Introduction to the Human Body PDF

Introduction to the Human Body Principles of Anatomy and Physiology With Dr. Jasmine Clark Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture you will be able to: Introduce the disciplines of anatomy and physiology Discuss the organization of the human body Reveal shared properties of all li...

Introduction to the Human Body Principles of Anatomy and Physiology With Dr. Jasmine Clark Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture you will be able to: Introduce the disciplines of anatomy and physiology Discuss the organization of the human body Reveal shared properties of all living things Discuss the concept of homeostasis Anatomy & Physiology Defined Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy = structure Aorta Left atrium Right atrium Anatomy vs. Physiology Physiology = function Anatomy vs. Physiology Branch of anatomy Branch of physiology Embryology Molecular physiology Developmental biology Neurophysiology Cell biology Endocrinology Histology Cardiovascular physiology Cross anatomy Immunology Systemic anatomy Respiratory physiology Regional anatomy Renal physiology Surface anatomy Exercise physiology Imaging anatomy Pathophysiology Pathological anatomy Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 5. System level 6. Organismal level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level © by Lecturio  There are 11 organ systems in the body. Can you name them? © by Lecturio Memorize There are 11 organ systems in the body. Can you name them? M R S I N C L U D E R Memorize I ntegumentary N ervous M uscular C ardiovascular R espiratory L ymphatic and immunity S keletal U rinary D igestive E ndocrine R eproductive Integumentary System Hair Functions: Skin and Protects body associated glands (sweat Regulates body temperature glands/oil glands) Eliminates wastes Fingernails Helps to make vitamin D Stores fat and provides insulation Toenails © by Lecturio Skeletal System Functions: Bone Supports and protects the body Cartilage Provides surface area for muscle Joint attachments Aids body movements Houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids © by Lecturio Muscular System Skeletal muscle Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking Maintains posture Produces heat © by Lecturio Nervous System Brain Functions: Spinal cord Generates action potentials (electrical impulses) to regulate body activities Detection of sensations Detects changes in internal and external environment Nerve Interprets changes and responds © by Lecturio Endocrine System Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Functions: Thyroid and Regulates body activities by releasing parathyroid glands hormones = chemical messengers Thymus gland transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ Adrenal glands Pancreas Gonads (ovaries) © by Lecturio The Difference in Performing Functions Nervous system Endocrine system Electrical impulses Chemicals or hormones Cardiovascular System Vein Functions: Heart Heart pumps blood through vessels Blood carries oxygen and nutrients Artery to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells Blood Blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels © by Lecturio Lymphatic System and Immunity Thymus Functions: Tonsils Returns proteins and fluid to blood Carries lipids from Lymphatic fluid gastrointestinal tract and vessels to blood Spleen T Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells B and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes Lymph node © by Lecturio Respiratory System Trachea Nasal cavity Bronchus Functions: Lung Oral Transfers oxygen from inhaled cavity air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air Pharynx Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids Larynx Involved in phonation © by Lecturio Digestive System Functions: Esophagus Achieves physical and Liver Stomach chemical breakdown of food Pancreas (behind Absorbs nutrients the stomach) Eliminates solid wastes Gallbladder Small intestine Large intestine Anus © by Lecturio Urinary System Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine Eliminates wastes and regulates Kidney volume and chemical composition of blood Ureter Helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains Urinary bladder Urethra Helps regulate production of red blood cells © by Lecturio Reproductive System Female Functions: Mammary gland Produces oocytes Ovaries release hormones that Uterus regulate reproduction and other body processes Associated organs transport and store oocytes Ovary Uterine Mammary glands produce milk tube Vagina © by Lecturio Reproductive System Male Functions: Seminal vesicle Testes produce sperm that unites with an egg to form a new organism Prostate Testes release hormones that Vas regulate reproduction and deferens other body processes Associated organs transport Testis and store sperm Penis Epididymis Characteristics of the Living Human Organism Basic Life Processes All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things. Basic Life Processes Catabolism Metabolism Anabolism Reproduction Responsiveness 6 basic life processes in humans include: Differentiation Movement Growth Homeostasis Homeostasis is a condition Homeostasis is of equilibrium, maintained by the or balance, in the processes. environment. © by Lecturio Control of Homeostasis Stimulus Controlled condition Altered condition Receptors Input Return to homeostasis Control center Output Effectors Response to the stimulus Control of Homeostasis Negative Feedback Normal blood Stimulus pressure High blood pressure Baroreceptors Input Return to homeostasis when blood pressure Brain decreases Output Heart and blood vessels Decrease in heart rate and dilation of blood vessels Control of Homeostasis Positive Feedback Stimulus Normal cervix size Stretching of the cervix Stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix + + Input Brain body stretches cervix Output more Muscles in the wall of uterus Birth interrupts the Contract more stretching of cervix forcefully Homeostatic Imbalances When homeostasis is disrupted it may result in disease, disorder, or even death. Homeostatic Imbalances Factors that affect your health: Genetics Air quality Food Mental health Basic Anatomical Terminology Types of Anatomical Terminology Body position Regional names Directional terms Planes and Body cavities sections Standard Body Position Person stands erect, facing the observer. The upper extremities are placed at the sides. The palms of the hands are turned forward. The feet are flat on the floor. © by Lecturio Regional Names Cephalic (head) Cervical (neck) Trunk © by Lecturio Regional Names Dorsal (back) Upper limb Lumbar (loin) Lower limb © by Lecturio Directional Terms Superior Cervical region Trunk region Inferior © by Lecturio Directional Terms Superior Cephalic region Lower limb Inferior © by Lecturio Directional Terms Nearer to the midline Medial Lateral Farther from the midline © by Lecturio Directional Terms Mediastinum Upper limbs Medial Lateral © by Lecturio Directional Terms Rib cage Sternum Medial Lateral © by Lecturio Directional Terms Proximal Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk nearer to the origin of a structure Distal Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk farther from the origin of a structure © by Lecturio Directional Terms Proximal to hand Shoulder Hand © by Lecturio Planes and Sections Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane Sagittal plane © by Lecturio Body Cavities Cranial cavity Formed by cranial bones Cranial cavity and contains the brain Vertebral Vertebral canal Formed by vertebral canal column and contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves © by Lecturio Body Cavities Thoracic cavity chest cavity: contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum Thoracic Pleural cavity A potential space between cavity Pleural cavity the layers of the pleura that surround a lung Pericardial A potential space cavity between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds Pericardial cavity the heart within mediastinum © by Lecturio Body Cavities Thoracic cavity chest cavity: contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum Thoracic Mediastinum Central portion of thoracic cavity cavity between the lungs extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm (contains heart, thymus, Mediastinum esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels) © by Lecturio Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity: subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities Abdominal Contains stomach, spleen, cavity liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum Abdominal Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, cavity portions of large intestine, and internal organs of Pelvic reproduction cavity © by Lecturio Serous Membranes of the Thoracic Cavity Thin, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities Visceral layer (visceral pericardium) Serous fluid Parietal layer (pericardial cavity) (parietal pericardium) Function: friction reduction © by Lecturio Serous Membrane of the Abdominal Cavity © by Lecturio Serous Membrane of the Abdominal Cavity Peritoneum Covers many of the abdominal organs Colon Retroperitoneal The classification of organs that are not enclosed by peritoneum Kidney © by Lecturio Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants The abdominal cavity can be divided into regions to easily describe the location of organs. Abdominopelvic Regions Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac region region region Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar region region region Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac region region region © by Lecturio Abdominopelvic Regions Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) © by Lecturio Medical Imaging Medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to: Diagnose View images anatomical of the human body and physiological abnormalities Medical Imaging Procedures Can you name all the medical imaging procedures? Rawpixel, CC0 Medical Imaging Procedures ? ? ? F.l.t.r.: Mikael Häggström, CC0; NASA, PD; Ashton JR, et al, pone-0088129-g004, https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC3919743_pone.0088129.g004&query=ct&it=xg&req=4&npos=73, CC BY 4.0 Medical Imaging Procedures X-ray MRI CT F.l.t.r.: Mikael Häggström, CC0; NASA, PD; Ashton JR, et al, pone-0088129-g004, https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC3919743_pone.0088129.g004&query=ct&it=xg&req=4&npos=73, CC BY 4.0 Medical Imaging Procedures Radiography Procedure: A single barrage of X-rays passes through the body, producing an image of interior structures on X-ray-sensitive film. The resulting two-dimensional image is a radiograph, commonly called an X-ray. X-ray Mikael Häggström, CC0 Medical Imaging Procedures Radiography Comment: Inexpensive, quick, and simple to perform Usually provides sufficient information for diagnosis X-ray Koleilat I, Syal A, Hena M, F1, https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC3614728_IJBS-06-066-g001&query=abdominal%20x- ray&it=xg&req=4&npos=18, CC BY 2.5, openi Medical Imaging Procedures Radiography Comment: Appearance depends on the density of structures Dense = white Hollow/air = black Intermediate = shades of gray X-ray Koleilat I, Syal A, Hena M, F1, https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC3614728_IJBS-06-066-g001&query=abdominal%20x- ray&it=xg&req=4&npos=18, CC BY 2.5, openi Medical Imaging Procedures Radiography Mammography: low doses of X-ray used for soft tissue (e.g., breast) Mammogram ©2012 Jian et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537591/figure/F2/, CC BY 2.0 Medical Imaging Procedures Radiography Contrast radiography: IV contrast medium is used for visualization of hollow structures Angiography (blood vessels) Intravenous urography (urinary tract) Barium contrast X-ray (GI tract) Barium contrast X-ray © Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963747/figure/F0001/, CC BY 2.0 Medical Imaging Procedures MRI Procedure: Body is exposed to high-energy magnetic field and produce a color-coded image Magnetic resonance image Mim.cis, PD Medical Imaging Procedures MRI Comments: Cannot be used on patients with metal in their bodies Does not visualize bone Useful for detecting abnormal tissue (e.g., tumors) Can measure blood flow within the vessels Magnetic resonance image © 2016 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5023919/ figure/F1/, CC BY 2.0 Medical Imaging Procedures CT Procedure: X-ray beams Transverse section F.l.t.r.: Pxhere, CC0; © 2009 Morita et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700073/figure/F1/, CC BY 2.0, cropped Medical Imaging Procedures CT Comments: Better visualization of soft tissues and organs Multiple scans can be assembled to build three-dimensional views of structures Whole-body CT scanning typically targets torso and appears to provide the most benefit in screening trauma patients for internal injuries Computed tomography scan © 2014 Ashton et al, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919743/figure/pone-0088129-g004/, CC BY 4.0 Medical Imaging Procedures Ultrasound Scanning Procedure: Sonogram Handheld wand (transducer) Agência de Notícias do Acre, https://www.flickr.com/photos/fotosdoacre/6146994417/, CC BY 2.0 Medical Imaging Procedures Ultrasound Scanning Comments: Safe, noninvasive, painless, and uses no dyes Commonly used during pregnancy Used to observe size, location, and action of organs and blood flow through blood vessels (Doppler) 3D ultrasound © 2014 Vegsundvåg et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995529/figure/F4/, CC BY 2.0, cropped Medical Imaging Procedures PET Scan Procedure: Substance that emits positrons is injected into the body Collision of positrons and electrons in the body produces gamma rays that are detected by gamma cameras PET scan shows where injected substance is being used in the body Positron emission tomography Dr. Giovanni Dichiro, Neuroimaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, PD Medical Imaging Procedures PET Scan Comments: Used to study the physiology of body structure metabolism in the brain or heart Positron emission tomography Dr. Giovanni Dichiro, Neuroimaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, PD Medical Imaging Procedures Endoscopy Esophagus Endoscope Stomach Duodenum F.l.t.r.: © by Lecturio; © Limsrivilai et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271459/figure/Fig1/, CC BY 4.0, cropped Medical Imaging Procedures Endoscopy Comments: Colonoscopy examination of the interior of the colon Laparoscopy examination of organs within the abdominopelvic cavity Arthroscopy examination of the interior of a joint Colonoscopy Med_Chaos, PD In a Nutshell ✓ Anatomy is defined as the study of the structures. ✓ Physiology is defined as the study of how these structures function. ✓ The human body can be organized into 6 levels of structural organization. In a Nutshell ✓ There are 11 organ systems: Muscular, Respiratory, Skeletal, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic and immunity, Urinary, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive. ✓ There are different planes to observe structures from different perspectives. ✓ X-ray, CT, and MRI are examples of medical imaging procedures.