CLS 224 Basic Anatomy & Physiology Lecture 1 PDF

CLS 224 (Basic Anatomy & Physiology) Lecture 1: The Human Body: An orientation Contents: 1. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 2. Levels of Structural Organization 3. Maintaining Life 4. Homeostasis 5. The Language of Anatomy 1. An overview...

CLS 224 (Basic Anatomy & Physiology) Lecture 1: The Human Body: An orientation Contents: 1. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 2. Levels of Structural Organization 3. Maintaining Life 4. Homeostasis 5. The Language of Anatomy 1. An overview of anatomy and physiology: Objectives: Define anatomy and physiology. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related 1. An overview of anatomy and physiology: Systemic Regional  1. An overview of anatomy and physiology: Anatomy: the term anatomy is derived from the Greek words; to cut (tomy) apart (ana). It is the study of the body shape & structure and its parts relation ships to one another. 1-Gross Anatomy: Studying large, easily observed structures(e.g. heart, bones) 2-Microscopic Anatomy: The study of body structures that can only be viewed with a microscope.(e.g. Cells and tissues) Physiology: (physio= nature; logy= the study of) Is the Study of how the body and its parts work and function.  1. An overview of anatomy and physiology: Relationship between anatomy and physiology: Anatomy and physiology are always related Structure (Anatomy) determines what functions (Physiology) can take place. Eg. Lungs are not muscular chambers but have thin air sacs that allows gas exchange.  2.Levels of structural organization Objectives: Name the levels of structural organizations that make up the human body and explain how they are related.  2.Levels of structural organization From atoms to organism:  2.Levels of structural organization From atoms to organism: Atoms: tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins. Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form cell. cells: the smallest units of all living things. All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their particular functions in the body. Tissues: consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.  2.Levels of structural organization From atoms to organism: Organ: is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body. organ system: is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose. the organism: organ systems form the organism, or living body.  2.Levels of structural organization From atoms to organism: Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition What does this highly organized human body do?  3. Maintaining Life Objectives: List 8 functions that humans must perform to maintain life. List the 5 survival needs of the human body.  3. Maintaining Life Organ systems do not work in isolation; they work together to promote the well-being of the entire body.  3. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions: 1.Maintaining Boundaries 2.Movement 3.Responsiveness, or irritability 4.Digestion 5.Metabolism 6.Excretion 7.Reproduction 8.Growth  3. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions: 1.Maintaining Boundaries: living organism must be able to maintain its boundaries so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.” external membrane integumentary system  3. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions: 2.Movement : includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system (internal & external ). a-locomotion (by muscular system & skeletal system) b-movement of substances ,when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems, respectively. locomotion  3. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions: 3.Responsiveness, or irritability: is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them.  3. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions: 4.Digestion: is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood (by the digestive system). 5.Metabolism: is a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells (the digestive ,respiratory & cardiovascular systems). It includes: - breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks, making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.  3. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions: 5.Metabolism:  3. Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions: 6.Excretion: is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body (by ex. digestive & urinary system). -regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system. 7.Reproduction: the production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level (by the reproductive system). -regulated very precisely by hormones of the endocrine system. 8.Growth: is an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells (the endocrine system).  3. Maintaining Life Survival Needs: -The goal of nearly all body systems is to maintain life. -Include: 1. nutrients (food) 2. oxygen 3. water 4. Appropriate temperature 5. atmospheric pressure.  3. Maintaining Life Survival Needs: Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen (20% of air) Required for chemical reactions  3. Maintaining Life Survival Needs: Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions. Stable body temperature:37°C (98°F) Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs  4. Homeostasis Objectives: Define homeostasis, and its importance. Define negative\Positive feedback, and describe its role in homeostasis and body function.  4. Homeostasis Homeo= the same; stasis= standing still Describes multiple mechanisms that maintains the body’s stable internal conditions. Dynamic state of equilibrium or balance in which internal conditions change and vary but always within relatively narrow limits. These mechanisms ensures that the body temperature, waste levels, pH, glucose, water content, O2 and hormone levels are at stable rate. Homeostatic condition is changed by a disruptor or stimulus. E.g. –When a person runs outside> body heat is generated> temperature rises> balance of internal temperature is disturbed. 4. Homeostasis  4. Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus  4. Homeostasis control mechanisms: I-negative feedback mechanisms, Common in the body In such systems, the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity (response is opposite to the stimulus). Effect result in homeostasis. E.g. –Blood pressure regulation. –O2, Co2 levels. –Heart rate.  4. Homeostasis control mechanisms: II-Positive feedback mechanisms, are rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value. effect does not result in homeostasis. these mechanisms control are dangerous thus infrequent. events that occur explosively and do not require continuous adjustments. E.g. –Blood clotting and the birth of a baby are the most familiar examples of positive feedback mechanism  4. Homeostasis Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease For example: a- Without iodine, functional hormones can't be made and is our source of our diet. Without it you can develop goiters which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.  4. Homeostasis Homeostatic imbalance : For example: B- Diabetes mellitus  5.The Language of Anatomy Objectives: Verbally describe the anatomical Positions. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces and planes. Name the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.  5.The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures  5.The Language of Anatomy Anatomical position: The body is erect, Feet are parallel, Arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Planes and Sections : Body planes are imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections. There are three types of planes: 1)Sagittal (midsagittal or, medial)–divides the body into right and left parts 2)Frontal or coronal–divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. 3)Transverse or cross section –divides the body into superior and inferior parts.  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Planes and Sections :  5.The Language of Anatomy Orientation and Directional Terms:  5.The Language of Anatomy Orientation and Directional Terms:  5.The Language of Anatomy Orientation and Directional Terms:  5.The Language of Anatomy Regional Terms & Body Landmarks :  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Cavities:  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Cavities: Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Cavities:  5.The Language of Anatomy Anatomists divide Abdominopelvic cavity into smaller regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Regions divides abdomen into four quadrants. divides abdomen into nine regions.  5.The Language of Anatomy Abdominopelvic Regions  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Cavities: Other Body Cavities In addition to the large closed body cavities, there are several smaller ones mostly in the head region Oral and digestive cavities The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the exterior at the anus.  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Cavities: Other Body Cavities Nasal cavity Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways. Orbital cavities The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position. Middle ear cavities The middle ear cavities carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears  5.The Language of Anatomy Body Cavities: References: 1- 2- Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th edition Ebook PDF e Text Book by Gerard J. Tortora & Bryan derrickson, 2017.