LEVELS OF INTERIOR (HORIZONTAL ZONES) ❖ ARCADE ❖ TRIBUNE/TRIFORIUM ❖ OCULI ❖ CLERESTORY NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS CHARACTERISTICS -SEXPARTITE VAULTING (30M, 100FT) COVERING DOUBLE BAYS NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS SEXPARTITE VAULTING NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS CHARACTERISTICS -DOUBLE-SPAN FLYING BUTTRESS SUPPORTS THE N AVE NOTRE DAME DE PARIS -SAINTS AND BIBLICAL FIGURES -THREE DOORS OF THE MAIN ENTRANCE (WESTWORK) HAVE STATUE), DEPICTING THE LIFE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, THE LAST JUDGEMENT NOTRE DAME DE PARIS -STATUES WERE DAMAGED BECAUSE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE INTERPRETED THEM -STATUES OF THE BIBLICAL KINGS ABOVE THE MAIN ENTRANCE WERE THOUGHT TO DEPICT FRENCH KINGS, AND WERE VANDALIZED DURING FRENCH REVOLUTION CHARTRES CATHEDRAL (1194-C.1220) CHARTRES CATHEDRAL (1194-c.1220) CHARTRES CATHEDRAL 1194 CHARTRES CATHEDRAL 1194 C O M PLETED IN 1220 Plate tracery QUADRIPARTITE „pilier cantonnes‟ VAULTING (piers flanked by four shafts) WEST FRONT WINDOWS Right lancet: Tree of Jesse; Center Lancet: Infancy of Christ; Left lancet: Passion of Christ; Rose: Se cond C omi n g NORTH TRANSEPT SOUTH TRANSEPT WINDOWS WINDOWS LAON CATHEDRAL NORTH SOUTH GEOMETRIC TRACERY WEST FRONT Goth ic tracery characterized by a pattern of geometric shapes such as circles a n d foils BOURGES CATHEDRAL 1190 BOURGES CATHEDRAL 1190 NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS Rayonnant- 1275 to 1375 “Height of Gothic architecture” -Radiating character of the rose window -Thinning of vertical supporting members, the enlargement of windows, a n d -the combinatio n of the triforium gallery a n d clerestory into o ne large glazed area, until walls b e c a m e largely undifferentiated screens of tracery, mullions, a n d glass. REIMS CATHEDRAL 1211-1260 REIMS CATHEDRAL 1211-1260 Traditional site in the coronation of the kings REIMS CATHEDRAL 1211-1260 CHARTRES CATHEDRAL REIMS CATHEDRAL 1211-1260 Western arm are b ro ad ened for the eastern arm into a nave an d d oub led aisles so as to include a transept to provide s p ac e for coronations 1. The three central portals are surrounded by two niches. The tympanthree central portals a of the three portals are o cc u p ie d by rose windows. The sculpted decorations are therefore found in the gables, arches a nd splays. 2. Rayonnant great rose window to p ped by a broken arch is subdivided at the centre by the point of the portal’s gable. O n both sides of the rose window, you c a n find ornamental blind arc ad es to p p ed by mitre arches. The buttresses are d ec o rat ed with niches housing statues. The ones that frame the rose wi ndow portray Mary Magdalene on the right and Christ the Pilgrim on the left. The latter statue is related to two other smaller ones whi ch are just l o ca ted on the e d g e of the rose window: they represent the Pilgrims at Emmaus. To the left of the f aç ad e , the west fac in g statue shows St. John, while the north fac in g statue is of St. Thomas. To the right, St. Peter fac es St. Joh n while St. Paul fac es St. Thomas. A b o v e the rose window, o n e c an m ak e out the er od ed depi ction of David a n d Goliath. 3. The up per level is cal led the Gallery of Kings. Here, the statues of kings are fixed in the niches. The central area Is d ed i c at ed to the baptism of Clovis. 4. The two towers, whic h measure 81.5 metres high, are built on a square base an d are encircled by corner turrets, evoking the towers of Laon cathedral (which was a great inspiration to the architects of Reims cathedral). The openings are covered with louvers. the piers of the flying buttresses contain two niches housing angel statues t op pe d by pinnacles. REIMS CATHEDRAL 1211-1260 Outstanding feature is the ambulatory chapel—‖Remois or Champenois‖ passage. The Remois passage was influential in later churches in northern France Flamboyant-1375-1525 5th-century France a n d Spain. -Increasing emphasis on decoration. Its most conspicuous feature is the do m in anc e in stone window tracery of a flamelike S-shaped curve -Wall surface was redu c ed to the minimum to allow an almost continuous window expanse. -Structural logic was obscured by covering buildings with elabo rate tracery. AMIENS CATHEDRAL 1220-1270 AMIENS CATHEDRAL 1220-1270 AMIENS CATHEDRAL 1220-1270 AMIENS CATHEDRAL 1220-1270 Aisled transept 7 rings radiating chapels 2 aisled choir N ave A rchite c t: Robert d e Luzarches Choir: Thomas d e Cormont Finished by his son, Regnault BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL 1220 1220 start of construction 1240 c h a p el a n d ambulatory only 1284 some of the newly built choir vault collapsed 1573 150m crossing spire collapsed 16th CE Transepts C. 1160- C. 1163 1190 C. 1220 1121-e nd 1220-70 1220 C.1230 -1250 13th C E  GOTHIC IN FRANCE Early French → 12th to 13th C E → Pointed Arch, Geometri c tracery Rayonnant → 13th to late 14th C E → circular windows with radiating lines of tracery Flamboyant → 14th to mid 16th C E → flamelike tracery, intricate detail, compl i cat e d interior ▪ Early English→ 12th to 13th C E → la ncet window a n d plate tracery ▪ Decorated/Geometric/Curvilinear→ 13th to late 14th CE→ tracery development ▪ Perpendicular→ 14th to mid 16th C E → refinement a n d fan vault Gothic in England Early English Style (12 th to 13th) Lance t window Plate tracery Salisbury Cat hedral Salisbury Cathedral (1220) Gothic in England Decorated Style (13 th to 14th CE) Rich tracery ▪ GEOMETRIC STYLE ▪ 13th to 14th CE Ornamental ▪ Geometric tracery vaulting Refined ▪ CURVILINEAR STYLE ▪ Second half of 14th CE stonecutting ▪ Curvelinear tracery techniques York Minster Lichfield Cathedral Gothic in England Perpendicular STYLE ( late 14th to early 16th CE) Fine intricate stonework Fan vaults Perpendicular tracery Gloucester Cathedral King’s Colleg e Chapel, Cam b rid g e END C. 1160- C. 1163 1190 C. 1220 1121-end 1220-70 1220 C.1230 -1250 13th C E A b b e y of St. Denis Soissons Cat hedral Laon Cat hedral Notre Da me of Paris Chartres C a thedral REIMS C a thedral Amiens Cat hedral Beauvais C a th edral Ornamentation: Gargoyles